In this dissertation I examine the reasons why the U.S. film industry lost the GATT-Uruguay Round negotiations on audiovisual services and intellectual property rights (IPRs) related to copyright. I revisit the political economy approach to communication and implement Mosco's (1996) suggestions on the approach's renewal. Mosco notes that political economists of communication thematically view the state as supporting transnational business (1996, p. 94). However, Jarvie's (1992) analysis of the relationship between the U.S. government and film industry between 1920 and 1950 suggests that this 'support' theme does not adequately capture the often antagonistic and unproductive relationship between the two parties. I extend Jarvie's (1992) work by developing themes from his scholarship and applying them to a case study on the Uruguay Round. I review the literature on the media-cultural imperialism thesis and focus on Herbert Schiller's (1969 [1992], 1976, 1989) scholarship. Schiller's thesis implies that outcomes in international relations are dictated by domestic determinants such as the influence of corporate lobbyists. However, I argue that the reasons why Hollywood lost lie not in domestic determinants alone, but in a broader perspective (derived from the discipline of international relations) that focuses on the interaction between domestic trade politics and international relations (Putnam, 1988 [1993]). Putnam characterises international negotiations as an interactive process involving the bargaining between negotiators and the separate discussions each delegation has with constituents in its domestic market on the ratification of the agreement. I assess themes from Jarvie's work and propositions from Schiller's thesis using Putnam's (1988 [1993]) two-level analysis and empirical evidence from primary documents and thirty-five interviews conducted over a three-year period (1994 to 1997) with U.S. and European negotiators and film executives. I argue that U.S. domestic trade politics hampered efforts by U.S. negotiators to reach a bilateral accord on audiovisual services and IPRs related to copyright because of linkages forged by EU Member States between progress in those talks and progress in talks on agriculture, maritime transport services, geographic indications related to wines and anti-dumping. A second obstacle to a bilateral accord was an influential hawkish minority of the Hollywood lobby, who set an aggressive agenda for U.S. negotiators and set off a chain reaction in the final moments of the Round that led to Hollywood's defeat. Finally, I present an alternative scenario to the argument (cf. Waregne, 1994; Dehousse and Havelange, 1994; Joachimowicz and Berenboom, 1994) that the French government dictated the outcome of the audiovisual services and IPRs negotiations. My scenario emphasises the preeminent status of the General Affairs Council, the role of EU Member States other than France, and Commission efforts to forge a bilateral deal. In the end, the hawks dictated the outcome of the audiovisual services talks, while a majority of EU Member States dictated the outcome of the talks on IPRs related to copyright.

Overlaps of intellectual property rights are a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood and analyzed; yet it is an increasingly important issue due to development of new hybrid technologies that defy the established structure of the system. Despite the potential adverse effects this phenomenon can have on the integrity of the system, the problem of overlaps has been neglected in judicial and scholarly analyses. This research presents the thesis that all uses of intellectual property rights should be viewed in light of their purposes. In other words, the phenomenon of overlapping intellectual property rights is not a problem per se; instead, it is the use of the rights for incompatible purposes that may be considered objectionable. The analyses use the concept of balance of rights as the measuring rod for assessment of the consequences resulting from use of the overlapping rights. Thus, the dissertation investigates how use of intellectual property rights associated with one segment of the system can affect carefully crafted balance of rights of various stakeholders in an overlapping segment and whether effectiveness of this segment to advance its purposes will be impeded by such use. The analyses are also done with the aim to formulate a uniform answer to identified and potentially objectionable uses of overlapping rights in an attempt to provide the judiciary and law practitioners with analytical framework for resolving disputes involving overlaps in the intellectual property system. An adequate response to the challenge posed by improper use of overlapping intellectual property rights can be found in a properly construed doctrine of misuse of intellectual property rights. Because overlaps in the intellectual property system are a phenomenon that probably cannot be legislated in practical terms, this dissertation advocates adoption of a judicially created doctrine of misuse based on purposive analysis of intellectual property rights.

In May 1985 the Government removed the British Technology Group's (BTG) right of first refusal on intellectual property arising in the course of Research Council-funded projects UK universities were offered the opportunity to assume rights and responsibilities previously enjoyed by the BTG, provided their policies and procedures fulfilled certain conditions. In particular, the government wished universities to a) give the fullest opportunity and scope to researchers to assume responsibility for exploiting their research findings; b) encourage researchers to assume this responsibility; c) provide guidance and help for those academics who wished to assume this responsibility. The aims of this thesis were. i) to generate a body of data about the ways in which nine UK universities handled the exploitation of IP between 1970 and 1990; ii) to use this body of data to assess - in relation to those same universities - the extent to which current policy and practice vis-a-vis the exploitation of IP accommodate the government's wishes, as outlined in a letter from the Chairman of the SERC and a statement issued by the Secretary of State for Education, both dated 14 May, 1985, iii) to begin to develop theory in relation to the exploitation of IP in these nine universities. This thesis adopts a research design based exclusively on case studies. It adopts a grounded rather than a logico-deductive approach to data collection and theory development, initially, data collection was informed by an extensive literature review. Data were elicited in 1989/90, primarily through tape-recorded, face-to-face, structured interviews with policy-makers and policy-implementers in the nine universities, and with policy "users" (heads of department, deans, enterprising and entrepreneurial academics with IP to exploit) Data from histories, documents and records were also collected. The thesis analyses policy and practice and evaluates the nine universities' performance with regard to measures a) - c) above. Establishing widely differing performance, it explores the processes which led to this. Further, it explores the extent to which policy "users" were aware of their university's policy and practice in relation to the exploitation of intellectual property, and their views on it. The thesis concludes that universities which created structures and made appointments to manage the exploitation of IP with a view to its extrinsic value have a less considered approach than those which did so on grounds of its intrinsic value, they are also less likely to have accommodated the government's wishes. More broadly, it also concludes that the introduction of this mechanism to replace exploitation via the BTG is a classic example of the UK government transplanting policies and mechanisms from other countries with no prior attempt to identify the processes and contexts which contribute to their success or failure in their native country, and little or no prior attempt to get to grips with the implications of transplanting them into the UK. Further, it concludes that local conditions can - and do - impact (positively or negatively) on the operation of a transplanted mechanism such as this. Finally, it concludes that identifying and evaluating those local conditions is unlikely to be a straightforward task.

Thesis (Ph.D) -- Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1987. / Typescript. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 540-544. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales, 2001. / Available via the Australian National University Library Electronic Pre and Post Print Repository. Title from title screen (viewed Mar. 28, 2003). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (LL. M.)--University of Toronto, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-124).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [253]-264).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 15, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1996. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 288-307).