Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SdenaON.pdf: 498260 bytes, checksum: a0b396ee44112569b4bda63adc61df97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Marine shrimp farming has grown exponentially during the last years in Brazil. In spite of the promising economical situation, this activity is facing an increasing criticism due to its environmental impact. Thus, the necessity of alternatives to mitigate environmental degradation caused by this activity. An alternative that is being studied is the policulture that is the integrated culture of two or more organisms, normally one of them a filtering organism. Among filtering organisms, macroalgae are very practicable because they are efficient in the removal of the exceeding nutrients of the water and do not leave residues in the water. Besides, the integrated culture with macroalgae allows the economical exploration of the seaweed (for the manufacture of jelly and jam, for the dairy industry, pharmaceuticals, etc.) along with possibility of a sustainable aquaculture. In the present experiment, the development of the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae, the influence and tolerance of this species to the environmental parameters, and its absorption efficiency in relation with the three kinds of macronutrients (NH4+, NO3- and PO4-3) found in the effluents of marine shrimp farming was studied. The experiment was divided in two parts: a laboratorial part and one part carried under natural conditions. The water used in the laboratory trial was collected in the shrimp ponds of Tecnar?o farm and distributed in aquaria containing 20 g of G. birdiae. In the field trial, 0.5 kg of G. birdiae was inserted in PVC cages cultivated in the farm. The results of the study showed a modest growth of G. birdiae, probably due to its low tolerance to highly eutrophicated environments. However, the removal of nutrients was very expressive. Ammonia was reduced in approximately 34 %. Ortho-phosphate showed a reduction of 93.5 %. The capacity of biofiltration of the NO3- by the macro algae was of 100 %, showing that G. birdiae is a seaweed-filtered with a high level of removal for this nutrient under laboratorial conditions. In spite of the low growth of the macro algae in the experiment, the results in relation to the removal of nutrients of the water was encouraging, suggesting that this species can be an efficient biofilter and thus, a strong candidate to be used in a sustainable aquaculture / A cria??o de camar?es marinhos no Brasil tem se expandido rapidamente nos ?ltimos anos. Apesar do cen?rio econ?mico promissor, a carcinicultura apresenta um quadro de insustentabilidade, o que faz da atividade impactante ao meio ambiente. Com isso, surge a necessidade de alternativas para mitigar poss?veis impactos gerado pela atividade. Uma alternativa que vem sendo bastante estudada ? o policultivo, isto ?, cultivo integrado entre dois ou mais organismos, normalmente entre eles um biofiltrador. Dos organismos biofiltradores, as macroalgas t?m se mostrado vi?veis, porque al?m de eficientes na remo??o de nutrientes em excesso na ?gua, elas n?o geram res?duos. Al?m do mais, o cultivo integrado com macroalgas permite tanto a explora??o econ?mica da alga (fabrica??o de gelatinas e gel?ias, na ind?stria de latic?nios, farmac?utica, etc.) como a possibilidade de uma aq?icultura sustent?vel. Com o intuito de observar o desenvolvimento da macroalga Gracilaria birdiae, a influ?ncia e toler?ncia da esp?cie aos par?metros ambientais e a efici?ncia biofiltradora da alga em rela??o aos tr?s tipos de macronutrientes (NH4+ , NO3- e PO4-3) nos efluentes de fazenda de camar?o marinho, foi realizado um experimento, o qual foi dividido em duas fases: uma em laborat?rio e outra em condi??es naturais. A ?gua utilizada para o experimento em laborat?rio foi coletada nos viveiros pertencentes a fazenda Tecnar?o e distribu?da em aqu?rios contendo 20 g de G. birdiae. No campo, 0,5 kg de G. birdiae foi inserido em gaiolas de PVC e cultivado no pr?prio viveiro da fazenda. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um crescimento modesto, provavelmente devido ? baixa toler?ncia da esp?cie a ambientes altamente eutrofizados. Contudo, a remo??o de nutrientes foi expressiva. A am?nia foi reduzida em aproximadamente 34 %. O ortofosfato apresentou uma redu??o de 93,5 %. A capacidade de biofiltra??o do NO3- pela macroalga foi de 100 %, indicando que a G. birdiae ? a alga-biofiltro que apresenta elevada taxa de remo??o deste nutriente em condi??es de laborat?rio. Apesar do baixo crescimento da macroalga nesse experimento, o resultado em rela??o ? remo??o de nutrientes na ?gua dos aqu?rios foi bastante animador, sugerindo que a esp?cie pode ser eficiente como biofiltro e uma forte candidata na utiliza??o da aq?icultura sustent?vel

