No description available.

Sixteen adult male and 8 adult female post moult mallards were equipped with radio transmitters, in a two year study (1977-6AHY-M and 4AHY-F; 1978-10AHY-M and 4AHY-F). Field-feeding was monitored at a lure crop and on adjacent grain fields. Ninety-two percent of the mallards radio-equipped were recorded at a field-feeding site at least once with 71% recorded field-feeding within one week. There was no significant difference in field-feeding activity between males and females. In the morning during periods of rain, mallards field-fed 0.55h longer, arriving 0.30h later and departing 0.9h later than mallards field-feeding during clear weather. The morning field-feeding period was longer in duration than the evening foeld-feeding period. Light intensity was the dominant climatological variable contributing to the arrival of mallards in the morning during periods of no rain (multiple R2=68.1%) and rain (R2=69.5%). Light appeared to act as an initiating cue for morning feeding activity. A high correlation existed between duration of stay during periods of no rain (r=0.815) and rain (r=0.860) suggesting that mallards remained longer at a field-feeding site in the morning by departing later, not arriving earlier. Light intensity was also the dominant climatological variable contributing to the arrival of mallards in the evening amongst those mallards which field-feed in both the morning and evening (R2=78.1%) and those which field-fed in the evening only (R2=63.3%). In addition, light intensity was the only contributing factor in the evening for all mallards departing a field-feeding site (R2=72.7%). Mallards were never recorded field-feeding longer than 15 minutes after there was non measurable light...

This thesis investigates the patterns of each type of energy consumption for fourteen countries, to study the link between energy consumption, economics and population. It was found that for all the countries studied, there is a decrease in energy consumption relative to economic growth. This shows that the world has become less energy based, and is more efficient in using energy to produce economic wealth. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions for each fossil fuel type used for electricity generation in New Zealand: coal, gas and oil was also calculated. Gas is the main contributor of CO₂ by electricity generation for New Zealand. New Zealand's CO₂ emissions from electricity generation have nearly tripled in the last 12 years. Despite the environmental concerns of global warming and the Kyoto protocol, there has been a large increase in total CO₂ emitted. This increase has seen a replacement of gas by coal in order to continue to meet the electricity demand of the nation. New Zealand has a small energy market relative to the global market. World energy market patterns show a recent history of oil declining, coal declining, gas increasing and the significant presence of nuclear. Renewable energies are insignificant on the world scene. These are marked contrasts to the New Zealand scene. Of the renewable energy supply fuels, both hydro and geothermal have been in decline, from before deregulation. This trend will continue in the future if left to market forces. Although renewable energy may be a solution to New Zealand's energy supply, the increase in market share of other renewable energies to date is limited. They are unlikely to be sufficient to cover New Zealand's energy demand in the near future. With New Zealand being dependent on the world supply of oil, the expected depletion of the Maui gas field, the low market share for renewable energy and rising concerns about pollution, the green house effects and global warming, nuclear power is considered an option in New Zealand.

No description available.

Sixteen adult male and 8 adult female post moult mallards were equipped with radio transmitters, in a two year study (1977-6AHY-M and 4AHY-F; 1978-10AHY-M and 4AHY-F). Field-feeding was monitored at a lure crop and on adjacent grain fields. Ninety-two percent of the mallards radio-equipped were recorded at a field-feeding site at least once with 71% recorded field-feeding within one week. There was no significant difference in field-feeding activity between males and females. In the morning during periods of rain, mallards field-fed 0.55h longer, arriving 0.30h later and departing 0.9h later than mallards field-feeding during clear weather. The morning field-feeding period was longer in duration than the evening foeld-feeding period. Light intensity was the dominant climatological variable contributing to the arrival of mallards in the morning during periods of no rain (multiple R2=68.1%) and rain (R2=69.5%). Light appeared to act as an initiating cue for morning feeding activity. A high correlation existed between duration of stay during periods of no rain (r=0.815) and rain (r=0.860) suggesting that mallards remained longer at a field-feeding site in the morning by departing later, not arriving earlier. Light intensity was also the dominant climatological variable contributing to the arrival of mallards in the evening amongst those mallards which field-feed in both the morning and evening (R2=78.1%) and those which field-fed in the evening only (R2=63.3%). In addition, light intensity was the only contributing factor in the evening for all mallards departing a field-feeding site (R2=72.7%). Mallards were never recorded field-feeding longer than 15 minutes after there was non measurable light...

