This MBA dissertation examines the 'Feasibility & Attractiveness of FDI in emerging Namibian market', and the overall impact on the country's international competitiveness as World Trade Organization (WTO) and SADC member. One of the most sensitive areas in international economics is Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI) which need to be considered when Multinational Corporations (MNCs) intend seeking exposure to emerging markets in establishing a subsidiary company in a developing country. Developing countries fear exploitation and inadequate access to foreign capital, technology, marketing & management skills. Many countries such as Indonesia and Russia have accumulated huge foreign indebtedness on which it is difficult to pay even the interest. High indebtedness, high inflation and high unemployment in several countries have resulted in unstable governments exposing foreign firms to the risks of expropriation, nationalization, and limits on profit repatriation. High indebtedness and political instability decrease the value of a county's foreign currency. Foreign firms want hard currency generation with profit repatriation rights, unavailable in many markets. Foreign -government entry requirements and bureaucracy enforce foreign entry regulations on firms with joint ventures with majority share to domestic partner, high number of employed nationals, transfer of technological skills and profit repatriation. Governments often impose high tariffs or resort to invisible trade barriers to protect their industries. The Namibian government can regulate the operations of foreign firms in various ways. Analysis of economic and development factors affecting FDI which negatively or positively influence future investments in the country are examined. Namibia has a good track record of economic and infrastructure development progress. The long-term Development strategy, Vision 2020, aims to achieve developed nation status in both economic and development sectors by the year 2020. Past economic crisis and the exposure to underlying structural weaknesses in financial and corporate sectors, threatened to undermine the country's achievements. Selective capital controls were introduced in an effort to limit currency volatility, additional to the structural reform measures implemented in corporate & financial sectors. One of the key determinants of a sustainable economy is the diversification of its industries. A more balanced economy prevents dependence on any particular sector or number of sectors of the economy and stabilizes economic fluctuations. Diversified industries bring new money into an economy, expand the tax base and provide increased support for infrastructure development projects such as roads, schools, community services and locally dependent small businesses. It is also believed that there is diversified linkages across the sectors of the economy. This type of economy is expected to generate more employment and self-sustaining prerequisite for continued growth in real incomes and employment, which provide a basis for poverty reduction. The research highlights some of the policies and initiatives, which the Namibian government has put in place since Independence to broaden the manufacturing base of the country and to promote export diversification. The aim of this study is to assess whether these efforts to promote diversification have borne the desired results. In other words. has there been a structural shift in the country's production structure during the period under consideration The research design or overall strategic choice is based on a combination of exploratory & descriptive method due to the structured nature of the research problem. Qualitative & quantitative methods are used for data collection based on economic & development factors influencing FDI in the country. The Ministry of Finance recently submitted it's Annual Report, including its annual accounts and reports on its operations and affairs and the general state of the Namibian economy. These Reports and reports accumulated during interviews, as well as data-collection during mail surveys will also be analyzed in an attempt to evaluate Namibia's overall attractiveness for FDI. Exploration: Qualitative methods were employed. I augmented my knowledge of FDI in Namibia by personally interviewing managers and CEOs from government, local and foreign companies and developed questionnaires as a mail survey. Questionnaire design: A self-administered questionnaire secured feedback on FDI in Namibia. Some questions for this instrument were based on the investigation of Central Business District Enterprises and from executive interviews. A comment / suggestion section was included. Pilot Test: I tested the questionnaire with a small sample of CEO's. Revision of the questionnaire was undertaken and it was amended appropriately, after which the final questionnaire was submitted using the mail survey. Evaluation of on-response bias: Random sample of non-respondents. Sample frame was established. Respondents were interviewed telephonically and their responses were used in a statistical comparison of responses _ respondents vs non- respondent samples were taken. In recognition of the critical role SMEs can play in the socio-economic development of the country and economic development of the country and economic diversification, the Government has put in place policies and programmes for the development of SMEs. The main thrust is to increase the rate of growth of existing businesses to ensure the employment of more people. The second thrust is the reduction of business failures while increasing the development of new business formations. The