No abstract / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Janette Howard, for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION, presented on APRIL 9, 2014 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: HOW DOES RACIAL IDENTITY EFFECT AFRICAN AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS ABILITY TO ASSIMILATE In A PREDOMINANTLY WHITE COLLEGE CAMPUSES AND ITS IMPACT ON RETENTION: A MIXED METHOD STUDY MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. John McIntyre, Examination Committee Chair The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to determine how racial identity of African American college students can impact their ability to assimilate on predominately White college campuses to the point of hindering their retention. This study was a sequential explanatory mixed method study. Phase one of the study was a quantitative survey consisting of 25 questions that was completed by N=125 African American students attending a Predominately White University in the Mid-West. Phase two of the study was a convenience sample of thirteen African American students living on and off campus. The following research questions were addressed to explore the research topic. (1) How does racial identity impact African American college students' ability to assimilate at a predominately White university with a high enrollment of African American college students? (2) How do African American college students perceive their college/university's commitment to them? (3) How do African American college students perceive their racial identity impacting their lives? The findings of the study showed that the complexities of racism and stereotypical perceptions made the process of assimilating into the college environment holistic, including social, academic, internal and external variables that impacted their ability to assimilate and form relationships needed to have a well-rounded college experience. However, many of the students interviewed felt some of the stereotypical perceptions are sometimes perpetuated by the actions of their Black peers. During a few of the interviews, students (N=7) described their dismay with the behavior that some of their peers exhibited. The participants that were interviewed felt that the students' success should be a shared responsibility. It should be up to the students to be accountable; one participant stated "too often people want to blame others for things that happen to them." Furthermore, he explained that he takes full responsibility for the 2.0 grade point he had at the end of the last semester, but he is now looking at a 3.2 for this semester. Many of the students expressed that they did feel the faculty and staff ratio could be more representative of the African American population. The students also felt the administration could do more to bring the students together as a whole, the students of color and the White students. The consensus of the interviews was that Black people as a whole, in the eyes of the boarder society, are not respected nor looked at as assets. Many of the students interviewed felt that if the Black students and the White students had more opportunities to engage outside of the classroom, they may see Blacks beyond the stereotypical perceptions.

Background: Despite the growing research on consumer behaviour among various consumer segments, refugees as a consumer segment remain understudied. Factors such as favourable immigration policies have resulted in Sweden's rising refugee population. This growing consumer segment encounters unique challenges linked to a multitude of factors. It is crucial to study these factors to understand the role it plays in shaping refugees' consumer behaviour. Understanding refugees' consumer behaviour is necessary to encourage social inclusion, aid in their economic integration, and direct marketing efforts. Purpose: This research study explores consumer behaviour and the acculturation process of refugees in Sweden. The purpose is to understand the influence of socio-cultural factors on refugees' consumer behavior and their acculturation process. It also investigates the external influences and their role in shaping refugees' consumer behaviour and acculturation.  Method: This study follows a qualitative design whereby 12 interviews were conducted with refugees residing in Sweden. Given the research aims an exploratory design was deemed appropriate. The philosophical framework that guided the study was the interpretivism paradigm. The study is primarily based upon an inductive approach whereby the data collected was coded, analysed, and interpreted using thematic analysis.  Conclusion: The results show that socio-cultural factors which include demographic variables (age, length of residence, education level), cultural values, ethnic identity, and language shape refugee consumer behavior and acculturation. The findings also show that external influences which include income, social media, peers, marketplace cultures, and laws &regulations play a role in the refugees' consumer behaviour. Younger, more educated refugees and those with longer residency integrate faster. Strong ethnic identity persists through consumption choices. Language proficiency is crucial to participate in the market effectively. Income constraints necessitate budget-conscious strategies, leading to social and economic exclusion. Social media and friend networks provide the necessary support to navigate the new market. Swedish laws and regulations and a cashless marketplace create barriers, emphasizing the need for economic integration strategies.

This paper presents results of a two year study, at Master’s level, which was undertaken to investigate how two Grade 9 Arts and Culture teachers incorporated mathematics in their Arts and Culture lessons in their classrooms in South Africa. Data from concept mapping activities and subsequent interviews with both teachers were collected and analysed using typological methods of analysis. Data collected from the study revealed that teachers still continue to grapple with the notion of integration. Lack of proper training and insufficient teacher knowledge seem to be the challenging factors for teachers to navigate successfully through the notion of integrated teaching and learning. Drawing from the theory of situated learning, this paper argues that although integration between mathematics and Arts and Culture is desirable in teaching and learning, it is problematic in practice. The analysis from this study raises important pedagogical issues about the link between ‘integrated teaching’ and ‘teacher training-and-content knowledge’.