The thesis makes an overall contribution to the qualitative research on soldiers’ experiences from service primarily in low-intensity mission areas, this operational environment being placed within a framework of emotion sociology. The central argument put forward states that even on this type of mission the emotional demands are considerable, and that the need for emotional management in Peace Support Operations (PSO) should therefore generally follow other demarcations than the formal military divisions of high and low intensity conflicts respectively. In contrast to the prevalent view stating that the successful soldier is someone with emotional control in the sense that he ‘lacks’ feeling towards what he is doing, this thesis argues that soldiers’ emotion management work when choosing, modelling, managing, and displaying the ‘right’ emotional expression is what it takes to get the job done. Further, the thesis argues that emotion management demands are not restricted to the tour of service. Returning home often involves feeling both cognitively and emotionally disorientated, even if the mission has been militarily quite uneventful. A new theoretical concept, Post-Deployment Disorientation (PDD), is introduced to explain and highlight the origin of these feelings. PDD is not a diagnosis, however, but a term reserved for a phenomenon invisible in statistics that likely confronts the majority of Swedish soldiers on return. The thesis comprises four essays and draws on qualitative data collected mainly from soldiers deployed to Kosovo and Liberia in 2006/2007. Two of the essays also include data from Afghanistan. Jointly, the four essays help us understand that from an emotion management perspective, serving abroad is both a varied and challenging experience. Nevertheless, the informants seem to muddle through many difficulties and the study broadly confirms Bolton’s (2005) accounts of the multi-talented emotional actor, who is quite capable of handling contradiction while negotiating feeling rules. However, this does not mean an adjustment with negligible effort or without substantial emotional costs.

The aim of this series of studies was to investigate the effects of oral caffeine ingestion (5 mg . kg-1) on whole-body, short-term, high-intensity exercise (ST; representing an exercise intensity of between 100% -150% V02 max), an area that has received scant attention in the past. It was found that, in common with other 'open-ended' tests, one ST assessment, the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), appeared to lack both validity and reliability. Although traditional reliability markers of MAOD were favourable, the 95% limits of agreement were unacceptably large. In addition, the validity of MAOD was also found to be questionable because a study of elite runners revealed that a large proportion were unable to accomplish a plateau in the V02 -exercise intensity relationship. A follow-up study developed an original bespoke 'preloaded' ST cycling protocol that combined constant-rate exercise with an 'all-out' effort. This protocol appears to have several features that make it a more appropriate assessment to use in ergogenic studies than the MAOD. The work also considered the original, and as yet, undeveloped potential, for the assessment of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during ST. It was shown for the first time that RPE (Borg scale; 6-20) could be used reliably during constant-rate ST. Three of the ten studies demonstrated that caffeine can be ergogenic during ST, with improvements averaging 11 % (95% GI, 7.4% -14.5%) above placebo treatment. In addition, the caffeine studies contributed to a meta-analysis of the effects of caffeine on test outcome that resulted in an effect size greater than zero, with 95% confidence intervals not crossing zero. The studies have examined potential physiological and metabolic mechanisms of action that may help explain caffeine's impact on ST. These suggest that there is some evidence that caffeine both stimulates anaerobic glycolysis and reduces electrolyte disturbance during ST. Finally this work has demonstrated for the first time that the perceptual response during constant-rate ST, as measured by RPE, is blunted following caffeine ingestion. It is concluded that caffeine is ergogenic during ST, and that while the exact mechanism(s) of action remains unknown, one consistent test outcome is a reduction in RPE during constant-rate ST.