third thrust is the diversification of the activities of the sector includes continuing efforts to improve and empowering environment, including pro-active programme and institutional Supply. More specifically, the assistance programmes for SMEs target the critical areas of access to finance, skills development, marketing, technology transfer, management and institutional support. Such a comprehensive policy framework is expected to enhance the economic role of SMEs not only in terms of their contribution to employment and poverty reduction, but also in terms of contribution to economic diversification. The development and promotion of the SME sector IS an integral part of the Special Industrialisation Programme (SIP), which is designed to render practical support to viable business ideas and plans. The long-term objective of this programme is to promote export-oriented production and where appropriate import substitution. International businesses like multinational companies participate the foreign exchange market to facilitate international trade & investment, to invest spare cash in short-term money market accounts in Namibia & to engage in currency speculation. FOI can make positive contributors to Namibia by supplying the capital, technology and management resources that would otherwise not be available. These endorsements can positively influence the overall economic status of the Namibian people. Benefits of the study can translate into effective marketing of Namibia as WTO and SAOC member and to encourage FOI investor confidence & growth in Namibia. High levels of FOI can translate into positive outputs in terms of economic & growth potential FOI in Namibia, strong global trade and accelerated growth potential in developing African countries. Namibia has recently joined the WTO as member country, does it have a sustainable economy & the infrastructure to attract FOI This research has confidence in the potential for improving economic & development factors that will invite FOI in Namibia. This research desires information on the 'Feasibility & Attractiveness of FOI in amibia and the overall impact on the country's international competitiveness.' As researcher, I intend to identify the economic and development factors affecting FOI in Namibia. / Thesis (M.B.A.)-University of Natal, 2003.

Purpose: In many cross-cultural management studies, culture and cultural differences across nations typically are assumed to be constant. The focus is on the impact of culture on other variables, such as the performance of multinational enterprises. However, is it possible that economic globalization results in cultural globalization? If yes, by how much? The purpose of this paper is to provide some evidence through studying the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the Chinese culture. Design/methodology/approach: An observable social indicator to represent each dimension of cultural value is chosen and statistical models are used to test whether FDI has significant impact on these indicators, after controlling for economic development level. Also this paper investigates whether FDI from a different cultural background has different effects on the Chinese culture. Findings: Using data from major Chinese cities, it is found that FDI has significant effects on the degree of future orientation, performance orientation and in-group collectivism. Also this paper found that FDI from the USA and the UK has a significant and negative effect on the degree of assertiveness; FDI from Japan, and Singapore, and the USA, and the UK has significantly negative effects on the degree of performance orientation; FDI from Japan and Singapore has a significantly positive effect on the degree of in-group collectivism. Originality/value: Unlike the traditional method of measuring culture values through what people say (interview or survey), this approach relies on what people do. This method helps avoid the measurement distortions caused by self-deception and impression management problems with survey approach. In addition, this is believed to be the first study to test the impact of FDI on the change of culture values through econometric models.

A maior evidência da globalização financeira é o crescente fluxo de capitais entre os países. Esse movimento procura capturar as oportunidades de ganhos de capital oferecidas pelos países emergentes aumentando o retorno total ou reduzindo o risco do portfolio. Isso se deve ao baixo grau de correlação entre os países desenvolvidos e alguns países emergentes. Raj (1994), Fry (1994) e Solnik (1991, 2004) encontraram evidências de redução de risco e aumento do retorno via diversificação internacional. Para além da redução do risco, outros benefícios observados para os países receptores foram: o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais local, a maior liquidez das ações negociadas e o desenvolvimento do mercado financeiro. Este estudo objetiva analisar a contribiuição dos mercados africanos na diversificação do portfolio de investimento internacional. A amostra considera os sete maiores mercados acionários (EUA, Japão, Inglaterra, Hong Kong, Alemanha, Espanha e Suiça), os BRICs (Brasil, China, Rússia e Índia) e os mercados africanos (Namíbia, Botswana, Quénia, Mauritius, Nigéria, Egito, África do Sul e Tunísia). Os outros mercados africanos, não considerados no estudo, devem-se às restrições encontradas nos dados históricos dos mercados de ações. O estudo refere-se ao período do mês de Janeiro de 2000 a Junho de 2007. Os mercados africanos, em geral, tiveram um desempenho superior comparativamente aos mercados desenvolvidos. Usando o modelo Portfolio Selection, encontra-se o portfolio