With the growing number of vehicles on the road, improving traffic safety and efficiency has become a major challenge. One of the promising solutions is the implementation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which utilizes communication technologies to facilitate real-time information sharing between vehicles and infrastructure. This research aims to contribute to the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) improving traffic safety and efficiency achieving the Vision Zero goal. In this thesis, we focus on the performance analysis of two communication protocols used for two signal dissemination techniques for IVI (infrastructure-vehicle-information communication). Periodic, which sends signals at fixed intervals, and On-demand which sends signals upon request from road users. The results of our experiments showed that there are trade-offs between the periodic and on-demand approaches in V2I communications. The on-demand approach performs better in terms of PER (Packet error ratio), but it results in higher latency, even with low congestion. On the other hand, the periodic approach exhibits higher PDR (Packet delivery ratio) but suffers from inefficiencies due to the transmission of redundant messages resulting in higher PER. Our findings have implications for the scalability of V2I communications and can be translatable to other access technologies used in ITS.

<p dir="ltr">Traffic Incident Management (TIM) is an important tool for agencies to reduce secondary crashes, improve travel reliability, and ensure safety of first responders. Having “eyes” on the scene from roadside traffic cameras can assist operators to dispatch appropriate personnel, provide situational awareness, and allow for quick response when incident conditions change. Many intelligent traffic systems (ITS) centers deploy pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras that provide broad coverage but require operators to position. When incidents occur or a public safety vehicle stops for roadside assistance, Traffic Management Center (TMC) operators need to reposition cameras to monitor the event. The camera positioning time depends on operator experience, accuracy of 911 call, location, public safety radio reports, and in some cases, GPS positions. This research outlines the methodology to use GPS data sources to automate camera position to a scene for event nature verification. In general, this GPS information can come from either connected vehicles or public safety vehicles, such as Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) Hoosier Helpers. Implementing this research into INDOT daily operations has increased the number of events that cameras verify, while decreasing the time from event occurrence to camera verification from a median of 5 minutes to a median of approximately 90 seconds. The time is driven by the accuracy and frequency of GPS data from devices. With increased telematics polling rates and availability of enhanced vehicle data such as door open/close and seatbelt latch events, this latency is expected to further decline. </p>

The increase in the number of deaths due to ground traffic accidents is a global problem. In such context, the development of new vehicular technologies is considered an alternative to improve road safety. Within the field of new vehicle technologies, it is possible to find driver assistance systems. These systems interact in an active or passive way with the driver, reducing their workload by presenting information about their surroundings, which may imply the safer direction of a land vehicle. Taking into account that one of the main reasons for road traffic fatalities in the world is the lane change in a road, hereby we created a cooperative driver assistance system for the lane change, arising from the combination of a kinematic model and a probabilistic graphical one. By combining these two models, we try to improve the response in the assistance of the system, given the direct dependence of the system with a human. Due to the latter, the response of such systems cannot be deterministic in nature. One of the motivations to use probabilistic graphical models is the flexibility of this machines learning technique in modeling the problem addressed in this thesis. In addition to this contribution of applying a specific probabilistic graphical model in our assistance system, other contributions can be found in this thesis, including the development of a Driving simulation platform with a reconfigurable structure. The ability to reconfigure the structure of the driving simulator platform was of great importance for the development and evaluation of the assistance system hereby proposed in each of its stages. In addition, the decision to model a cooperative approach in our assistance system is due to the great potential of the vehicular communications with respect to improving transport safety and efficiency. The moderate cost that is being projected in vehicular communications is another relevant fact. Finally, the description and application of our assistance system model can be considered as a possibility in the area for the development of an application that needs a close response to the reality, based on the uncertainties present in the problem under consideration. / O aumento no número de mortes por causa de acidentes de tráfego terrestre é um problema global. No âmbito dessa problemática, o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias veiculares é considerado uma alternativa para melhorar a segurança viária. Dentro do domínio das novas tecnologias veiculares, é possível encontrar sistemas de assistência ao motorista. Esses sistemas interagem de maneira ativa ou passiva com o motorista, conseguindo reduzir sua carga de trabalho, apresentando informações de seu entorno, o que pode implicar uma direção mais segura de um veículo terrestre. Levando em consideração que um dos principais motivos de mortes por acidentes de tráfego terrestre no mundo é a mudança de faixa em uma pista, neste trabalho, realizamos a tarefa de criar um sistema cooperativo de assistência ao motorista para a mudança de faixa, a partir da combinação de um modelo cinemático e de um modelo gráfico probabilístico. Mediante a combinação destes dois modelos, procuramos melhorar a resposta na assistência por parte do sistema, dada a dependência direta que o sistema tem dos humanos. Por essa última razão, a resposta deste tipo de sistemas não pode ser determinística por natureza. Uma das motivações para utilizar os modelos gráficos probabilísticos é a flexibilidade da técnica de machine learning em modelar o problema abordado nesta tese. Além dessa contribuição de aplicar um modelo gráfico probabilístico específico em nosso sistema de assistência, outras contribuições podem ser encontradas nesta tese, incluindo o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de simulação para a condução, com uma estrutura reconfigurável. A capacidade de poder reconfigurar a estrutura da plataforma de simulação foi de grande importância para o desenvolvimento e avaliação do sistema de assistência proposto nesta tese, em cada uma de suas etapas. Além disso, a decisão de modelar um enfoque cooperativo, em nosso sistema de assistência, se deve ao grande potencial que tem as comunicações veiculares com respeito à melhora da segurança e da eficiência do transporte. O custo moderado que está sendo projetado nas comunicações veiculares é outro fato relevante. A descrição e aplicação de nosso modelo final podem ser considerados mais uma possibilidade na área para o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação, que precise de uma resposta próxima da realidade, a partir das incertezas presentes no problema considerado.