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ViniciusPO.pdf: 1959283 bytes, checksum: a0ff605126178472baa83d52b610e562 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study evaluates the influence of depth and environmental parameters on the development of Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & Oliveira (Gracilariaceae Rhodophyta) in an organic shrimp pound (Litopenaeus vannamei) under euthrophical conditions. PVC structures (module) witch four ropes laden with 150 g of macroalgae each, were kept during 35 days at three different depths (surface, 10 and 20 cm depth). Wet biomass weighing and environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, transparence, precipitation, evaporation, insolation, accumulated solar radiation, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and orthophosphate) were measured weekly. At all three proposed depths, the macroalgae displayed a higher biomass at the end of experiment than at the initial inoculations. The module kept at a 10 cm depth presented the greatest average biomass (186,3), followed by that kept at 20 cm (180,4 g) and the surface module (169,9 g). Biomass variations showed algae to suffer the direct effects of depths. Biomass loss was associated with the factors that influence light penetration, such as sediment deposits above the thallus, rate of evaporation and precipitation. The smallest loses occurred in the algae kept on surface (0,16%), followed by the algae kept at 20 cm (0,20%) and 10 cm (0,22%). The specific growth rate (SGR) of G. birdiae showed no significant difference between the three depths nor the sample periods. Nevertheless, the modules kept at 10 and 20 cm depths presented similar growth evolution, both growing 0,38%?per day-1, while the module kept on surface had an average SGR of 0,36%?day-1. The models related to growth rate demonstrated temperature, salinity, pH, orthophosphate, ammonium, precipitation and turbidity as the principal environmental parameters influencing the development of G. birdiae / Este estudo avalia a influ?ncia da profundidade e dos par?metros ambientais sobre o desenvolvimento de Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & Oliveira (Gracilariaceae Rhodophyta) em condi??es eutr?ficas de um viveiro org?nico de camar?o Litopenaeus vannamei. Estruturas de PVC (m?dulos), contendo quatro cordas com 150 g de macroalgas, foram mantidas por 35 dias em tr?s profundidades distintas (superf?cie, 10 e 20 cm de profundidade). Semanalmente foram realizadas as pesagens de biomassa ?mida e o monitoramento dos par?metros ambientais (temperatura, salinidade, turbidez, pH, transpar?ncia, precipita??o pluviom?trica, taxa de evapora??o, insola??o, radia??o solar acumulada, nitrito, nitrato, ?on am?nio e ortofosfato). Nas tr?s profundidades propostas, as macroalgas apresentaram, no fim do experimento, biomassa superior ao in?culo inicial. O m?dulo mantido a 10 cm de profundidade apresentou a maior m?dia de biomassa (186,3 g), seguido pelo m?dulo mantido a 20 cm (180,4 g) e o m?dulo mantido na superf?cie (169,9 g). As varia??es de biomassa apontaram que as algas sofrem efeitos diretos da profundidade. As perdas de biomassa estiveram associadas aos fatores que influenciam na penetra??o de luz como a deposi??o de sedimento sobre os talos, taxa de evapora??o e taxa de precipita??o. As menores perdas ocorreram nas algas mantidas na superf?cie (0,16%), seguidas pelas algas mantidas a 20 cm (0,20%) e a 10 cm (0,22%). As taxas de crescimento espec?fico (TCE) de G.birdiae n?o apresentaram diferen?as significativas entre as tr?s profundidades e nem entre os per?odos amostrais. Entretanto, os m?dulos mantidos a 10 e 20 cm mostraram evolu??es de crescimento bastante semelhantes, ambos cresceram 0,38%?dia-1, enquanto o m?dulo mantido na superf?cie obteve a TCE m?dia de 0,36%?dia-1. Os modelos relacionados ?s taxas de crescimento apontaram a temperatura, salinidade, pH, ortofosfato, ?on am?nio, precipita??o e turbidez como os principais fatores ambientais a influenciar no desenvolvimento de G. birdiae

