Thesis (M. Sc. (Physics and Electronics))--Rhodes University, 2006. / A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). "August 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. [167]-179) and index. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D) - Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Information & Communication Technologies, 2009. / A dissertation presented in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, [Faculty of Information and Communication Technologies], Swinburne University of Technology, 2009. Typescript. Bibliography p. 215-236.

A time-resolved holographic interferometer specially suited for high-speed visualization of the gas flow in shock tube experiments has been developed. Holographic interferometry, which is based on the recording of two coincident holograms at different times so that one of them acts as a reference field, can accurately reveal the density distribution in a gas. The device described here fills the need for a practical method to record short sequences of holographic interferograms documenting the evolution of shock wave reflections that are not self-similar in time. Multiple hologram recording was implemented on an existing holographic interferometric system through the technique of spatial frequency multiplexing, in which the holograms are overlaid but the reference beam is angled differently for each exposure. Because the object beam is not involved in the multiplexing process, the imaging optics of the original system could be left unmodified. The upgrade only entailed the introduction of an angular sweeping system in the reference beam path. The beam multiplexing assembly was initially based on a spinning mirror design, which produced fairly satisfactory recordings of non-interferometric holographic sequences but was incapable of accurately overlaying a second set of exposures establishing the reference field for each image. The mechanical sweeping system had other drawbacks as well, among them the tendency to create extraneous fringes in the holographic images because of the unavoidable angular motion of the reference beam over the duration of a laser pulse. A solid-state multiplexing system was then devised in which the reference beam was split into several branches, each aimed at the film from a different direction and individually shuttered by a ferroelectric liquid crystal light valve. Beam sweeping was achieved by opening the shutters in sequence as the laser was pulsed, but it was also possible to record the reference exposure on all images simultaneously with a single laser pulse by having all shutters open at the same time. A prototype three-image system was constructed and successfully tested by recording interferometric sequences of a shock wave reflecting off a model at framing intervals down to 100 μs. / Graduate

Variability of pre-main-sequence stars observed at optical wavelengths has been attributed to fluctuations in the mass accretion rate from the circumstellar disk onto the forming star. Detailed models of accretion disks suggest that young deeply em- bedded protostars should also exhibit variations in their accretion rates, and that these changes can be tracked indirectly by monitoring the response of the dust enve- lope at mid-IR to millimeter wavelengths. Interferometers such as ALMA offer the resolution and sensitivity to observe small fluctuations in brightness at the scale of the disk where episodic accretion may be driven. In this thesis, novel methods for comparing interferometric observations are presented and applied to CARMA and ALMA 1.3mm observations of deeply embedded protostars in Serpens taken 9 years apart. No brightness variation is found above the limits of the analysis of a factor of ~>50%, due to the limited sensitivity of the CARMA observations and small number of sources common to both epochs. It is further shown that follow up ALMA observa- tions with a similar sample size and sensitivity may be able to uncover variability at the level of a few percent, and the implications of this for future work are discussed. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T19:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-31. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-07T19:24:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000858535.pdf: 28861453 bytes, checksum: 71fa8b116bf6f4421bda43fd38b639c9 (MD5) / A interferometria óptica é uma técnica amplamente reconhecida por sua sensibilidade extremamente elevada para a medição de diversas grandezas físicas. Em particular, quando aplicada à medição de deslocamentos mecânicos, permite a detecção de movimentos micrométricos e manométricos em sólidos. Nesta dissertação, emprega-se um interferômetro de Michelson homódino para caracterizar atuadores piezoelétricos flextensionais e manipuladores piezoelétricos multi-atuados. Este trabalho se insere na linha de pesquisas desenvolvidas no laboratório de Optoeletrônica da FEIS-UNESP, dedicadas à concepção de novas técnicas de detecção interferométrica de fase óptica. Dentre as diversas famílias de métodos publicados na literatura, os métodos de demodulação baseados na análise do espectro do sinal fotodetectado têm recebido especial atenção na FEIS. Embora eficientes, estes métodos apresentam resolução