eficiente para o investidor estrangeiro de vários países. O baixo coeficiente de correlação registrado entre os países desenvolvidos e os países africanos reduziu o risco total do portfolio. Botswana, Nigeria, Mauritius e Tunisia foram os países que mais contribuíram na melhoria dos portfolios. A ponderação dos mercados africanos totalizou, aproximadamente, 81% do total do portfolio eficiente. / The greatest evidence of financial globalization is the increasing capital flows among countries. Those investments seek to capture the opportunities provided by emerging economies increasing the total return, or even reducing the risks associated with the portfolios. This is due to the low degrees of correlation among developed markets and some emerging countries. Raj (1994), Fry (1994) and Solnik (1991, 2004) found evidences of risk reduction and of increasing returns of an international diversified portfolio. Other benefits observed for recipient countries were the capital markets development higher levels of liquidity, and more financial development. This aims to evaluate the contributions of African countries to a global diversified portfolio of investments. The sample considered the seven largest equity markets (USA, Japan, UK, Hong Kong, Germany, Spain and Switzerland), the BRICs (Brazil, China, Russia and India) and African markets (Botswana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Egito, South Africa and Tunisia). Other African markets were not included in the analysis due to some restrictions of stock markets data. The study refers to the January 2000 to June 2007 period. African markets in a general way achieved a superior performance compared to developed markets. Using a Portfolio Selection Model we found an optimal portfolio for an international investor. The low correlation coefficient among developed and African countries reduced the risks of the total portfolio. Botswana, Nigeria, Mauritius and Tunisia were the countries that have greater potential for improving the portfolios, the weight of African securities was over 81% of the total portfolio.

A maior evidência da globalização financeira é o crescente fluxo de capitais entre os países. Esse movimento procura capturar as oportunidades de ganhos de capital oferecidas pelos países emergentes aumentando o retorno total ou reduzindo o risco do portfolio. Isso se deve ao baixo grau de correlação entre os países desenvolvidos e alguns países emergentes. Raj (1994), Fry (1994) e Solnik (1991, 2004) encontraram evidências de redução de risco e aumento do retorno via diversificação internacional. Para além da redução do risco, outros benefícios observados para os países receptores foram: o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais local, a maior liquidez das ações negociadas e o desenvolvimento do mercado financeiro. Este estudo objetiva analisar a contribiuição dos mercados africanos na diversificação do portfolio de investimento internacional. A amostra considera os sete maiores mercados acionários (EUA, Japão, Inglaterra, Hong Kong, Alemanha, Espanha e Suiça), os BRICs (Brasil, China, Rússia e Índia) e os mercados africanos (Namíbia, Botswana, Quénia, Mauritius, Nigéria, Egito, África do Sul e Tunísia). Os outros mercados africanos, não considerados no estudo, devem-se às restrições encontradas nos dados históricos dos mercados de ações. O estudo refere-se ao período do mês de Janeiro de 2000 a Junho de 2007. Os mercados africanos, em geral, tiveram um desempenho superior comparativamente aos mercados desenvolvidos. Usando o modelo Portfolio Selection, encontra-se o portfolio eficiente para o investidor estrangeiro de vários países. O baixo coeficiente de correlação registrado entre os países desenvolvidos e os países africanos reduziu o risco total do portfolio. Botswana, Nigeria, Mauritius e Tunisia foram os países que mais contribuíram na melhoria dos portfolios. A ponderação dos mercados africanos totalizou, aproximadamente, 81% do total do portfolio eficiente. / The greatest evidence of financial globalization is the increasing capital flows among countries. Those investments seek to capture the opportunities provided by emerging economies increasing the total return, or even reducing the risks associated with the portfolios. This is due to the low degrees of correlation among developed markets and some emerging countries. Raj (1994), Fry (1994) and Solnik (1991, 2004) found evidences of risk reduction and of increasing returns of an international diversified portfolio. Other benefits observed for recipient countries were the capital markets development higher levels of liquidity, and more financial development. This aims to evaluate the contributions of African countries to a global diversified portfolio of investments. The sample considered the seven largest equity markets (USA, Japan, UK, Hong Kong, Germany, Spain and Switzerland), the BRICs (Brazil, China, Russia and India) and African markets (Botswana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Egito, South Africa and Tunisia). Other African markets were not included in the analysis due to some restrictions of stock markets data. The study refers to the January 2000 to June 2007 period. African markets in a general way achieved a superior performance compared to developed markets. Using a Portfolio Selection Model we found an optimal portfolio for an international investor. The low correlation coefficient among developed and African countries reduced the risks of the total portfolio. Botswana, Nigeria, Mauritius and Tunisia were the countries that have greater potential for improving the portfolios, the weight of African securities was over 81% of the total portfolio.

