Digital sampling, wherein excerpts from pre-existing recordings are incorporated into a new recording, has been a vibrant and innovative manner of artistic creation since the 1960s. However, this practice has engendered complex infringement litigation, blurring the commonly understood lines that separate the musical "composition" from the "recording." The has been exacerbated by conflicting articulations as to the status of these entities as "works" within musicological discourse and conceptions of copyright law such that they would warrant protection from infringement. Furthermore, sampling has complicated the application of previously utilized principles of copyright law, such as de minimis and substantial similarity, and has not occasioned much, if any, consideration in litigation as to the artistic or creative purposes for which samples were used. This thesis considers Grand Upright Music Limited v. Warner Brothers Records, Inc., the first notable case involving digital sampling. The first two chapters offer an historical overview of the development of American copyright law and its musical purview, and proceeds to the facts and ultimate judicial ruling in this case. Through the interpretive lens of "democratic experimentalism," the remainder of the thesis proposes an alternative method for handling digital sampling cases than that of the Grand Upright court and other courts in subsequent cases. This is offered with a view to taking a more comprehensive account of the materially quantitative and artistically qualitative aspects of particular acts of sampling.

Copyright licences can be implied when the doing of a restricted act is covered neither by the express licence of the copyright owner, nor by one of the statutory limitations and exceptions. The manner in which copyright licences are implied, therefore, holds the key to broadening the scope of permissible acts. In contrast to the rigidity of statutory limitations and exceptions, implied licences are more malleable in being able to respond to a diverse set of circumstances, as the need arises. Thus, implied licences can serve as a flexible and targeted mechanism to balance competing interests, including those of copyright owners and content users, especially in today’s dynamic technological environment. However, implication as a process is contentious, and there are no established rules for implying a licence. Implication of a copyright licence is even more complicated because the conceptualisation of a copyright licence is unsatisfactory. The resulting uncertainty has prevented implied licences from being embraced more readily by the courts. The objective of this thesis is, therefore, firstly, to reconceptualise a copyright licence that is broad enough to accommodate the diverse circumstances in which copyright licences arise, and certain enough to assist in finding their constituents; secondly, to propose frameworks for implying copyright licences in a methodical and transparent manner, based on three sources: the consent of the copyright owner; an established custom; and state intervention to achieve public policy goals. The frameworks are also customised differently for implied bare and implied contractual licences. The thesis demonstrates the robustness of these frameworks by rationalising them with the existing case law. Underscoring the contemporary relevance of implied licences, in conclusion, the thesis tests and validates the frameworks in relation to three essential and ubiquitous functions on the internet – browsing, hyperlinking and indexing.

This thesis analyses how intellectual property (IP) laws are used in the home console game industry and in particular how these laws are used to capture the returns on investment, which may indirectly provide a stimulus to innovation. The relationshipis evaluated in three selected markets: The United States (US), the European Union (EU) and People's Republic of China (PRC). The first two of these are selected as representative of developed markets whilst the latter as an instance of an emerging market. This thesis analyses and illustrates ways in which three major types of intellectual property rights - patents, copyright and trademarks - operate in this sector of industry. This thesis evaluates this relationship via a unique approach, adopting both a legal and economic analysis. The thesis starts with a detailed market analysis of this industry to identify key factors that affect individual firms' abilities to capture returns on investment. This is followed by section II (comprising Chapters II to IV) which goes on to examine the effects of each type of IPR on these factors in the developed markets of the US and Europe. The analysis in section III shifts the focus from these developed markets to the emerging market in the PRC. It identifies the unique attributes and problems of the Chinese market and demonstrates how contemporary local IP laws can be used to tackle these problems. It is the view of this thesis that IP laws theoretically can be used to maximise a firm's return on investment while not distorting competition; hence, the thesis suggests that IPRs may indirectly create incentives to innovate.