The increase in the number of deaths due to ground traffic accidents is a global problem. In such context, the development of new vehicular technologies is considered an alternative to improve road safety. Within the field of new vehicle technologies, it is possible to find driver assistance systems. These systems interact in an active or passive way with the driver, reducing their workload by presenting information about their surroundings, which may imply the safer direction of a land vehicle. Taking into account that one of the main reasons for road traffic fatalities in the world is the lane change in a road, hereby we created a cooperative driver assistance system for the lane change, arising from the combination of a kinematic model and a probabilistic graphical one. By combining these two models, we try to improve the response in the assistance of the system, given the direct dependence of the system with a human. Due to the latter, the response of such systems cannot be deterministic in nature. One of the motivations to use probabilistic graphical models is the flexibility of this machines learning technique in modeling the problem addressed in this thesis. In addition to this contribution of applying a specific probabilistic graphical model in our assistance system, other contributions can be found in this thesis, including the development of a Driving simulation platform with a reconfigurable structure. The ability to reconfigure the structure of the driving simulator platform was of great importance for the development and evaluation of the assistance system hereby proposed in each of its stages. In addition, the decision to model a cooperative approach in our assistance system is due to the great potential of the vehicular communications with respect to improving transport safety and efficiency. The moderate cost that is being projected in vehicular communications is another relevant fact. Finally, the description and application of our assistance system model can be considered as a possibility in the area for the development of an application that needs a close response to the reality, based on the uncertainties present in the problem under consideration. / O aumento no número de mortes por causa de acidentes de tráfego terrestre é um problema global. No âmbito dessa problemática, o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias veiculares é considerado uma alternativa para melhorar a segurança viária. Dentro do domínio das novas tecnologias veiculares, é possível encontrar sistemas de assistência ao motorista. Esses sistemas interagem de maneira ativa ou passiva com o motorista, conseguindo reduzir sua carga de trabalho, apresentando informações de seu entorno, o que pode implicar uma direção mais segura de um veículo terrestre. Levando em consideração que um dos principais motivos de mortes por acidentes de tráfego terrestre no mundo é a mudança de faixa em uma pista, neste trabalho, realizamos a tarefa de criar um sistema cooperativo de assistência ao motorista para a mudança de faixa, a partir da combinação de um modelo cinemático e de um modelo gráfico probabilístico. Mediante a combinação destes dois modelos, procuramos melhorar a resposta na assistência por parte do sistema, dada a dependência direta que o sistema tem dos humanos. Por essa última razão, a resposta deste tipo de sistemas não pode ser determinística por natureza. Uma das motivações para utilizar os modelos gráficos probabilísticos é a flexibilidade da técnica de machine learning em modelar o problema abordado nesta tese. Além dessa contribuição de aplicar um modelo gráfico probabilístico específico em nosso sistema de assistência, outras contribuições podem ser encontradas nesta tese, incluindo o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de simulação para a condução, com uma estrutura reconfigurável. A capacidade de poder reconfigurar a estrutura da plataforma de simulação foi de grande importância para o desenvolvimento e avaliação do sistema de assistência proposto nesta tese, em cada uma de suas etapas. Além disso, a decisão de modelar um enfoque cooperativo, em nosso sistema de assistência, se deve ao grande potencial que tem as comunicações veiculares com respeito à melhora da segurança e da eficiência do transporte. O custo moderado que está sendo projetado nas comunicações veiculares é outro fato relevante. A descrição e aplicação de nosso modelo final podem ser considerados mais uma possibilidade na área para o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação, que precise de uma resposta próxima da realidade, a partir das incertezas presentes no problema considerado.