Understanding how decisions for international investments are made and how this affects the overall pattern of investments and firm’s performance is of particular importance both in strategy and international business research. This dissertation introduced first home-host country relatedness (HHCR) as the degree to which countries are efficiently combined within the investment portfolios of firms. It theorized and demonstrated that HHCR will vary with the motivation for investments along at least two key dimensions: the nature of foreign investments and the connectedness of potential host countries to the rest of the world. Drawing on cognitive psychology and decision-making research, it developed a theory of strategic decision making proposing that strategic solutions are chosen close to a convenient anchor. Building on research on memory imprinting, it also proposed that managers tend to rely on older knowledge representation. In the context of international investment decisions, managers use their home countries as an anchor and are more likely to choose as a site for foreign investments host countries that are ‘close’ to the home country. These decisions are also likely to rely more strongly on closeness to time invariant country factors of historic and geographic nature rather than time-variant institutions. Empirical tests using comprehensive investments data by all public multinational companies (MNC) worldwide, or over 15,000 MNCs with over half a million subsidiaries, support the claims. Finally, the dissertation introduced the concept of International Coherence (IC) defined as the degree to which an MNE’s network comprises countries that are related. It was hypothesized that maintaining a high level of coherence is important for firm performance and will enhance it. Also, the presence of international coherence mitigates some of the negative effects of unrelated product diversification. Empirical tests using data on foreign investments of over 20,000 public firms, while also developing a home-host country relatedness index for up to 24,300 home-host pairs, provided support for the theory advanced.

A crescente integração econômica e mobilidade de capital levam a uma maior exposição dos investidores a riscos externos. Com isso, ganha relevância a discussão sobre como se considerar, no cálculo do custo de capital, possíveis prêmios requeridos pelos riscos adicionais da realização de negócios em mercados emergentes. A existência de um adicional de risco é relativamente evidente, podendo ser constatada pela maior volatilidade que grande parte dos mercados acionários emergentes possuem em relação a mercados maduros, como o norte-americano. Entretanto, a existência de um prêmio requerido por esse risco adicional é menos óbvia e sua observação empírica, por dados passados, usualmente não gera resultados conclusivos. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa aborda o prêmio pelo risco país no mercado acionário brasileiro, apresentando as formas mais usualmente aplicadas para estimá-lo e discutindo sobre a possibilidade de eliminá-lo através da diversificação dos investimentos. A maior contribuição realizada está na aplicação do modelo de valoração de ativos AEG (Abnormal Earnings Growth) para se estimar esse prêmio. O AEG torna viável o cálculo do custo de capital implícito nas as expectativas de resultados futuros divulgadas por instituições financeiras em mídias especializadas. O prêmio pelo risco país foi, então, estimado através do diferencial entre o custo de capital das principais empresas brasileiras e o custo de capital de um grupo de empresas comparáveis norte-americanas, ambos calculados pelo AEG. Identificou-se um custo de capital maior em 2,09% (209 basis points) para as empresas brasileiras, que se mostrou estatisticamente significante. Esse resultado comprova empiricamente a existência de um prêmio específico do mercado brasileiro, indicando que ainda existem barreiras à diversificação internacional dos riscos domésticos. Adicionalmente, a estimativa ficou bastante próxima do prêmio pelo risco soberano brasileiro, o que valida a sua ampla utilização como proxy do prêmio do mercado acionário. / The increasing economic integration and capital mobility among countries lead investors to be more exposed to external risks. That grants relevance to the discussion on how to consider, in the cost of equitys estimation, premiums for additional risks of businesses performed in emergent markets. The existence of an additional risk in these markets is relatively clear, what is demonstrated by higher volatilities that the majority of emergent stock markets presents if compared to mature markets. Nevertheless, the existence of a risk premium is less obvious and its empirical observation, applying historical data, usually doesnt produce any conclusive result. Within this framework, the present research approaches the country risk premium in the Brazilian stock market, introducing the most usual means to estimate it and discussing about the potential elimination of the country risk through investment diversification. The greatest contribution