This paper presents results of a two year study, at Master’s level, which was undertaken to investigate how two Grade 9 Arts and Culture teachers incorporated mathematics in their Arts and Culture lessons in their classrooms in South Africa. Data from concept mapping activities and subsequent interviews with both teachers were collected and analysed using typological methods of analysis. Data collected from the study revealed that teachers still continue to grapple with the notion of integration. Lack of proper training and insufficient teacher knowledge seem to be the challenging factors for teachers to navigate successfully through the notion of integrated teaching and learning. Drawing from the theory of situated learning, this paper argues that although integration between mathematics and Arts and Culture is desirable in teaching and learning, it is problematic in practice. The analysis from this study raises important pedagogical issues about the link between ‘integrated teaching’ and ‘teacher training-and-content knowledge’.

This thesis examines the impact of the housing experiences of resettled refugees. It reiterates that becoming a refugee was not a matter of choice, but for those in refugee situations it was imperative to seek refugee status for their survival. This study focuses on the housing experiences of the Auckland Somali resettled refugees and seeks to identify the effect of housing policy and provision in Auckland. It also demonstrates the links of housing to employment, education and health. Refugees face considerable resettlement challenges based on differential factors such as ethnocentrism, immigration status, household composition and socio-economic conditions. These barriers are exacerbated by a lack of English language proficiency, a variety of educational backgrounds and unfamiliarity with institutional practices, especially during their early years of adaptation as relative newcomers to New Zealand.The vulnerable position of this group in housing markets requires up to date information to increase the provider's awareness of housing experiences and their impact on the resettlement process. In turn, an increased knowledge allows evidence-based decisions for appropriate intervention, policy, and strategy developments to facilitate optimum resettlement outcomes. Policy formulation and effective implementation must focus on the identification of suitable services to address the specific barriers experienced by this group. The empirical evidence supports previous findings that there were close correlations between the participants housing experiences that are the types of housing they occupied and their income.The study developed and implemented a Participatory Research Design involving a case study approach with multiple data collection methods. The primary field data was collected from focus group participants through a workshop of qualitative discussion and a survey.

Bakgrund: Långvarig smärta är en subjektiv upplevelse som förkommer hos mellan 40 till 50 procent av den svenska befolkningen. Den kroppsliga förändringen som smärtan innebär påverkar identiteten, kontakten med världen och med andra människor. Att hantera smärtan och livssituationen är en utmaning som olika människor hanterar på olika sätt. Bristen på objektiva tecken bidrar till att stigmatisering av patienter med långvarig smärta förekommer såväl i privata relationer som i vårdrelationer. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva hur patienter med långvarig smärta upplever och hanterar sin livssituation. Metod: För denna litteraturöversikt har elva vetenskapliga, kvalitativa artiklar analyserats. Artiklarna har relevans för syftet. Efter genomläsning med fokus på respektive studies resultatdel identifierades nyckelfynd. Likheter och skillnader mellan studierna identifierades och dessa fick utgöra nya teman och kategorier i resultatet i denna litteraturöversikt. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i form av tre teman; upplevelser av den förändrade kroppen, hantering av en förändrad livssituation och smärta som en subjektiv, osynlig upplevelse. Att leva med långvarig smärta innebär inte bara att upplevelsen av kroppen förändras utan även att tillgången till världen förändras. Resultatet visar olika sätt på vilka patienter upplever och förhåller sig till dessa förändringar. Då smärta är en subjektiv och osynlig upplevelse adderar detta ytterligare svårigheter i mötet med andra människor. Diskussion: Katie Erikssons ontologiska hälsomodell används som teoretisk utgångspunkt i diskussionen. Långvarig smärta hade förändrat livet för patienterna i vår studie. Att integrera denna förändring var en process som olika patienter handskades med på olika sätt. Långvarig smärta kan innebära ett mångdimensionellt lidande för patienter och att enbart fokusera på en kroppslig nivå är inte tillräckligt. Erikssons hälsomodell belyser även den själsliga och den andliga dimensionen. Det är avgörande att låta patienten berätta om sina upplevelser och sin situation för att identifiera de områden som är viktiga för patientens liv och hälsa.

