Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1960. / Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1945. / Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1945. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1960. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 438-446). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 438-446). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (MTech (Public Management)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / In South Africa’s two-tiered health system, some enjoy health care based on ability to pay and others utilize services in an under-funded sector. The rift in the two, public and private sectors, primarily exists because income categories either curb or allow the necessary contributions. This thesis reports on the various contributing mechanisms, through which health care can be ensured universally, without causing impoverishment. The framework or criteria selected for this study includes feasibility, equity, efficiency and sustainability of a contributing mechanism. Furthermore, the contributing mechanisms – tax-funded, NHI, voluntary health insurance and out-ofpocket – are resident within four health care models namely, Beveridge, Bismarck, NHI and Out-of-pocket. These models are discussed as well as relevant country examples are provided. In the pursuit of answering whether the NHI scheme is suitable for South Africa, the study shows that government or tax-funding and NHI provides the contributing mechanisms that are applicable to the South African situation within the context of different challenges. It is recommended that, in the government’s discussions about health care reform, prepayment, universalism and health care expenditure, amongst others, be considered.

Orientador: Eduardo Daruge Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T01:58:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_MarianaMouraodeAzevedoFlores_M.pdf: 1544492 bytes, checksum: c66ee3cf5ab543c52a4dc21378da9b01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Há pouco tempo, a maioria dos cirurgiões-dentistas que exerciam suas profissões nas cidades de Betim e Contagem limitavam-se a exercê-la como pessoa física, isto é, como profissional autônomo. Com a mudança do comportamento da sociedade, influenciada pela reforma da Constituição Federal (1988), do Código de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor (1991), do Código Civil Brasileiro (2002), tem sido observado um aumento no número de processos éticos e judiciais, contra a classe odontológica. Concomitantemente, gerou-se também uma transformação no sistema de assistência odontológica, com a criação das empresas de prestação de serviços odontológicos. Assim, estas têm exigido uma mudança na personalidade jurídica dos profissionais, obrigando-os a se tornarem pessoas jurídicas, sem que estes tenham consciência real desta transformação. De acordo com o Código de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor, o cirurgião-dentista enquanto pessoa física somente será responsabilizado, mediante apuração da culpa, respondendo nos moldes da Teoria da Responsabilidade Subjetiva. Entretanto, se o profissional estiver caracterizado como pessoa jurídica responderá nos termos da Teoria da Responsabilidade Objetiva, isto é, a culpa é presumida pela lei, bastando a prova da relação entre o ato e o dano, para que se tenha a obrigação de indenizar. Outro ponto importante consiste nas implicações que os profissionais passam a ter perante os órgãos públicos e tributários. Propôs-se observar o grau de conhecimento dos profissionais em relação aos aspectos éticos e legais relacionados à personalidade adotada, bem como em relação a legislação aplicada à odontologia. Para tanto foram avaliados 122 questionários e os dados obtidos foram agrupados segundo variáveis classificatórias. A análise estatística incluiu Testes de Qui-quadrado e Teste Exato de Fisher. Os resultados finais demonstraram que os cirurgiões-dentistas não estão devidamente preparados em relação aos conhecimentos éticos e legais pertinentes ao exercício profissional, tornando-se vulneráveis em casos de litígios. Em relação aos impostos, concluiu-se que os profissionais não possuem conhecimento sobre os principais impostos relacionados à cada personalidade jurídica. Em relação aos aspectos positivos e negativos de cada uma das personalidades, os principais aspectos positivos em atuar como pessoa física são a adoção da teoria da responsabilidade subjetiva e a questão tributária mais suave. Já o aspecto negativo seria a maior dificuldade em se conseguir convênios. Em se tratando da pessoa jurídica, o principal aspecto positivo é facilidade de credenciamento junto aos planos de saúde. Quanto aos aspectos negativos, temos a carga tributária, e a responsabilidade civil que não é pacífica na doutrina, nem na jurisprudência, podendo ser entendida como sendo objetiva ou subjetiva. Por fim, concluiu-se que a responsabilidade civil do profissional liberal enquanto pessoa física é, em regra, subjetiva. A responsabilidade dos planos de saúde, segundo a doutrina majoritária e jurisprudência, é objetiva. A responsabilidade civil das clínicas odontológicas é em regra, objetiva. Contudo, em relação aos danos decorrentes da prática profissional/clínica, o ato profissional regular romperia o nexo de causalidade devendo-se, avaliar a conduta do profissional antes de se responsabilizar em juízo a clínica. / Abstract: A short time ago, a greater number of surgeon-dentists who practised their functions in the cities of Betim and Contagem (Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte), restringed to carry out their work as an individual person, that's to say, as an independent professional. With change of behavior in society, influenced by the Federal Constitution reform 1988, the Consumer's Protection and Defender Code (1991), and the Brazilian Statue Book (Civil Code) in 2002, it has been observed an increasing number of ethical and juridical processes against the odontological class. Concomitantly, this has also originated a transformation in the odontological assistance rendered companies. So, they have urged a changing in the professionals' juridical personality, obliging them to become juridical people, even without being really conscious about this transformation. According to the Consumer's Protection and Defender Code, the dentist, as long as being in individual person, will only be considered professionally responsible, by means of a check of his culpability, answering according to the Subjective Responsibility Theory. In the meantime, if the professional is characterized as an juridical person, he will answer in the terms of the Subjective Responsibility Theory, that's to say, the guilt is presumed by law, being enough only the proof of the relation between action and damage, so that one has the obligation of indemnification. Another important point consists in the implications that the professionals begin having, before the public and tributary organs. It has been proposed to watch the professionals' rate of knowledge relating to the ethical and legal aspects concerning to the adopted personality, as well as, in regard to the legistation that is applied to Odontology. Thus, 122 questionnaires have been evaluated and the obtained results were gathered according to variable ranks. The statistic analysis has included Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. The final results showed that the surgeon-dentists are not duly prepared, concerning to the ethical and legal kwowledges, pertinent to the professional practice, becoming this way, vulnerable in case of litigations. Concerning to taxation, it has been concluded that the professional's don't have knowledge about the main taxes related to each juridical personality. In regard to the positive and negative aspects of the personalities: the main positive ones, in acting as an individual person are the adoption of the Subjective Responsibility Theory and the taxation matter, that is lighter in this case. On the other side the negative aspect would be a bigger difficulty in achieving partnerships. Concerning to the juridical person, the main positive aspect is the facility of getting credentials near the health cares. As for the negative side we have high taxes and also the damage liability which can be objective or subjective (the matter is not pacifical in the doctrine nor in the jurisprudence), so it is possible to be understood as objective or subjective. At last, it has been conclueded that the damage liability of the liberal professional, as an individual person is, as a rule, subjective. The responsibility of the insurance health, according to the majority doctrine and jurisprudence is objective. The damage liability of the odontological clinics is, as a rule, objective. However, in regard to the damages, due to the professional/clinic practice, the regular professional's act would break the nexus of causality, being necessary to evaluate the professional's conduct before blaming the clinic in trial. / Mestrado / Odontologia Legal e Deontologia / Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

This thesis deals with the health system in the Czech Republic, with a focus on the management of health insurance companies in revenue from premiums collected and expenditure on the health care insurance policy holders. The first part deals with the health system in general to get a general idea of the health system. It deals with various types of health systems, participants in health insurance and various types of health care. The second part is devoted to legal legislation, the history of the health system in the Czech Republic, different types of reimbursement of health care and health insurance status in the health system. The last part of thesis deals with analysis of health insurance, which is based on a comparison of the various health insurance companies in terms of insured persons, income from insurance premiums and expenses and health care.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2015.