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcellaAAC.pdf: 1596539 bytes, checksum: 311fd18dd515bf47c2eb0788bcbd609a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The objective of this study was to examine the growth of Gracilaria cervicornis cultured in a shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) pond and to determine the absorption efficiency and the kinetics parameters (Vmax, Ks e Vmax:Ks) of this macroalgae for the nutrients N-NO3-, N-NH4+ and P-PO4-3, aiming at its use as bioremediatory of eutrophicated environments. For this study, two experiments (field and laboratory) were developed. In the field study, the seaweed was examined in relation to the growth and the biomass. In the laboratory experiment, the absorption efficiency of G. cervicornis was measured through the monitoring of the concentration of the three nutrients (N-NO3-, N-NH4+ e P-PO4-3) during 5 hours and the kinetic parameters were determined through the formula of Michaelis-Menten. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that G. cervicornis benefited from the available nutrients in the pond, increasing 52.4% of its biomass value after 30 days of culture. It was evidenced that the variability of the biomass could be explained through the salinity, availability of light (transparency and solid particle in suspension) and concentration of N-NO3- in the environment. In the laboratory experiment, the highest absorption efficiency was found in the treatments with low concentration (5 ?mol.L-1), being evidenced a reduction of up to 85,3%, 97,5% and 81,2% of N-NH4+, N-NO3- and P-PO43-, respectively. Regarding the kinetic parameters, G. cervicornis presented better ability in absorbing N-NH4+ in high concentrations (Vmax = 158,5 ?mol g-1 dry wt h-1) and P-PO43- in low concentrations (Ks = 5 ?mol.L-1 e Vmax:Ks = 10,3). The results of this study show that G. cervicornis could be cultivated in shrimp ponds, presents a good capacity of absorption for the tested nutrients and is a promising candidate for biorremediation in shrimp pond effluent / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento da macroalga Gracilaria cervicornis em um viveiro de camar?o (Litopenaeus vannamei) e determinar a efici?ncia de absor??o e os par?metros cin?ticos (Vmax, Ks e Vmax:Ks) desta esp?cie para os nutrientes N-NH4+, N-NO3- e P-PO4-3, visando a sua utiliza??o como biorremediadora de ambientes eutrofizados. Para este estudo, foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos (campo e laborat?rio). No estudo em campo, a macroalga foi examinada em rela??o ao crescimento e a biomassa. No experimento em laborat?rio, a efici?ncia de absor??o de G. cervicornis foi medida atrav?s do monitoramento das concentra??es dos tr?s nutrientes (N-NO3-, N-NH4+ e P-PO4-3) durante 5 horas e os par?metros cin?ticos foram determinados atrav?s da f?rmula de Michaelis-Menten. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstraram que G. cervicornis se beneficiou dos nutrientes dispon?veis no viveiro, aumentando 52,4% do valor de sua biomassa ap?s 30 dias de cultivo. Neste estudo foi constatado que a variabilidade da biomassa p?de ser explicada atrav?s da salinidade, disponibilidade de luz (transpar?ncia e concentra??o de part?culas s?lidas em suspens?o) e concentra??es do N-NO3- no ambiente (r-Pearson= 0,76; p<0,05). Quanto ao experimento em laborat?rio, foi observado que a efici?ncia de absor??o da macroalga estudada foi maior nos tratamentos com menor concentra??o (5 ?mol.L-1), sendo constatada uma redu??o de at? 85,3%, 97,5% e 81,2% do N-NH4+, N-NO3- e P-PO43-, respectivamente. Quanto aos par?metros cin?ticos, G. cervicornis apresentou uma maior habilidade em absorver o N-NH4+ em altas concentra??es (Vmax = 158,5 ?mol g-1 dry wt h-1) e o P-PO43- em baixas concentra??es (Ks = 5 ?mol.L-1 e Vmax:Ks = 10,3). