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"Another thing" : Discourse-organising nouns in advanced learner EnglishTåqvist, Marie January 2016 (has links)
This study examines the use of discourse-organising nouns (DONs), such as fact, issue, and problem, in Swedish advanced students’ academic writing in second language (L2) English, and in what ways texts produced by the L2 students resemble or differ from those produced by advanced native-speaker (L1) students and from expert writing in this respect. The study uses corpus linguistic methodology and is set within the frameworks of Halliday’s systemic-functional linguistics and Granger’s Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis. Results show both similarities and differences across the writer groups. Noteworthy similarities include overall frequencies of DONs and their modifiers. Differences include variety of usage and register appropriacy. These differences were often the largest between the L2 student writing and the expert writing, though findings suggest that both student groups can usefully be thought of as learners of academic writing in English in this respect. Specifically, the students’ usage was found to be less varied than the expert writing, and to be characterised by more frequent use of semantically vague nouns (e.g., thing and fact) and nouns marking attitude and involvement (e.g., opinion and question). Other central findings include the tendency, on the part of the students, to use DONs less frequently in syntactic structures prototypical of formal academic prose, and to use them more frequently in structures with the potential to express stance, compared to the expert writing. The study also found more frequent use of evaluative modifiers of DONs in the student writing. In sum, the L2 student writing and, to a lesser extent, the L1 student writing, was found to approximate the corpus of expert writing in many respects, but with less variety, fewer markers of formality, and more frequent occurrences of interpersonal features in their use of DONs. The result is discourse that can in part be characterised as vague and subjective, as well as involved and informal. / This study examines the use of discourse-organising nouns (DONs), such as fact, issue, and problem, in Swedish advanced students’ academic writing in second language (L2) English, and in what ways texts produced by the L2 students resemble or differ from those produced by advanced native-speaker students and from expert writing in this respect. Results show both similarities and differences across the writer groups. Noteworthy similarities include overall frequencies of DONs and their modifiers. Differences include variety of usage and register appropriacy. In short, the L2 student writing and, to a lesser extent, the L1 student writing, was found to approximate the corpus of expert writing in many respects, but with less variety, fewer markers of formality, and more frequent occurrences of interpersonal features in their use of DONs. The result is discourse that can in part be characterised as vague and subjective, as well as involved and informal. These differences were often the largest between the L2 student writing and the expert writing, though findings suggest that both student groups can usefully be thought of as learners of academic writing in English in this respect.
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Análisis del español de los estudiantes francófonos de ELE : el caso del sistema preposicionalMaloof Avendaño, César Enrique 12 1900 (has links)
Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le domaine de la linguistique appliquée à l'apprentissage des langues et se concentre sur l'usage des prépositions par des apprenants francophones de l’espagnol comme langue étrangère (ELE). Plus précisément, le travail visait à caractériser l'utilisation du système prépositionnel à différentes étapes de l'apprentissage et à s'enquérir des processus sous-jacents aux usages de prépositions documentés. La matière première pour mener à bien cette recherche est composée d'un corpus de productions écrites rédigées par des participants ayant une compétence communicative correspondant au niveau A1, A2, B1 ou B2, selon l'échelle proposée par le Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues. Tous les participants avaient le français comme langue maternelle ou langue dominante. Les données obtenues à travers le corpus ont été abordées à partir de la perspective du paradigme connu sous le nom d'analyse de la performance. Ce travail décrit à la fois les utilisations normatives et non normatives des prépositions de contenu lexical (spatial, temporel ou notionnel) et celles qui ont une valeur principalement grammaticale. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que ce dernier type de prépositions pose un plus grand défi pour les apprenants, un effet qui tend à persister même à des niveaux plus avancés. En ce qui concerne les processus sous-jacents aux usages des prépositions, il a été observé comment le transfert de la L1 facilite l'utilisation normative de certaines prépositions lorsqu’il y a convergence entre les marques et notions prépositionnelles exprimées en français et en espagnol. En revanche, lorsque les marques prépositionnelles dans les deux langues coïncident, mais pas les valeurs qu'elles expriment, une augmentation des utilisations inappropriées des prépositions a été identifiée en raison, en partie, d'un processus de transfert négatif ou d'interférence de la L1. Comme nous le verrons au cours de ce travail, ce processus d'interférence ou de transfert négatif de la L1 interagit souvent avec les interférences d'une autre L2 (anglais) et avec des processus intralinguistiques, tels