of this research is the application of the Abnormal Earnings Growth Model (AEG) to estimate the country risk premium. AEG makes viable the inference of the cost of equity implied in future earnings expectations, published by financial institutions through specialized media. The country risk premium was, then, estimated through the difference between the implied cost of equity of the main Brazilian public companies and the implied cost of equity of a comparable north-American group of companies, both calculated using the AEG. Was perceived a cost of equity higher in 2,09% (209 basis points) for the Brazilian companies, what was shown statistically significant. This result proofs the existence of a country risk premium for the Brazilian market, indicating that there are still some barriers to the international diversification of domestic risks. Additionally, this result is very close to the default risk premium of the Brazilian government bonds, which validates its vast usage as a proxy of the country risk premium applied for the Brazilian stock market.

A crescente integração econômica e mobilidade de capital levam a uma maior exposição dos investidores a riscos externos. Com isso, ganha relevância a discussão sobre como se considerar, no cálculo do custo de capital, possíveis prêmios requeridos pelos riscos adicionais da realização de negócios em mercados emergentes. A existência de um adicional de risco é relativamente evidente, podendo ser constatada pela maior volatilidade que grande parte dos mercados acionários emergentes possuem em relação a mercados maduros, como o norte-americano. Entretanto, a existência de um prêmio requerido por esse risco adicional é menos óbvia e sua observação empírica, por dados passados, usualmente não gera resultados conclusivos. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa aborda o prêmio pelo risco país no mercado acionário brasileiro, apresentando as formas mais usualmente aplicadas para estimá-lo e discutindo sobre a possibilidade de eliminá-lo através da diversificação dos investimentos. A maior contribuição realizada está na aplicação do modelo de valoração de ativos AEG (Abnormal Earnings Growth) para se estimar esse prêmio. O AEG torna viável o cálculo do custo de capital implícito nas as expectativas de resultados futuros divulgadas por instituições financeiras em mídias especializadas. O prêmio pelo risco país foi, então, estimado através do diferencial entre o custo de capital das principais empresas brasileiras e o custo de capital de um grupo de empresas comparáveis norte-americanas, ambos calculados pelo AEG. Identificou-se um custo de capital maior em 2,09% (209 basis points) para as empresas brasileiras, que se mostrou estatisticamente significante. Esse resultado comprova empiricamente a existência de um prêmio específico do mercado brasileiro, indicando que ainda existem barreiras à diversificação internacional dos riscos domésticos. Adicionalmente, a estimativa ficou bastante próxima do prêmio pelo risco soberano brasileiro, o que valida a sua ampla utilização como proxy do prêmio do mercado acionário. / The increasing economic integration and capital mobility among countries lead investors to be more exposed to external risks. That grants relevance to the discussion on how to consider, in the cost of equitys estimation, premiums for additional risks of businesses performed in emergent markets. The existence of an additional risk in these markets is relatively clear, what is demonstrated by higher volatilities that the majority of emergent stock markets presents if compared to mature markets. Nevertheless, the existence of a risk premium is less obvious and its empirical observation, applying historical data, usually doesnt produce any conclusive result. Within this framework, the present research approaches the country risk premium in the Brazilian stock market, introducing the most usual means to estimate it and discussing about the potential elimination of the country risk through investment diversification. The greatest contribution of this research is the application of the Abnormal Earnings Growth Model (AEG) to estimate the country risk premium. AEG makes viable the inference of the cost of equity implied in future earnings expectations, published by financial institutions through specialized media. The country risk premium was, then, estimated through the difference between the implied cost of equity of the main Brazilian public companies and the implied cost of equity of a comparable north-American group of companies, both calculated using the AEG. Was perceived a cost of equity higher in 2,09% (209 basis points) for the Brazilian companies, what was shown statistically significant. This result proofs the existence of a country risk premium for the Brazilian market, indicating that there are still some barriers to the international diversification of domestic risks. Additionally, this result is very close to the default risk premium of the Brazilian government bonds, which validates its vast usage as a proxy of the country risk premium applied for the Brazilian stock market.