BACKGROUND Because the medical envirement continously progresses, all the people working in hospital or health department are concerned in the health issues. Although the Intergration Delivery System was used for management of respiratory care, but the medical quality still was suspected. Therefore, this study discusses what are the significantly related factors of plan or unplan extubation to elevate the quality of respiratory care. PURPOSE The purposes of this study are described bellow¡G 1.To predict the related factors of successful plan extubation. 2.To find the related factors of unplan extubation. 3.To discuss what are the causes of intubation. 4.To find the stand procedure of clinical path-way of ventilator weaning. MATERIAL This study collected data of ICU patient been used ventilator from october 2000 to october 2001. The method of analysis included Descriptive stastic analysis, Correlation, ANOVA, Stepwise regression, and Logistic regression. The data included characteristics of patient, clinical sign, ventilator setting, and the count of intubation days. RESULT 1.The plan extubation of conscious-clear patient is more successful than concious-unclear. 2.The successful extubation of CPPV mode is less than others. 3.Gender is a related factor of unplan extubation. 4.CO2 is postive correction with unplan extubation. 5.PSV mode is negative correction with unplan extubation. 6.CPPV mode is postive correction with unplan extubation. 7.Unplan extubation easily occurs in the early stage of intubation when the patient is unstable.

Les travaux de la thèse présentent une approche pour l'interopérabilité entre les différents<br />modèles de produit, nous appellerons cette approche « l'interopérabilité orientée produit ».<br />Nous proposons ainsi un meta-modèle dont les instances jouent le rôle de passerelle de<br />communication entre différentes applications d'entreprise pour assurer l'interopérabilité des<br />parties de systèmes concernant le produit.<br />Nous nous sommes intéressés à formaliser un meta-modèle pour la définition du concept de<br />produit comme l'agrégation d'une partie physique représentant les éléments physiques du<br />produit et une partie informationnelle reprenant les éléments informationnels décrivant le<br />produit.<br />L'outillage et le prototypage du concept de produit holonique lors de la modélisation du<br />processus de fabrication dans l'entreprise ainsi que la prise en charge des mapping pour<br />l'interopérabilité s'appuient sur l'intégration du meta-modèle holonique dans un<br />environnement de modélisation d'entreprise particulier.<br />La phase de validation a été réalisée en deux parties représentées chacune par une application<br />industrielle. La première application se situe dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec le<br />département meunerie dans un grand groupe industriel, pour une application en<br />environnement réel de la modélisation holonique. L'objectif de cette application est de<br />concevoir un système de traçabilité pour les différents produits par les moulins du groupe.<br />Notre participation dans ce projet, a consisté en l'application de l'approche de modélisation<br />holonique pour la spécification, a priori, de l'ensemble des données et informations relatives<br />aux produits devant être prises en compte dans le système de traçabilité, et ainsi de générer de<br />manière automatique le schéma de données préliminaire du système. La seconde application<br />concerne la mise en œuvre de l'approche holonique pour une solution d'interopérabilité<br />orienté produit dans le cadre du pôle AIP Lorrain (AIPL).