O presente estudo realiza uma análise multidisciplinar da arbitragem como sistema de solução de controvérsias comerciais de natureza privada, envolvendo propriedade intelectual entre empresas no plano internacional. A análise em questão apresenta-se mediante um esboço preliminar dos fundamentos dos direitos sobre a propriedade imaterial fruto da produção intelectual e, em seguida, do sistema de utilização da arbitragem comercial internacional, para, estabelecidas bases teóricas sobre os temas, possibilitar a compreensão dos principais aspectos levantados quanto ao uso do procedimento arbitral na resolução de conflitos sobre esse tema. Discorridos os tópicos, a análise dos argumentos contra e favor do uso do sistema alternativo à jurisdição estatal em disputas que tenham por objeto direitos de propriedade intelectual em conjunto com o estudo da teoria econômica em relação aos aspectos de comércio. A abordagem feita de forma interdisciplinar, utilizando-se, inclusive, de bases da chamada escola da law and economics, pretende oferecer uma forma de perceber vantagens ou desvantagens no recurso à arbitragem mediante instrumentos comuns à ciência econômica de escolha sob incerteza, como ferramenta auxiliar do Direito. / This work is the result of the proposal of an analysis about the use of international commercial arbitration in disputes among private enterprises envolving intellectual property as subject. The essay shows, first, the foundations of the intellectual property law and its value, followed by the presentation of the origins of the international arbitration system in global trade and in intellectual property cases. After settle this common basis, the paper establishes a comparission between the arguments pro and against the use of arbitration in these cases, facing those who only consider the usual justice of the courts. By using a combination of economic theory of international trade and elements from the school knowed as the modern law and economics theory, its the author intention to propose an instrumental for a rational choice of the use of arbitration in intellectual property, avoiding the simple rejection of the alternative dispute system, offering conditions to choose according to the situation.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-07-18T21:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Ferraz Avaliação da cultura da proteção ao conhecimento....pdf: 1350921 bytes, checksum: e514f48255c4b333142f683b74cec9c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-18T21:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Ferraz Avaliação da cultura da proteção ao conhecimento....pdf: 1350921 bytes, checksum: e514f48255c4b333142f683b74cec9c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / O IGM tem um portfólio de inovação que fortalece a necessidade de poder contar com um NIT que possa oferecer apoio burocrático, administrativo e informativo acerca das etapas que envolvem o processo de proteção dessas tecnologias. Além disso, a existência de um curso de Pós-Graduação no IGM na área de Biotecnologia, com ênfase no desenvolvimento tecnológico, reforça a necessidade de existência de um NIT que possa desenvolver e por em prática mecanismos eficientes para detectar precocemente os projetos de pesquisa com potencial tecnológico passíveis de patenteamento, e orientar desde o início os estudantes da Instituição a proteger o conhecimento gerado por suas pesquisas, sensibilizando-os quanto à importância da proteção desses resultados através da organização de eventos de capacitação na área de PI. Após quatro anos de criado o Sistema GESTEC-NIT, fez necessário a realização do diagnóstico da cultura da Propriedade Intelectual gerados na FIOCRUZ-BA. Para realizar esse diagnóstico, foram aplicados questionários aos pesquisadores e estudantes de pós-graduação dos cursos abrigados na Instituição. Como resultado, verificou-se que necessário que o NIT tenha uma ação mais pró-ativa dentro do IGM, identificando os projetos que têm potencial de gerar resultados patenteáveis desde o início, a fim de monitorar e auxiliar os pesquisadores envolvidos no projeto na adequada proteção dos seus resultados. / The FIOCRUZ-BAHIA has an innovation portfolio that strenghthens the necessity to have the support of an Innovation Technology Office that can offer bureocractic, administrative and informative support for the phases that take part of the process of protecting these technologies. Besides that, the post-graduate course offered by the FIOCRUZ-BAHIA in the area of Biotechnology, focused on the technological development, reinforces the need for an Innovation Technology Office which can develop and implement efficient mechanisms to prematurely detect research projects with technological potential, eligible for patenting, and guide from the beggining the students involved in the research to protect the knowledge produced from their research projects, informing them about the importance of protecting their results through the organization of trainning events in the area of Intellectual Property. After four years since the GESTEC-NIT System was created, it was necessary to perform an evaluation of the Intelectual Property culture at FIOCRUZ-BAHIA. In order to realize this evaluation, questionnaires were applied to researchers and post-graduate students of the courses offered at the Institution. As a result, it was verified that the Innovation Technology Office should have a more active action at FIOCRUZ-BAHIA, identifying the projects with potential to generate patents since the beggining, in order to monitor and support the researchers involved in the project with the adequate protection of its results.

O presente estudo realiza uma análise multidisciplinar da arbitragem como sistema de solução de controvérsias comerciais de natureza privada, envolvendo propriedade intelectual entre empresas no plano internacional. A análise em questão apresenta-se mediante um esboço preliminar dos fundamentos dos direitos sobre a propriedade imaterial fruto da produção intelectual e, em seguida, do sistema de utilização da arbitragem comercial internacional, para, estabelecidas bases teóricas sobre os temas, possibilitar a compreensão dos principais aspectos levantados quanto ao uso do procedimento arbitral na resolução de conflitos sobre esse tema. Discorridos os tópicos, a análise dos argumentos contra e favor do uso do sistema alternativo à jurisdição estatal em disputas que tenham por objeto direitos de propriedade intelectual em conjunto com o estudo da teoria econômica em relação aos aspectos de comércio. A abordagem feita de forma interdisciplinar, utilizando-se, inclusive, de bases da chamada escola da law and economics, pretende oferecer uma forma de perceber vantagens ou desvantagens no recurso à arbitragem mediante instrumentos comuns à ciência econômica de escolha sob incerteza, como ferramenta auxiliar do Direito. / This work is the result of the proposal of an analysis about the use of international commercial arbitration in disputes among private enterprises envolving intellectual property as subject. The essay shows, first, the foundations of the intellectual property law and its value, followed by the presentation of the origins of the international arbitration system in global trade and in intellectual property cases. After settle this common basis, the paper establishes a comparission between the arguments pro and against the use of arbitration in these cases, facing those who only consider the usual justice of the courts. By using a combination of economic theory of international trade and elements from the school knowed as the modern law and economics theory, its the author intention to propose an instrumental for a rational choice of the use of arbitration in intellectual property, avoiding the simple rejection of the alternative dispute system, offering conditions to choose according to the situation.