Thesis (LL.M.). / Written for the Faculty of Law. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/09/07). Includes bibliographical references.

Devido ao colapso da economia americana, em 2009, os Fluxos de Capitais foram somente da Ordem Econômica de US$ 1.8 trilhões, 82% menos do que em 2007 (US$ 10.5 trilhões). Em 2009, o volume de comércio diário de ativos foi de US$ 1.5 trilhões, com US$ 178 trilhões como ativos financeiros. Os Investimentos Internacionais produtivos são uma das bases da internacionalização de empresas e do capital. Ao estabelecer uma planta industrial e/ou adquirir ações de empresas, este fluxo transfronteiriço de capital aporta bens, tecnologia, novas práticas administrativas, inter alios actos, e se distingue do investimento bursátil de carácter meramente especulativo e apátrida do hot money. Escrito em 3 (três) capítulos, este trabalho prescruta, no plano internacional, as regras jurídicas dos fluxos produtivos e as Medidas de Comércio Relacionadas aos Investimentos (TRIMs) da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). Estas contêm cláusulas de Restrições as Práticas de Negócios que impedem os Estados-Membros da OMC a realizarem políticas públicas de desenvolvimento nacional. Não se olvidando do diálogo das fontes normativas internacionais, uma vez que a OMC não está em isolamento clínico do direito internacional, assim, verifica-se um claro embate entre a Soberania Permanente aos Recursos Naturais e o Direito ao Desenvolvimento. Entre mais de 140 (cento e quarenta) casos julgados pelo ICSID, excepcionalemente, e somente em 1 (um), o Estado-hospedeiro venceu, feito o exame dos 2 (dois) grandes sistemas jurídicos de investimentos. A tríade (EUA, UE, Japão) mais Coreia do Sul querem um modelo ainda mais liberal de regras de investimentos na OMC. Discorre este trabalho sobre os mais de 2.500 (dois mil e quinhentos) Bilateral Investments Treaties (BITs) e os Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), como o do NAFTA, draft do MAI, e as Instituições de Bretton Woods ligadas ao IED, e a interação com a Doutrina, Jurisprudência e tendências. A UNCTAD critica veementemente este conjunto de regras liberais, sejam os BITs, sejam as TRIMs. O núcleo irradiador deste trabalho é a Declaração Conjunta indo-brasileira, que propõe a Reforma das TRIMs (G/TRIMS/W/25) para permitir, por meio de compras locais e requisitos de performance, o manejo de políticas públicas de desenvolvimento nacional hoje proibidas. Este trabalho conclui ser a Reforma das TRIMs uma impraticabilidade diplomática, de modo que o direito ao desenvolvimento dar-se-ia como improvável exceção. / Due to the US economic downturn, the Capital Flows in 2009 were only from the economic order of U.S.$ 1.8 trillion, 82% less than 2007 (US$ 10.5 trillion). In 2009 the daily trading volume of assets were U.S.$ 1.5 trillion with US$ 178 trillion as financial assets. The productive International Investments are one of the bases from the internationalization enterprises and of the capital. By establishing an industrial plant and/or acquire assets of companies, this cross-border flow of capital brings goods, technology, new management practices, inter alios acts. Distinguishing itself, by this way, from the stock market investment of purely speculative character and stateless, from the hot money. Written in 3 (three) chapters, this work search, in the international field, the legal rules from productive flows and the Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These clauses contains Restrictive Business Practices (RBP) that prevents States-Members from the WTO to carry out public policies of national development. Not forgetting the dialogue of sources from international rules, once the WTO is not in clinical isolation from the international law there is a clear clash between the Permanent Sovereignty on Natural Resources and the Right to Development. Between more than 140 (one hundred and forty) cases tried by ICSID, exceptionally and only one (one) the host-State won. Made the examination of the 2 (two) major legal systems of investments. The Triad (USA, EU and Japan) plus South Korea wants a model with more liberal investment rules in the WTO. Discusses this work on the more than 2500 (two thousand and five hundred) Bilateral Investments Treaties (BITs) and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) such as NAFTA, the MAI draft, and the Bretton Woods institutions related to FDI and the interaction with doctrine, jurisprudence and trends. UNCTAD strongly criticizes this liberal set of rules, not only the BITs, but also the TRIMs. The core matter from this work is the Indo-Brazilian Joint Statement on the Reform of the TRIMs (G/TRIMS/W/25), that proposes through local purchases and performance requirements the right of management of public policies for national development currently forbidden. This work concludes that the Reform of the TRIMs is a diplomatic impractibility, in a mode that the Right to development can be achieved as an improbable exception