Mobilidade Urbana é uma das questões mais importantes da atualidade, pois afeta uma parcela significativa da população, impacta fortemente a poluição ambiental, é um problema mundial e tende a piorar com o aumento da densidade populacional e das cidades. A provisão de grandes obras de infraestrutura é cada vez mais difícil e onerosa, sendo necessário o uso da tecnologia e da integração de sistemas para o melhor aproveitamento da estrutura existente. O objetivo desta tese é propor um modelo de gestão para automação de centros integrados aderentes às realidades de custo, disponibilidade tecnológica, cultura organizacional e estratégias políticas de cidades com características semelhantes aos grandes e médios municípios do Brasil. Tal modelo permite, dentre outras contribuições, promover melhorias nas tomadas de decisão por gestores da área de mobilidade urbana por meio da incorporação e da liberação de dados e informações dentro de uma modelagem de gestão que visa facilitar as parcerias e a comunicação entre diferentes setores. As maiores cidades brasileiras estão buscando se atualizar para resolver seus problemas de mobilidade e passam por um período de transformação. A proposta do Centro Integrado de Mobilidade Urbana possibilita automatizar processos, implementar novas funcionalidades, fornecer informações para usuários, compartilhar recursos e diminuir custos. A utilização de ferramentas do arcabouço da Modelagem por Processos de Negócios (BPM) é a escolha lógica para um sistema que lida com tantas interrupções. Ao se projetar modelos de trabalho com o intuito de incorporar novas tecnologias e/ou torná-los mais eficientes, é preciso modelá-los de alguma maneira. O sistema de BPM adapta-se bem à necessidade de padronização e reprodutibilidade de processos, propiciando ainda a agregação de múltiplas saídas por processo. A visibilidade e o alcance desta metodologia aumenta a sobrevida de modelagens realizadas nesta base. O desenvolvimento de aplicativos de mobilidade deve acontecer de forma acelerada nos próximos anos. Como demonstrado, a necessidade de automação, integração e consolidação de informações corroboram com a de criação de um Centro Integrado. A utilização dos sistemas propostos é uma maneira de formalizar e aumentar a busca por parcerias e facilitar colaborações tanto no sentido de captar quanto de informar, dando suporte às pesquisas internas de órgãos públicos e privados. / Urban Mobility is one of the most important issues of our times, because it affects a significant portion of the population, strongly impacts the environmental pollution, it is a global problem and tends to get worse with increasing of population density and cities. The delivery of major infrastructure is becoming increasingly difficult and costly, requiring the use of technology and systems integration for better utilization of the existing structure. The objective of this thesis is to propose a management model for automation of integrated centers connected to cost realities, technological availability, organizational culture and political strategies of cities similar to large and mediumsized municipalities in Brazil. This model allows, among other contributions, to promote improvements in the decision making process by managers of urban mobility area through the incorporation and release of data and information within a management model to facilitate partnerships and communication among different sectors. The largest Brazilian cities are seeking to update themselves to solve their mobility problems and undergo a period of transformation. The Integrated Urban Mobility Center proposed allow to automate processes, implement new functionalities, provide information to users, share resources and reduce costs. Using tools from the Business Process Modeling (BPM) framework is the logical choice for a system that handles so many disruptions. When designing work model to incorporate new technologies and / or to make them more efficient, it is necessary to modeled it in some way. The BPM system adapts well to the needs of standardization and processes reproducibility, further enabling aggregation of multiple outputs by process. The visibility and extent of this methodology increases the life time of modeling performed on this basis. The development of mobility apps will happen rapidly in the coming years. As demonstrated, the need for automation, integration and consolidation of information corroborates with the creation of an Integrated Center. The use of the proposed systems is a way to formalize and increase the search for partnerships and facilitate collaboration both to capture as to inform, supporting the internal researches of private and public agencies.