que la surgénéralisation des règles de la langue cible (espagnol). Pour finir, cette thèse souligne que les processus linguistiques mentionnés ci-dessus se voient renforcés par un processus pédagogique, autrement dit, par la manière dont le matériel didactique utilisé par les participants approche l’enseignement du système prépositionnel de l’espagnol. Mots-clés : Espagnol langue étrangère (ELE), Linguistique appliquée, Interlangue, Analyse de l’interlangue, Analyse d’erreurs, prépositions, apprenants francophones. / This thesis, within the field of applied linguistics, focuses on the usage of prepositions by French-speaking learners of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE). Particularly, this study aims to characterize the use of the Spanish prepositional system throughout different stages of learning and to shed light on the processes that underlie the observed phenomena. The source material for this research came from a corpus composed of texts written by four groups of participants of levels A1 trough B2, as proposed by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages scale. All participants’ native or dominant language was French. The data obtained through the corpus were approached from the perspective of the L2 language research paradigm known as performance analysis. This study describes both normative and non-normative uses of prepositions of lexical content (spatial, temporal or notional), as well as those that carry primarily grammatical value. The results obtained suggest that the latter type of prepositions posed a greater challenge for the learners, which proved to be an area of difficulty that tended to persist, even at more advanced levels. With regard to the processes underlying the usage of prepositions, our findings support the idea that language transfer from the participants’ L1 facilitated the appropriate use of certain prepositions in those cases in which the prepositional marks and notions expressed by these in French and in Spanish converged. In contrast, an increase in inappropriate uses of the prepositions was identified when the prepositional marks in both languages coincided, but not the values they expressed. In part, this was due to a process of negative transfer from the students’ L1. It also became apparent that this process of interference from the L1 often interacted with interference from another L2 (English) and with intralinguistic processes, such as the overgeneralization of rules appertaining the target language (Spanish). Last but not least, this research also found evidence that the aforementioned linguistic mechanisms were reinforced by instruction, that is to say, the way in which the textbook used by the students approached the teaching of the Spanish prepositional system. Keywords: Spanish as a Foreign Language (ELE), Applied linguistics, Interlanguage, Interlanguage Analysis, Performance Analysis, Error Analysis, Prepositions, French-speaking learners. / La presente investigación, enmarcada en la lingüística aplicada al aprendizaje de lenguas, se centra en el uso de las preposiciones por parte de un grupo de estudiantes francófonos de español como lengua extranjera (ELE). En concreto, el trabajo se trazó como objetivo caracterizar el uso del sistema preposicional en diferentes etapas del aprendizaje e indagar acerca de los procesos que subyacen a los usos preposicionales documentados. La materia prima para llevar a cabo esta investigación está compuesta de un corpus de producciones escritas redactadas por participantes con niveles de competencia comunicativa A1, A2, B1 y B2, según la escala propuesta por el Marco común europeo de referencia para las lenguas. La totalidad de participantes tenía el francés como lengua materna o dominante. Los datos obtenidos a través del corpus se abordaron desde la perspectiva del paradigma conocido como análisis de la actuación. Este trabajo describe los usos tanto normativos como no normativos de las preposiciones de contenido léxico (espaciales, temporales o nocionales) y las que comportan un valor primordialmente gramatical. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que este último tipo de preposiciones supone un mayor desafío para los aprendientes y muestran una tendencia hacia la persistencia en niveles más avanzados. En lo que concierne a los procesos que subyacen a los usos preposicionales, se observó cómo la transferencia a partir de la L1 facilitó la utilización de ciertas preposiciones en conformidad con la norma en determinados casos en los cuales las marcas preposicionales y nociones expresadas por estas convergen en francés y en español. En contraste, cuando coinciden las marcas preposicionales en ambos idiomas, mas no los valores que expresan, se identificó un incremento de usos inadecuados de las preposiciones debido, en parte, a un proceso de transferencia negativa o interferencia de la L1. Como veremos en el transcurso del trabajo, este proceso de interferencia o transferencia negativa de la L1 interactúa, a menudo, con la interferencia proveniente de otra L2 (inglés) y con procesos intralingüísticos, tales como la sobregeneralización de reglas de la lengua meta (español). Por último, la tesis pone de relieve que los procesos lingüísticos antes mencionados vienen a ser reforzados a través de un proceso de instrucción, dicho de otra forma, la manera como se aborda la enseñanza del sistema preposicional del español en el material didáctico empleado por los participantes. Palabras clave: Español lengua extranjera (ELE), Lingüística aplicada, Interlengua, Análisis de la interlengua, análisis de la actuación, análisis de errores, preposiciones, aprendices francófonos.
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