limitada, não são capazes de caracterizar atuadores não-lineares e operam somente com formas de onda senoidais. Propõe-se, nesta dissertação, um método de detecção de fase óptica denominado de Método de Segmentação do Sinal Amostrado, o qual é implementado no domínio do tempo. Este método, viabilizado pelos importantes recursos das técnicas de processamento digital de sinais, foi potencializado pela automatização das medições. Comparado aos procedimentos aplicados a experimentos anteriores na FEIS, cada medição equivale a 2500 medições no sistema antigo, permitindo o levantamento da curva de linearidade de um atuador com uma única medição. Além dessa, o método apresenta outras vantagens: é homódino, opera em malha-aberta, é imune ao desvanecimento do sinal, tem excelente resolução, ampla faixa dinâmica, opera com dispositivos não-lineares, detecta sinais com formas de onda arbitrárias, permite medir magnitude e fase do deslocamento... / A interferometria óptica é uma técnica amplamente reconhecida por sua sensibilidade extremamente elevada para a medição de diversas grandezas físicas. Em particular, quando aplicada à medição de deslocamentos mecânicos, permite a detecção de movimentos micrométricos e manométricos em sólidos. Nesta dissertação, emprega-se um interferômetro de Michelson homódino para caracterizar atuadores piezoelétricos flextensionais e manipuladores piezoelétricos multi-atuados. Este trabalho se insere na linha de pesquisas desenvolvidas no laboratório de Optoeletrônica da FEIS-UNESP, dedicadas à concepção de novas técnicas de detecção interferométrica de fase óptica. Dentre as diversas famílias de métodos publicados na literatura, os métodos de demodulação baseados na análise do espectro do sinal fotodetectado têm recebido especial atenção na FEIS. Embora eficientes, estes métodos apresentam resolução limitada, não são capazes de caracterizar atuadores não-lineares e operam somente com formas de onda senoidais. Propõe-se, nesta dissertação, um método de detecção de fase óptica denominado de Método de Segmentação do Sinal Amostrado, o qual é implementado no domínio do tempo. Este método, viabilizado pelos importantes recursos das técnicas de processamento digital de sinais, foi potencializado pela automatização das medições. Comparado aos procedimentos aplicados a experimentos anteriores na FEIS, cada medição equivale a 2500 medições no sistema antigo, permitindo o levantamento da curva de linearidade de um atuador com uma única medição. Além dessa, o método apresenta outras vantagens: é homódino, opera em malha-aberta, é imune ao desvanecimento do sinal, tem excelente resolução, ampla faixa dinâmica, opera com dispositivos não-lineares, detecta sinais com formas de onda arbitrárias, permite medir magnitude e fase do deslocamento ...

The limitations of current stellar interferometers is their low sensitivity, and the next generation will account for this by using larger apertures. The phase aberrations from seeing will need the consideration of adaptive optics (AO). Accordingly, this dissertation will first examine the problem that seeing causes in stellar interferometers. The application of Adaptive Optics in Stellar Interferometry will then consider these results to achieve the final goal: reduced losses in fringe visibility and increased sensitivity. The thesis is organised with the second chapter discussing the theory of seeing phase aberrations; their origin and effect on image resolution and fringe visibility. These are used to quantify and compare performance metrics in AO and interferometry, and the specific benefits of AO for interferometry and its method of implementation are used to highlight areas of research that are discussed in other chapters. The third chapter discusses a solution to the problem of making high sensitivity wavefront measurements is presented in this chapter. Starting with existing WFSs used in interferometer AO systems, the methods of measuring high order aberrations are considered. A new WFS method, Diffractive Phase Sensing, is presented and an implementation is described in the context of a specific WFS design: the Nine Element Sensor (NES). The fourth chapter concerns numerical simulations of the NES to evaluate its performance in an AO system. Comparisons are made with two existing WFS designs, one commonly used in astronomical AO and the other in use within current interferometer AO. The conclusions drawn specify the observation regimes for which each of the three WFS designs is most appropriate. The design and construction of a NES prototype is discussed in the fifth chapter. The prototype WFS is first tested in the laboratory, and its novel optic and CCD detector operation were analysed prior to use. The prototype was then used to make measurements of defocus phase aberrations at COAST, and results from these observations are presented and discussed to understand their implication. The final chapter considers the existing AO system at COAST—the autoguider—and its measurements of tip/tilt aberrations. The aim and method used to parameterise the atmospheric turbulence is detailed, and the results are verified with measurements from a DIMM and with fringe visibilities. Using the autoguider, the statistics of the seeing at the COAST site is presented from a year long dataset.

