This work deals with accounting entries of intangible and tangible fixed assets in accordance with Czech Accounting Standards and Law of income tax. A part of this work there is concretely determination of fixed assets, its acquisition, underdepreciation, retirement, and also concept definition of technical improvement of fixed assets. In conclusion there is an example which shows how to account fixed assets in manufacturing company and how fixed assets affect tax base of company.

The aim of my thesis is the issue concerning tangible and intangibe fixed assets. The topic is processed from the perspective of Czech accounting and tax adjustment. The attention is paid to the characteristic and distribution of fixed assets both from accounting and tax perspective. I deal with valuation, technical assessment, tax and accounting depreciation. I focus on disposals of assets and deferred tax. I explain the difference between accounting and tax reporting of fixed assets by way of practical examples of one business company.

Définir une immobilisation en droit fiscal implique de se référer à des critères permettant préalablement d’identifier l'existence d'un actif mobilisable et d'en mesurer le coût d'inscription à l’actif. La difficulté réside dans le fait que le Code général des impôts contient une seule disposition, l'article 38 quinquies de l’Annexe III qui prévoit que : « les immobilisations sont inscrites au bilan pour leur valeur d'origine.... ». Si le code traite de la mesurabilité il reste muet sur l'identification. En l’absence d’une définition purement fiscale, il convient de se retourner vers le droit comptable. En effet, il ressort de l’article 38 quater de l’Annexe III du Code général des impôts que "les entreprises doivent respecter les définitions édictées par le Plan comptable général, sous réserve que celles-ci ne soient pas incompatibles avec les règles applicables pour la détermination de l'assiette de l'impôt". A cet égard, le plan comptable général définit un actif comme « un élément identifiable du patrimoine ayant une valeur économique positive pour l’entité, c'est-à-dire un élément générant une ressource que l’entité contrôle du fait d’événements passés et dont elle attend des avantages économiques futurs ». Cette définition est la conséquence d’une réforme profonde de notre comptabilité. En effet, la comptabilité a connu un bouleversement, depuis le 1er janvier 2005, toutes les entreprises cotées de l’Union européenne devant présenter leurs comptes consolidés selon des normes comptables internationales. Par ailleurs et toujours sous l’influence des normes comptables internationales, la comptabilité interne a désormais tendance à privilégier une approche économique au détriment d’une conception traditionnellement patrimoniale. La définition des immobilisations incorporelles confirme parfaitement cette évolution et pour certains reflète même, à terme, la disparition d’un droit comptable et fiscal spécifiquement français. / For a definition of a fixed asset in Taxation Law we must be guided by those criteria that in the first instance enable the identification of an underlying asset and the calculation of the acquisition cost for that asset. The difficulty resides in the fact that the General Taxation Code contains only one provision, article 38 quinquies (fifth section) of Appendix III which stipulates that: “Fixed assets shall be recorded on the balance sheet at their original value”. Although the Code deals with measurability it falls silent on identification. In the absence of a purely fiscal definition, we need to turn to accountancy law. In this regard, it emerges from article 38 quater (fourth section) of Appendix III of the General Taxation Code that "businesses shall comply with the definitions set out by the General Accountancy Plan subject to these not being incompatible with the applicable regulations for the calculation of tax brackets". In this regard, the General Accountancy Plan defines an asset as “an identifiable component of property having a positive value for the entity, i.e. a component generating a resource that the entity controls owing to previous events and from which it anticipates future financial advantage”. This definition is the result of a profound reform of our accountancy practices. In fact, accountancy has been in a state of upheaval since 1st January 2005, when all listed companies within the European Union were required to publish their consolidated accounts in accordance with international accountancy regulations. What is more, and also under the influence of international accountancy regulations, internal accountancy now tends to favour a financial approach to the detriment of a traditionally asset-based approach. The definition of intangible fixed assets fully confirms this trend and for some it heralds the ultimate disappearance of any specifically French accounting and taxation law.

Thesis summarizes globally the issue of the accounting depreciation and the tax depreciation of tangible and intangible fixed assets in the Czech Republic. The different meaning of the accounting depreciation or the tax depreciation for the accounting entity is pointed out, the impact of the selected method of depreciation on the profit/tax base is discussed as well as the following issue of the deferred tax. Additionally, the different interpretation of some area of the accounting depreciation of the International Financial Reporting Standards is compared with the point of view of the Czech legislation. In the area of the tax depreciation the different concept called investment pool used in the economies of other countries is stated. Finally, the intended changes in the accounting legislation and the tax legislation in the following years are mentioned.

The master´s thesis is focused on the external audit. It is about a description of each stages and procedures for the audit of financial statements by an auditor. In the practical part, theoretical knowledge is applied to the selected corporations with focusing on audit procedures in the field of tangible and intangible fixed assets. The thesis contains descriptions of identified mistakes of each individual corporations and suggested solutions to overcome them.