Adaptation to the shortage of oxygen at altitude (hypoxia) promotes physiological changes which could enhance endurance performance. Consequently, altitude training has become a popular practice among competitive endurance athletes. Since its inception, the live-high train-low paradigm (LHTL) has been widely regarded as the most effective approach to altitude training. Over the past decade, brief intermittent simulation of LHTL via the use of hypoxic inhalers and re-breathing devices has gained increased popularity, but the evidence supporting their use is limited and conflicting. The experimental studies in this thesis investigated the response of sea level exercise performance and related physiological measures following adaptation to the usual and a novel protocol of brief intermittent hypoxia. I intended to perform all experimental studies on flat-water kayakers. Therefore, an initial requirement of this thesis was to establish the smallest worthwhile effect in performance for this sport. The final study utilising a meta-analytic approach was conducted to compare the effectiveness of brief intermittent hypoxia to other natural and simulated protocols, and to investigate the topical issue of what physiological responses mediate performance changes following hypoxic exposure. In Study 1, the typical variation in competitive performance of elite flat-water canoeists was investigated using a repeated-measures analysis of race times. For individual flat-water canoeing events, the smallest worthwhile change in performance time was ~0.5%. In two separate experimental studies, adaptation to 60 min per day of brief intermittent hypoxia consisting of alternating 5 min intervals of hypoxia and normoxia for 3 weeks (5 days per week) using a nitrogen filtration device resulted in clear enhancement of endurance performance (~5%) for kayakers (Study 2) and cyclists (Study 3). Clear enhancements in repeat sprint performance were observed for kayaking only. The physiological mechanisms underlying performance changes were unclear. Modification of the hypoxic and normoxic intervals (Study 3) did not result in any clear alterations in performance or physiological mechanisms. The meta-analysis (Study 4) revealed clear enhancements in endurance power output of 1-3% in sub-elites following adaptation to hypoxia with the natural altitude protocols, and with two of the artificial-altitude protocols (LHTL-long and LHTL-brief-intermittent). In elite athletes the enhancements tended to be smaller and were clear only for the natural protocols. These enhancements could be mediated by VO2max, although other mechanisms may be possible.

A previous study showed that addition of β-cyclodextrin to goat milk made a difference to its flavour, but in an undescribed way. Cyclodextrins (CDs, comprising α- β- and γ-CD) may be able to bind the free branched chain fatty acids in goat milk responsible for the largely undesirable ‘goaty’ flavour. The primary aim was to test the effect of CDs on this flavour in goat milk and its products with a view to marketing goat milk products with reduced flavour intensity. A secondary aim was to test the effect of β-CD on skatole flavour, a characteristic flavour of milk from pasturefed ruminants. Study design and methods: The present study evaluates addition of mainly β-CD to goat milk, cow milk and their products to reduce undesirable flavours. The methods applied were mainly ranking and hedonic assessment in sensory experiments. The tests done were with CDs added to buffers and milks, some of which were flavour-enhanced with 4-methyloctanoic acid as a representative goaty fatty acid, or with skatole. Goat milk yoghurts were also tested. Free fatty acid concentrations, which may be affected by CD binding, were measured after separating cream and skim milk. The methods applied were standard dairy procedures: titration of free fatty acids in milk fat and the copper-salt method for measuring fatty acids in skim milk. A fungal lipase was added to milks to accelerate fat hydrolysis (lipolysis). This was done to increase the concentration of free fatty acids for several experimental purposes. Some minor experiments studies were also done, for example the comparative effect of lipases on goat milk and cow milk, and the lipolytic activity at different temperatures over different times. Results: The results of skatole experiments were inconclusive. The odour of 4-methyloctanoic acid was reduced in acidic buffers by addition of α- and β-CD, particularly the former. Alpha and β-CD were both effective in goaty flavour reduction in goat milk. γ-CD was not effective. In all this work differences were statistically significant to varying levels. Goaty flavour was reduced by addition of β-CD to goat milk yoghurt, but only when added before fermentation (P < 0.001), not after (P = 0.09). The liking scores for goat milk yoghurts for both plain and flavoured yoghurts increased with β-CD treatment (both P < 0.001 for 59 panellists). The chemistry experiments revealed a reduction of free fatty acid concentration in the fat phase when β-CD treatment was added to full cream cow milk. However, analysis of skim milk did not show a corresponding increase in concentration. Further experiments are required to reveal the fate of the ‘missing’ fatty acids. Conclusion: Overall it was shown that under certain conditions, CDs were effective in reducing goaty flavour in milk and yoghurts. Whereas CDs are approved for addition to foods in many countries – including the bellwether U.S.A. – formal approval by Food Standards Australia New Zealand has not yet been finalized. When it is, the way should be clear to market a range of more consumer-acceptable goat milk products in New Zealand as a primary market. In short, this research has significant commercial relevance.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1991. / "April 1991." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-100). Also issued in microfiche.