Orientador: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T11:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coelho_JoaodeAbreuBarbosa_M.pdf: 865659 bytes, checksum: f3befbe4283d2213924fdc6a38fda3e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação, analisamos o efeito dos graus de liberdade internos de um objeto na dinâmica do seu centro de massa visando a determinar sua relevância para processos de descoerência em experimentos de fenda dupla. Mostramos que esses graus de liberdade se acoplam ao centro de massa na presença de um potencial que quebra a invariância translacional do sistema, e assim fazendo, funcionam como um ambiente que evolui em conjunto com o centro de massa do objeto. Utilizando uma abordagem de espalhamento, calculamos o operador densidade do sistema composto de centro de massa e coordenadas relativas na aproximação de Born para espalhamentos elásticos. Argumentamos como esse operador densidade nos da informção sobre os processos inelásticos e concluímos que, dentro da aproximação de Born, limitações geométricas impedem que os graus de liberdade internos do objeto atuem como um fator relevante para a descoerência / Abstract: In this work, we analyze the effect of an object's internal degrees of freedom on its center of mass dynamics in order to determine its relevance to decoherence processes in double slit experiments. We show that these degrees of freedom couple to the center of mass in the presence of a potential that breaks the translational invariance of the system, and in so doing, act as an environment that evolves together with the object's center of mass. Using a scattering approach, we compute the density operator of the system composed of its center of mass and relative coordinates, in the Born approximation, for elastic scattering. We argue how this density operator gives us information about inelastic processes and conclude that, within the Born approximation, geometric constraints prevent the internal degrees of freedom from acting as a relevant factor for decoherence / Mestrado / Física Clássica e Física Quântica : Mecânica e Campos / Mestre em Física

A finalidade deste trabalho é aplicar a técnica de holografia em cristais fotorrefrativos para o estudo de propriedades mecânicas de microdispositivos, garantindo ainda a obtenção de uma geometria de arranjo holográfico simples e compacto. Foram feitas a análise de vibração e a análise de deformação de microdispositivos por meio da interferometria de média temporal e de dupla exposição, respectivamente. Como fontes de luz, foram utilizados diodos laser emitindo em 660nm, e um He-Ne laser emitindo em 632,8nm. Como meio fotorrefrativo de registro holográfico foi utilizado o cristal Bi12TiO20, (BTO) da família das selenitas. Foi proposto um arranjo óptico de holografia de reflexão do tipo Denisiuk, e a este arranjo foi adicionado um conjunto de lentes objetiva e ocular para formar uma configuração de microscópio composto, com o objetivo de obterem-se imagens holográficas de objetos de dimensões microscópicas. A gravação e a reconstrução do holograma se deram simultaneamente, devido à associação do cristal fotorrefrativo a uma câmera CMOS. Desta maneira, a observação dos hologramas foi feita em tempo real. Foram feitas, inicialmente, imagens de dupla exposição de piezorresistores MEMS (microelectromechanical systems), de geometria reduzida (2,96 x 0,6 mm2), e de dispositivos CMUT (Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers) com 640m de diâmetro. Através desta técnica foi possível medir deslocamentos de 0,33m a 4,3m. Foram obtidos também interferogramas de média temporal de cerâmicas e transdutores piezoelétricos, porém, iluminando apenas pequenas regiões destes objetos. Estas imagens mostraram qualidade razoável, indicando que é possível aplicar a técnica de interferometria em média temporal para objetos com amplitude de vibração entre 0,12m e 1,7m. Para investigar as potencialidades microscópicas foram feitas imagens de padrões de teste de resolução, onde foi possível visualizar estruturas com geometrias entre 2mm e 20m. / The aim of this work is to apply photorefractive crystals holography technique for the study of mechanical properties of