Concerns over climate change impacts, goals to increase environmental sustainability, and questions about the reliability of fuel supply have led several countries to pursue the goal of increasing the share of renewable energy sources in their electricity grid. Portugal is one of the leading countries for wind electricity generation. Wind diffusion in Portugal started in the early 2000’s and in 2013 wind electricity generation accounted for more than 24% (REN 2013b). The large share of wind in Portuguese electricity production is a consequence of European Union (E.U.) mandates and national policies, mainly feed-in tariffs. Discussions on the appropriate policy design and level of incentive to promote renewable energy adoption and meet further renewable capacity goals are ongoing in Portugal, namely in what concerns the level and duration of feed-in tariffs that should be provided to independent power producers. This, in turn, raises the question of whether the past feed-in tariff levels were well designed to achieve the goals of a larger penetration of renewables in the Portuguese grid. The policies to induce wind adoption have led to a growth in wind installed capacity and share of electricity generated by wind in Portugal from less than 1% in 2000 to approximately 24% in 2013, but questions arise on their cost-effectiveness and whether alternative policy designs would have led to the same goal. vi The Portuguese wind feed-in tariffs are a guaranteed incentive which has varied between $85- $180/MWh over the last 20 years (ERSE 2011), and remained approximately constant since 2001 at $101/MWh. They are currently guaranteed for 20 years of production or 44GWh of electricity generation per MW installed (Diário da República 2013) - the longest period among countries with high wind electricity share. They do not incorporate any digression rate besides inflation, and are guaranteed for every unit of electricity fed to the grid. There are no power plants that have already been decommissioned despite being in operation for more than 20 years, favoring from new, detailed and hard-to-follow agreements in the legislation. All wind parks that are currently in operation have received feed-in tariffs since they connected to the grid, and are expected to keep receiving them at least until December 2019, and up to December 2036 - depending on year of connection and agreement under the most recent legislation (Diário da República 2013). The 2020 renewable energy goals in Portugal include having 6.8 GW of installed wind capacity, which implies the connection of 2 GW in the next years. If no further grid investments are made and wind capacity increases up to 100 MW to the connection point that we analyze, total annual electricity spill is likely to range the 20% to 40%. If the connection grid policy is designed to allow for wind spill, already ‘occupied’ connection points will be available to new entrants, lowering the total investment costs for new wind parks and increasing their profitability. This thesis is divided in three main parts: a first introductory section, a retrospective study of wind power in Portugal and a prospective analysis of the Portuguese wind power sector. The introductory section is a brief overview of the global renewable status, described in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 compile a retrospective study of wind power and the policies that have incentivized wind diffusion. We include in the discussion some references to the future wind vii power goals, but the results and policy recommendations are directed towards the existing connected wind power capacity. Chapter 2 is a qualitative piece that describes in detail the motivation behind the Portuguese wind power diffusion, the policy changes over the last 20 years and the mechanics of the remuneration mechanism, i.e. the feed-in tariff formula variables and the actors of the wind power sector. We compare the Portuguese feed-in tariff with other European feed-in tariff designs and conclude that the incentive is one of the highest in Europe, contributing to the current Portuguese electricity system deficit of about $2 billion. If feed-in tariffs keep being fixed and do not incorporate any market variation, and renewables are prioritized to meet electricity demand, feed-in tariff net support per unit of electricity might be higher when the wind blows the most because moments with high penetration of renewable power might be correlated with low market prices. We find that wind power penetration is correlated with net exports to Spain. This might result in a net cost to Portugal and a subsidy to Spanish electricity consumers per unit of electricity traded. In total terms, the resulting subsidy is higher when the wind resource is larger as well, as the total amount of electricity that is exported increases. In Chapter 3 we estimate the profits of wind power producers connected in Portugal between 1992 and 2010, and we recommend specific policy reforms that would lower spending in the form of wind feed-in tariffs. In particular, we assess four scenarios to decrease the level and/or period of the tariffs. We find that under the 2005 legislation - in which feed-in tariffs are granted for 15 years, all existing wind parks have positive NPVs varying between $0 and $12/MWh, when considering a 20-year lifetime. In fact, most of existing wind parks can stop receiving the feed-in tariff now (July 2014), and instead participate directly in the Iberian electricity market and still be profitable. Moreover, under the 2013 feed-in tariff reform that aims at decreasing the viii electricity system deficit, total spending will increase and wind parks will have larger profits than under the 2005 legislation. The motivation of keeping a high feed-in tariff comes from the need of liquidity that wind producers can provide immediately to the electricity system, which is required at this moment to comply with the E.U. economic agreements signed during the recession. Nevertheless, the environmental and energy dependency benefits of the Portuguese wind sector could have been achieved with as much as 25% less spending. Later on, we move to analyze future wind power additions. Chapter 4 compiles a prospective analysis of the wind power sector in Portugal. We focus on new wind parks that will connect to critical lines of the distribution grid in two regions of the country, as part of the national 2030 wind power goals. In particular, we assess the implications of a 100% guaranteed availability of grid power capacity. We find that from the investor perspective, it is more profitable to bear some risk of wind power curtailment, because of the avoided costs that would otherwise be incurred to upgrade the grid. We also find that since there is ample room in the distribution lines to connect more wind parks, very few grid upgrades can allow to highly increase the distributed wind capacity with a low risk of wind curtailment. Moreover, even in scenarios with ‘high curtailment’ of 5% to 20%, projects are profitable. Thus, the Portuguese government should consider a policy where the guaranteed feed-in would be removed, and further assess the possibility of limiting profitability of the existing and new wind projects by introducing curtailment. This work compiles two perspectives: first, a temporal perspective, in which past and future assessments of wind power diffusion are described. Second, a perspective on policy characterization, in which we present an assessment of two characteristics in the feed-in tariff design: the level/period of the tariff and the conditionality of prioritizing wind power over fossilix fuel resources with absence of risk of wind power curtailment. The level and period-related policy recommendations are considered for the existing wind parks, and are addressed mainly in Chapter 3. Considerations about grid capacity and introducing a risk of wind power curtailment are considered for subsequent wind power capacity additions, and are mainly considered in Chapter 4. In addition, notice that Chapter 3 focuses on avoiding excessive profitability of wind power parks while in Chapter 4 we analyze wind and grid capacity additions under the perspective of wind investors. Nevertheless, as we also find in Chapter 4 that profits are excessive, we do make recommendations that limit wind investor’s revenue. Portuguese decision maker should give serious consideration to revisions to the Portuguese feed-in tariff policy design. Most of the existing Portuguese wind parks to not need a feed-in tariff to be profitable. A value associated with the risk of wind power curtailment for subsequent additions should be incorporated in future policy design. We expect that this work will contribute to the Portuguese renewable policy in particular in light of Portugal’s 2020 and 2030 wind power goals.