Studies of human sacrifice during the Iron Age in the Nordic countries have long been based on historical literary sources. Scientific studies of human sacrifice often lack archaeological material in the form of human skeletons. This is because of the difficulty in detecting injuries on human bones that can be linked to lethal violence. Studies of bog bodies have mainly been done on bog mummies and therefore studies of wetland skeletons have lagged behind. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether it is possible to find archaeological evidence for historical literary sources' claim that people in the Nordic countries were sacrificed alive during the Iron Age. The aim is also to investigate during which periods of the Nordic Iron Age these human sacrifices took place. It is hoped that this thesis will make an archaeological contribution to research on Nordic human sacrifice and thus pave the way for more interdisciplinary studies of the subject.

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<p dir="ltr">The following dissertation contains a series of articles from a diverse set of research experiences over my five years as a PhD student at Purdue University. Each of the following articles relay how my interdisciplinary studies in food safety, gender, and higher education contribute to a comprehensive understanding of international development in agriculture. After an introductory chapter, chapters two and three include systematic literature review articles on the state of food safety in Lao PDR and Cambodia. Each review discusses available knowledge and potential development opportunities surrounding food safety, a significant threat to public health, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Building upon the food safety literature, chapters four and five are based upon research aimed at reducing foodborne illnesses in Cambodia’s informal vegetable value chain. Toward this end, the chapters present two articles that study the lives of Cambodian women vegetable producers to inform future food safety engagement. The final three chapters are a collection of articles based on my experiences working with agricultural higher education in international development contexts. Chapters six and seven present two articles about the employability of Egyptian agriculture university graduates. Chapter eight includes my final research article and explores how a service learning-based study abroad in Romania encouraged agricultural engagement interest and skills in undergraduate agricultural students. Lastly, chapter nine concludes the dissertation with final remarks and reflections about how each discipline provided a different perspective to international development in agriculture, and the value of applying interdisciplinary approaches to complex challenges.</p>

This thesis investigates how the inhabitants formed the coastal landscape of northwest Estonia through both internal change and external impact by estate owners, provincial government and imperial decrees. Two villages on the largely Swedish populated Noarootsi peninsula, Einbi (Enby) and Kudani (Gutanäs), are examined in detail. The aim was to answer questions about how the local livelihoods and farming systems of coastal inhabitants changed from the late 1600s to 1940. The background of a gradual weakening of the manorial estate system from 1800 onwards and a rapid development of freehold family farming from the 1860s is important to the analysis. To examine the complex variety of factors and interactions that shape the landscape, an interdisciplinary approach to change has been used. This approach included a conceptual model for the local production unit, such as the individual farm. Information from historical maps, diverse population registers and agricultural censuses were used. The soil cover was examined with samples taken during fieldwork in the studied villages. The study shows how the development of two villages in fairly similar geographic settings differed largely due to socio-political restrictions. During feudal times, the primary changes were related to the fact that local nobility could maintain their land ownership rights and regulations for manorial deliveries and corvée duties. Changes to natural conditions, such as soil quality and land uplift, had no substantial effect on land productivity. From the 19th century, the most important factor was the legalized opportunity to purchase farms as freeholds from estates, as well as through land reforms in an independent Estonia. The traditional niche of coastal Swedish peasants, who depended on a variety of productive activities, remained in practice. As all manor land was nationalized, many new smallholdings and crofts were created based on external activities by inhabitants, such as farm day labor. Farm productivity was now increased primarily by improvement to land quality (use of artificial fertilizers and meadow drainage), and by the introduction of new implements and crops on farms consolidated from open fields.

This work presents a proposal to Statistics teaching for High School in an interdisciplinary way. Analyze data from the Municipal Human Development Index Gaucho some cities and climate in some Brazilian cities, seeking to explore the most of what's statistic in these matters. Seek to understand the basic topics of statistics provided in the curriculum, noting that the application of mathematics to diverse areas of knowledge. We will use spreadsheets as a technological tool to support teaching. / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para o ensino de Estatística no Ensino Médio de uma forma interdisciplinar. Analisaremos dados do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal de algumas cidades gaúchas e do clima de algumas cidades brasileiras, procurando explorar ao máximo o que há de Estatística nesses assuntos. Buscaremos a compreensão dos tópicos elementares de Estatística previstos no currículo, observando a aplicação dessa parte da Matemática às diversas áreas do conhecimento. Utilizaremos planilhas eletrônicas como ferramenta tecnológica de apoio ao ensino.

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