micro-devices; it ensures obtaining a simple and compact geometry of holographic setup. Vibration and deformation analyses of micro-devices were performed using time average and double exposure interferometry, respectively. As light sources, it was used diode lasers emitting at 660nm, and He-Ne laser emitting at 632.8nm. As photorefractive holographic recording medium was used Bi12TiO20 (BTO) crystal, family of selenites. An optical setup of Denisiuk-type reflection holography was proposed, and this setup was added a set of objective and eyepiece lenses to form a compound microscope configuration, in order to obtain holographic images of objects with microscopic dimensions. Recording and reconstruction of the hologram occurred simultaneously, due to the combination of the photorefractive crystal to a CMOS camera. Thus, holograms observation occurs in real time. It was initially performed double exposure images of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) piezoresistors, with reduced geometry (2.96 x 0.6 mm2), and CMUT (capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers) devices with 640m diameter. By this technique was possible measure displacements of 0.33m to 4.3m. Time average interferograms of Ceramics and piezoelectric transducers were also obtained, however, it illuminating only small regions of these objects. These images showed reasonable quality, indicating that it is possible apply the time average technique for objects with vibration amplitude between 0.12m e 1.7m. In order to investigate the microscopic potentialities images of resolution test chart were done, where it was possible to visualize structures with geometries between 20 m and 2mm.

M.Ing. / Bragg gratings exist due to permanent changes in the refractive index introduced in the fibre through exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Standard telecommunications fibre (SMF-28) is only slightly photosensitive at 248 nm irradiation. A comparative study of different photosensitization techniques is undertaken on the basis of the desired photosensitivity characteristics and efficiency of the technique used. The analytical method is used to determine valuable properties of fibre Bragg gratings. The bandwidth and maximum reflectivity of the fibre Bragg grating is dependant on the change of refractive index and is determined analytically. Obtaining very high reflectivity and bandwidth (~lnm) can only be achieved with highly photosensitive optical fibre where refractive index changes of~ 1 o-3 are possible. The change of the refractive index in the optical fibre is related to the phase change by: A new interferometric measurement technique based on this assumption allows the direct measurement of photosensitivity. This technique is modelled with a modified Layer Peeling algorithm. Standard telecommunications fibre was exposed to high-pressure (26B - 160B) hydrogen for several days. This increased the photosensitivity of the optical fibre significantly. The photosensitivity of the fibre is directly dependent on the hydrogen concentration inside the fibre. Refractive index changes, M ~ 1.3x10-3 were achieved in germanium doped fibre and M ~ 5x10-3 in germanium/boron codoped fibre. The knowledge of the hydrogen concentration inside the fibre is important in studying photosensitivity, transmission losses and the wavelength drift after Bragg grating manufacturing. The diffusion proceeds interstitially with no significant chemical interaction. A hydrogen diffusion model was developed based on the transfer of heat between two objects. Although the photosensitivity phenomenon was discovered in optical fibre more than 20 years ago, no complete physical explanation exist for it at present. We agree that stress relaxation and/or compaction are the main reasons for photosensitivity in optical fibre but also that it is still a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. A study of the thermal decay of fibre Bragg gratings suggests that fibre Bragg gratings written in hydrogen loaded fibre is less thermally stable than gratings written in germanium doped fibre. The analysis of accelerated ageing will predict the thermal stability of the Bragg grating over time.