O processo de globalização integrou mercados, aumentou o fluxo de capitais entre os países e, apesar da maior abundância de capitais, aumentou a disputa entre países emergentes e desenvolvidos por recursos oriundos do exterior. Em decorrência dessa maior dependência de recursos externos, a capacidade de atrair investimentos se tornou um fator importante para determinar a competitividade do país no cenário internacional. Os investidores consideram a relação entre risco percebido e retorno esperado ao alocar seus recursos internacionalmente e, dessa forma, a correta mensuração do risco incorrido deve ser compatível com a remuneração esperada pelo investimento. Possíveis efeitos da incorreta percepção de risco pelos investidores são a redução do valor dos ativos locais, a maior saída de recursos em decorrência de altos dividendos ou juros e a redução na entrada de recursos do exterior por inibir investidores que buscam opções de baixo risco. Devido a esses efeitos na economia dos países dependentes de recursos, estudaram-se nesta tese três metodologias usualmente empregadas pelos investidores no apreçamento do custo de capital internacional. Essas metodologias de apreçamento analisadas se baseiam em medidas de risco distintas, o que acarretou a inclusão neste trabalho das análises dos riscos que compõem cada modelo. Buscou-se evidenciar se os retornos mensais dos mercados acionários dos países podem ser explicados por três metodologias: o iCAPM, International Capital Asset Pricing Model; o ICC, International Cost of Capital, que utiliza as classificações de crédito dos países, e o GS, modelo da Goldman Sachs, que inclui a diferença das taxas de juros dos títulos soberanos emitidos pelos países em uma mesma moeda. Essas foram estudadas e avaliou-se qual apresenta os resultados mais consistentes para explicar os retornos dos mercados acionários dos países, ou seja, qual é a melhor metodologia de apreçamento do custo do capital internacional. O modelo GS apresentou o maior poder de explicação dos retornos dos países. / The globalization process integrated markets and increased the capital flow through the countries and enhanced the dispute for international money flow by emergent and developed countries despite these funds supply increasing. In result of this higher dependence for external resources, the capacity to attract investments became an important factor to determine the competitiveness of the country in the international scenario. Investors consider the relation between perceived risk and expected return when allocating its resources internationally and the correct estimation of the incurred risk must be compatible with the expected investment return rate. Possible effects of the incorrect perception of risk by the investors are the reduction of the value of the local assets, the higher money outflow as result of higher dividends or interests, and the reduction in the funds inflow for inhibiting investors who search lower risk alternatives. Considering that the incorrect estimation of the international cost of capital can significantly burden the economy of the developing countries we studied methodologies usually utilized by the investors when determining the international capital cost. These analyzed methodologies are based on distinct measures of risk and because that we included in this work analyses of the risks that each model are based on. We studied if capital markets monthly returns can be explained by three methodologies: iCAPM, international capital asset pricing model; the ICC, international cost of capital, that uses the classifications of credit of the countries; and the GS, Goldman Sachs model, that consider the difference of the sovereign bonds issued by different countries in the same currency. We evaluated these three methodologies based on distinct premises of risk and searched to evaluate that one that presents the most consistent results to explain the equity markets returns of the countries, that is, the best methodology of to determine the international cost of capital. The GS model had the best performance to measure the countries capital markets returns.