Thesis Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology (MTech) in Information Technology in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at the Cape Peninsula University of Technonlogy / The sourcing of IT solutions (whether to provide internal solutions or to outsource services to specialized IT service providers) is a major strategic decision for all organizations. This study sought to explore the dynamics of Knowledge Management (KM) implementations in the Information Technology (IT) services outsourcing industry. A qualitative research method was then used to carry out the investigation. Using the purposive sampling technique, the IT services industry, comprising IT services clients and service providing organizations (contractors) in both the public and private sectors were the main sources of primary data, whereas secondary data came from the literature. Then, because of its alignment to the interrogation of a subjective nature that requires interpretation (KM in IT outsourcing industry), critical paradigm together with interpretive paradigm collectively known as critical-interpretive paradigm became appropriate for this study. The primary data was collected through the use of interviews which were subsequently subjected to content analysis and the Actor Network Theory (ANT) was deployed as the analytical lens. ANT aided in drawing a comparison between the ideal IT services industry network and the actual meaning of the findings. Findings reveal that whilst most service providing organizations (contractors) demonstrate significant improvement in the management of knowledge assets, particularly the protection of intellectual property, the same cannot be said of their clients. Further, although there are encouraging cases of good practice and comprehension of the benefits of outsourcing in both sectors, IT services clients still engage in careless practices when appointing their contractors. For example, in most cases the clients’ appointing panels are not representative of all stakeholders but only limited to management with no regard for the input from IT professionals. Low numbers of dedicated KM departments in IT services client organizations is also a concern since it is these departments who should champion the KM processes and implementations. On outsourcing, it is recommended that organizations must implement clear and representative selection policies during the selection of contractors and not just rely on past experiences or exclude other key stakeholders. On the protection of intellectual property (IP) and organizational culture, a recommendation is that organizations should define clear KM processes aimed at addressing issues from deliberate protection of knowledge assets to timely and secure dissemination of knowledge. The allocation of sufficient time to knowledge workers to integrate, discover better ways of doing things is also proposed, together with a concise definition of how new ideas will be evaluated and selected for further development and investment.

Traditional medicine, the use of plants, animals, and minerals for human health needs must be brought toa new scientific level of sustainable development in order to accommodate future global health care needs.

O presente estudo realiza uma análise multidisciplinar da arbitragem como sistema de solução de controvérsias comerciais de natureza privada, envolvendo propriedade intelectual entre empresas no plano internacional. A análise em questão apresenta-se mediante um esboço preliminar dos fundamentos dos direitos sobre a propriedade imaterial fruto da produção intelectual e, em seguida, do sistema de utilização da arbitragem comercial internacional, para, estabelecidas bases teóricas sobre os temas, possibilitar a compreensão dos principais aspectos levantados quanto ao uso do procedimento arbitral na resolução de conflitos sobre esse tema. Discorridos os tópicos, a análise dos argumentos contra e favor do uso do sistema alternativo à jurisdição estatal em disputas que tenham por objeto direitos de propriedade intelectual em conjunto com o estudo da teoria econômica em relação aos aspectos de comércio. A abordagem feita de forma interdisciplinar, utilizando-se, inclusive, de bases da chamada escola da law and economics, pretende oferecer uma forma de perceber vantagens ou desvantagens no recurso à arbitragem mediante instrumentos comuns à ciência econômica de escolha sob incerteza, como ferramenta auxiliar do Direito. / This work is the result of the proposal of an analysis about the use of international commercial arbitration in disputes among private enterprises envolving intellectual property as subject. The essay shows, first, the foundations of the intellectual property law and its value, followed by the presentation of the origins of the international arbitration system in global trade and in intellectual property cases. After settle this common basis, the paper establishes a comparission between the arguments pro and against the use of arbitration in these cases, facing those who only consider the usual justice of the courts. By using a combination of economic theory of international trade and elements from the school knowed as the modern law and economics theory, its the author intention to propose an instrumental for a rational choice of the use of arbitration in intellectual property, avoiding the simple rejection of the alternative dispute system, offering conditions to choose according to the situation.