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que G. cervicornis pode ser cultivada em viveiros de camar?o e que apresenta uma boa capacidade de absor??o dos nutrientes testados, podendo desta forma, ser uma candidata promissora como biorremediadora de efluentes de camar?o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexandraRSF.pdf: 554056 bytes, checksum: fdede8a12e56bfeb141534a40ac27701 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The integrated culture of seaweed and aquatic animals is an ancient practice in Asian countries. The expansion of this practice to western countries is consequence of the recognition of this system as a sustainable alternative that allows economical diversification and mitigation of environmental impacts generated by effluents of aquaculture. This study evaluated the growth of the seaweed Gracilaria caudata and of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in monoculture (shrimps) and integrated culture (shrimps and algae) systems, and accessed the effect of the seaweed in the water quality. There were two treatments in the experiment: monoculture (shrimps) and integrated culture (shrimps/ algae). The organisms were cultured in 6 aquaria (10L) filled with seawater (35.0?0.0 PSU and 28.1?0.4?C) for 28 days. The nutrients of water (PO43-, NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and DIN), the biomass and the relative growth rate (RGR, % day-1) of seaweed and shrimps were measured weekly. The parameters pH, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. The concentration of NH4+ in integrated culture (62.8?25.2?M) was lower (Mann-Whitney p<0.001) than in monoculture (85.6?24.3?M). The mean of PO4- in monoculture (10.4?4.6?M) was markedly higher (Mann-Whitney; p=0.024) than that in integrated culture (8.7?4.1?M). The level of dissolved oxygen in integrated culture (6.0?0.6mg/L) was higher (t-Student; P=0.014) than that in shrimp monoculture (5.8?0.6mg/L). The mean values of the parameters pH, NO2-, NO3- and DIN were 7.5?0.2, 10.1?12.2?M, 24.5?3.2?M and 120.17?30.76?M in monoculture, and 7.5?0.2, 10.5?13.2?M, 27.4?3.5?M and 100.76?49.59?M in integrated culture. There were not differences in these parameters between treatments. The biomass and RGR of seaweed reached 15.0?1.9g and 7.4?2.8% day-1 at the end of the experiment. The performance of shrimp was favorable in monoculture (1.5?0.8g; 5.7?1.6% dia-1) and in integrated culture (1.5?0.7g; 5.2?1.2% dia-1), and the rate of survival was 100% in both treatments. The tolerance and favorable performance of Gracilaria caudata suggest that this seaweed might be integrated into shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture systems / O uso de macroalgas em cultivo integrado com animais ? uma pr?tica antiga em pa?ses asi?ticos. A expans?o desta pr?tica em pa?ses ocidentais ? conseq??ncia do reconhecimento desse sistema como uma alternativa que possibilita a diversifica??o econ?mica e a mitiga??o dos impactos gerados pelos efluentes da aq?icultura. Este estudo avaliou o crescimento da macroalga Gracilaria caudata e do camar?o Litopenaeus vannamei em monocultivo (camar?o) e em cultivo integrado, observando o efeito das algas na qualidade da ?gua. O experimento foi constitu?do por dois tratamentos (triplicata), realizados em aqu?rios de vidro contendo ?gua do mar (35,0?0,0 PSU e 28,1?0,4?C) durante 28 dias: monocultivo (camar?es) e cultivo integrado (camar?es/algas). Os nutrientes da ?gua, a biomassa e as taxas de crescimento relativo (TCR,%dia-1) das duas esp?cies foram determinadas semanalmente. Os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos da ?gua (pH, temperatura, salinidade e oxig?nio dissolvido) foram monitorados diariamente. Os n?veis do ?on am?nio foram significativamente menores (Mann-Whitney p<0,001) no cultivo integrado (62,8?25,2?M) do que no monocultivo (85,6?24,3?M). Este mesmo modelo foi observado para o ortofosfato, cujas m?dias foram 10,4?4,6?M no monocultivo e 8,7?4,1?M no cultivo integrado (Mann-Whitney; p=0,024). O oxig?nio dissolvido no cultivo integrado (6,0?0,6mg/L) foi maior (t-Student; P=0,014) que no monocultivo (5,8?0,6mg/L). Os par?metros pH, nitrito, nitrato e nitrog?nio inorg?nico dissolvido n?o apresentaram diferen?a entre os tratamentos, cujas m?dias foram 7,5?0,2, 10,1?12,2?M, 24,5?3,2?M e 120,17?30,76?M no monocultivo e 7,5?0,2, 10,5?13,2?M, 27,4?3,5?M e 100,76?49,59?M no integrado. A alga apresentou aumento significativo de biomassa (15,0?1,9g) e de TCR (7,4?2,8% dia-1). Os camar?es mostraram bom desempenho no monocultivo (1,5?0,8g; 5,7?1,6% dia-1) e no integrado (1,5?0,7g; 5,2?1,2% dia-1) e 100% de sobreviv?ncia, n?o havendo diferen?a entre ambos (t-student; p>0,05). A toler?ncia e o bom desempenho de Gracilaria caudata em ambientes eutr?ficos sugerem que essa alga pode ser integrada em sistemas de cultivo de camar?es (Litopenaeus vannamei)