In this research oriented master’s thesis we have proposed a future vision of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) by utilizing the novel concept of HWA (Heterogeneous Wireless Access). Our proposal is backed by the investigation of the results of experiments conducted at CERES (Centre for Research on Embedded Systems), Halmstad University, Sweden to evaluate the quality of communication for V2V and V2I by using the IEEE 802.11p standard. We have also identified the expected scenarios with need of any other communication technology in replacement of IEEE 802.11p for V2V and V2I communication. We have also investigated the relevant research projects, experiments and their results on the basis of predefined constraints. In the investigated research projects the concept of HWA has been correlated with our proposal of HWA for ITS. We have identified that for smooth integration of any communication technology with IEEE 802.11p, an efficient and smart vertical handover protocol or method will be required. We have presented a blue print of a custom designed vertical handover technique which can be implemented for future ITS with further enhancements and experimental evaluations. We have also evaluated the worst case scenarios to assess the suitability of the HWA for the ITS. We proposed few solutions based on the evaluation of communication scenarios for the integration of IEEE 802.11p with other wireless communication technologies. Finally we have provided some conclusions and suggested future researches which must be conducted to realize the dream of ITS with support of HWA.

Mobilidade Urbana é uma das questões mais importantes da atualidade, pois afeta uma parcela significativa da população, impacta fortemente a poluição ambiental, é um problema mundial e tende a piorar com o aumento da densidade populacional e das cidades. A provisão de grandes obras de infraestrutura é cada vez mais difícil e onerosa, sendo necessário o uso da tecnologia e da integração de sistemas para o melhor aproveitamento da estrutura existente. O objetivo desta tese é propor um modelo de gestão para automação de centros integrados aderentes às realidades de custo, disponibilidade tecnológica, cultura organizacional e estratégias políticas de cidades com características semelhantes aos grandes e médios municípios do Brasil. Tal modelo permite, dentre outras contribuições, promover melhorias nas tomadas de decisão por gestores da área de mobilidade urbana por meio da incorporação e da liberação de dados e informações dentro de uma modelagem de gestão que visa facilitar as parcerias e a comunicação entre diferentes setores. As maiores cidades brasileiras estão buscando se atualizar para resolver seus problemas de mobilidade e passam por um período de transformação. A proposta do Centro Integrado de Mobilidade Urbana possibilita automatizar processos, implementar novas funcionalidades, fornecer informações para usuários, compartilhar recursos e diminuir custos. A utilização de ferramentas do arcabouço da Modelagem por Processos de Negócios (BPM) é a escolha lógica para um sistema que lida com tantas interrupções. Ao se projetar modelos de trabalho com o intuito de incorporar novas tecnologias e/ou torná-los mais eficientes, é preciso modelá-los de alguma maneira. O sistema de BPM adapta-se bem à necessidade de padronização e reprodutibilidade de processos, propiciando ainda a agregação de múltiplas saídas por processo. A visibilidade e o alcance desta metodologia aumenta a sobrevida de modelagens realizadas nesta base. O desenvolvimento de aplicativos de mobilidade deve acontecer de forma acelerada nos próximos anos. Como demonstrado, a necessidade de automação, integração e consolidação de informações corroboram com a de criação de um Centro Integrado. A utilização dos sistemas propostos é uma maneira de formalizar e aumentar a busca por parcerias e facilitar colaborações tanto no sentido de captar quanto de informar, dando suporte às pesquisas internas de órgãos públicos e privados. / Urban Mobility is one of the most important issues of our times, because it affects a significant portion of the population, strongly impacts the environmental pollution, it is a global problem and tends to get worse with increasing of population density and cities. The delivery of major infrastructure is becoming increasingly difficult and costly, requiring the use of technology and systems integration for better utilization of the existing structure. The objective of this thesis is to propose a management model for automation of integrated centers connected to cost realities, technological availability, organizational culture and political strategies of cities similar to large and mediumsized municipalities in Brazil. This model allows, among other contributions, to promote improvements in the decision making process by managers of urban mobility area through the incorporation and release of data and information within a management model to facilitate partnerships and communication among different sectors. The largest Brazilian cities are seeking to update themselves to solve their mobility problems and undergo a period of transformation. The Integrated Urban Mobility Center proposed allow to automate processes, implement new functionalities, provide information to users, share resources and reduce costs. Using tools from the Business Process Modeling (BPM) framework is the logical choice for a system that handles so many disruptions. When designing work model to incorporate new technologies and / or to make them more efficient, it is necessary to modeled it in some way. The BPM system adapts well to the needs of standardization and processes reproducibility, further enabling aggregation of multiple outputs by process. The visibility and extent of this methodology increases the life time of modeling performed on this basis. The development of mobility apps will happen rapidly in the coming years. As demonstrated, the need for automation, integration and consolidation of information corroborates with the creation of an Integrated Center. The use of the proposed systems is a way to formalize and increase the search for partnerships and facilitate collaboration both to capture as to inform, supporting the internal researches of private and public agencies.