Orientador: Maria Beatriz Machado Bonacelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Russano_VanessaSensato_M.pdf: 1310559 bytes, checksum: 3132f57aaf2c6289ee6a1e4e066bde07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A dissertação expõe a experiência da Unicamp na gestão da inovação concentrando a análise na motivação de empresas a buscarem a universidade para licenciar tecnologias desenvolvidas no âmbito acadêmico. O objetivo é analisar o que motiva as empresas brasileiras a licenciarem tecnologias desenvolvidas na universidade, quais são as expectativas dessas empresas quanto à cooperação com a universidade e se o licenciamento está respaldado por algum tipo de estratégia de inovação da empresa, envolvendo a complementação ou a substituição de atividades internas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D). Para tanto foi aplicado um questionário junto a 44 empresas licenciadas a comercializar tecnologias desenvolvidas na Unicamp. Estas 44 empresas correspondem a 51 contratos de licenciamento assinados entre os anos de 2004 e 2010, período no qual a Agência de Inovação Inova Unicamp já se constituía como órgão responsável pela gestão da inovação na Unicamp. Foi observado que as motivações para o licenciamento de tecnologias são bastante convergentes quando comparadas a outros tipos de parcerias universidade-empresa. Entretanto, alguns fatores específicos foram destacados como objeto de interferência negativa nas parcerias, como a expectativa da empresa de que a universidade atue como substituta de etapas importantes no processo de inovar, como no desenvolvimento complementar da tecnologia e na promoção das tecnologias licenciadas. Empresas com a estratégia de substituir suas ações de P&D internas por meio do contrato com a universidade geralmente se frustram com os resultados apresentados, enquanto aquelas que buscam a complementaridade em projeto de parceria em P&D têm mais chances de obter resultados positivos no decorrer da interação. Avalia-se, portanto, que empresas não familiarizadas com o processo de inovação, tal como as que não possuem como estratégia o estabelecimento de estrutura para o desenvolvimento e a comercialização das tecnologias licenciadas, não constituem parceiras adequadas para o licenciamento de tecnologias universitárias. Por outro lado, também é resultado desta pesquisa a identificação de empresas que possuem "DNA de inovação". Independentemente do tamanho destas empresas, o fato de que sua estratégia de negócio está centrada em produtos e processos genuinamente inovadores constitui característica importante para a parceria, uma vez que da perspectiva da universidade novos conhecimentos e linhas de pesquisa podem surgir como resultado da cooperação. Cabe destacar que a escolha da empresa licenciante se demonstrou como uma das atividades mais importantes no escopo de atuação de um NIT, especialmente no Brasil, onde a falta de estrutura e experiência de P&D junto às empresas constitui um elemento de impacto negativo na constituição de parcerias de cooperação universidade-empresa / Abstract: This paper presents the experience of Unicamp in innovation management, focusing in the analysis of firm's motivations to license technologies developed within academia. The goal is to analyze what motivates Brazilian companies to license technologies developed at the university, what are the expectations of those companies within the cooperation with the university and whether licensing is backed by some type of innovation strategy of the company, involving the completion or replacement of internal activities of research and development (R&D). Therefore we applied a questionnaire to 44 companies licensed to commercialize technologies developed at Unicamp. These 44 companies represent 51 licensing contracts signed between the years 2004 and 2010, during which the Inova Unicamp Innovation Agency was already responsible for the innovation management at Unicamp. It was observed that motivations for the licensing of technologies are similar to those of other types of university-industry partnerships. However, some specific factors were highlighted as object of negative interference in partnerships, such as the company's expectation that the university will substitute important steps in the process of innovation, as the further development of technology and promotion of licensed technologies. Companies with the strategy of replacing its shares of internal R&D through the contract with the university often are frustrated with the results, while those who seek complementarity in the partnership are more likely to achieve positive results during the interaction. It is estimated, therefore, that companies which are not familiar with the process of innovation, as those lacking strategy to establish a structure for the development and commercialization of the licensed technologies, are not suitable partners for the licensing of university technologies. Moreover, it is also a result of this dissertation the identification of companies that own an "innovation DNA". Regardless of the size of these companies, the fact that their business strategy is focused on innovative products and processes is genuinely an important characteristic for the partnership, since from the university's perspective, knowledge and new research lines may arise as a result of cooperation. It is worth mentioning that the choice of the company to license an academic technology is an important role of the TTO, especially in Brazil, where the lack of R&D infrastructure and experience at companies constitutes a negative impact on university-industry partnerships / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestra em Política Científica e Tecnológica