The implementation of In-Vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is becoming a common occurrence in modern vehicles. Automobile manufacturers are releasing vehicles with many forms of sophisticated technologies that remove much of the responsibility of controlling an automobile from the driver. These In-Vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems have stemmed from a genuine need in regards to road safety, however there are advantages and disadvantages associated with ITS. Each different form of technology has its own inherent compromises in relation to road safety, driver behaviour and driver comfort. This thesis outlines the benefits and detrimental effects associated with current In-Vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems and details the development and user interface testing of an adaptive brake light. The adaptive brakelight concept aims to provide drivers with the advantages of an In-Vehicle ITS whilst removing the disadvantages. The technology will help drivers judge the braking pattern of the car in front, thus allowing them to react appropriately and potentially reducing the occurrence of rear-end crashes. The adaptive brake light concept was tested in comparison to a standard brake light and BMW inspired brake light in a series of user interface tests. The adaptive brake light was shown overall to be an improved method of displaying the varying levels of deceleration of a lead vehicle. Whilst different age and gender groups responded differently to the adaptive brake light, it was shown to be of benefit to the majority and the most at risk groups responded positively to the adaptive brake light. This research shows that an adaptive brake light can provide a benefit in regards to road safety when compared to a standard brake light interface. It is hoped that further development of variable brake lights will result from this research and possibly lead to the implementation of the technology to automobiles and other forms of transport.

There has been a good effort made in Abu Dhabi for the last couple of years between government stakeholders to develop a road safety strategy, define rules and responsibilities, and gain a fully coordinated and integrated framework to deal with road safety. According to my point of view, the challenges that might be seen as a problem for the future development of Abu Dhabi can be the management and the usage of traffic safety technologies to reduce serious road traffic accidents. This study focused on the relationship between the use of traffic safety technologies and serious road traffic accidents on Abu Dhabi Highways. The motivation for this research is to implement correctly the traffic safety technologies in Abu Dhabi highways as a part of the need to adopt plans, programmes, and preventive measures to reduce or prevent the occurrence of traffic accidents in order to ensure the safety of individuals and property, in addition to preserving the security of the state and its human and economic components. The overall approach to this study is a mixed methodology, which combines quantitative and qualitative methods. A questionnaire is one method used in this regard, and is designed to be quantitative. In the quantitative method, comparing statistics of fatalities and injuries before and after installation of the speed cameras is used. As a result of this study and by making the connectivity between reviewing the results and findings of the literature review, identifying the questionnaire results, and exploring the before and after statistics led to findings which were used to develop a decision support framework that can be used to advise the regional safety strategy to be sustainable. The design framework was also validated through Abu Dhabi highways by a panel of experts, which was carried out using the focus group method, which was qualitative in nature. It is recommended from this research to invest much in traffic safety technologies, focus more on driver support systems and rapid response systems, improve driver behaviour as a priority in Abu Dhabi highways using traffic safety technologies, and integrate the compatibility of all of the above through an integrated system and specific performance indicators that are measured and followed up on an ongoing basis, and supported by geographic information systems (GIS).

This Master's thesis examines the possibility of implementing an intelligent transport system for monitoring road vehicles carrying dangerous goods through the territory of the Czech Republic, for the purpose of providing relevant information to emergency responders in the event of an accident involving such vehicles. The aim is to explore whether, and how, can radio-frequency identification technology be used in such a system. The scope of the research is not limited to technical aspects of the solution. Various options are considered in terms of capital costs, complexity of the required information system and impact on shippers and carriers from an economic and business process standpoint. The paper briefly describes the current legislation concerning the transport of dangerous goods, the existing processes and entities involved in transport and handling of traffic accidents. Following is a comparison of several possible implementations of the monitoring system.