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Digital Divide in the nowadays society already are an extremely universal noun. It signified the disparity between the different communities to obtain the information equipment, thus created the variance of the ability to obtain information origin. From early telephone, computer, nowadays network and broadband to the future higher order Digital Communication Technology all might include among the information equipment. This article is studying the Digital Divide of Residential Internet Access and of the High-Speed Internet Access in Taiwan, and discusses its causing reason according to empirical analysis. Then think the correlation countermeasure to reduce the Digital Divide.

Inaugural-Diss. (doctoral)--Universität Mannheim, 2004. / Bibliography: p. xv-lii.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the worldwide implementation of telemedicine because of the need for medical care for patients, especially those with chronic diseases. This perspective paper presents the current situation of telemedicine in Peru, showing advances in regulation, cases of successful implementation, and the current challenges. Access to health should be available to all, and more efforts need to be implemented to offer access to the internet to achieve high-quality telemedicine to all the vulnerable groups in Peru. / Revisión por pares

Advances in networking and communications technology have changed the way we operate within cities and how cities are linked to the larger national context. Communication technology is becoming increasingly Internet hosted and is increasingly demanding of physical space. As communication technology advances, the typologies within our cities made to host these technologies must also advance. Inequitable access to Internet is widening the gap between higher-income professionals and struggling lower-income people. The successful city of today is one that acts as a system for producing and inciting human success for both the individual and the community. A city's success is determined by the quality of its creative innovation. New Orleans is a city of creative people, but many lower income people lack the resources they need to get ahead in an increasingly connected and competitive creative market. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

This thesis examines the problem of using 802.11 hotspots for vehicular Internet access. In this access paradigm, a user in a vehicle performs batch transfers by opportunistically communicating with roadside 802.11 access points while driving along a highway. Despite the short connection duration, a significant amount of data can be transferred. Because complete coverage is not needed, this method of Internet access provides a low-cost alternative to using cellular technology for applications that can tolerate some delay and require large data transfer such as sending or receiving music, movies, or digital photographs. Although vehicular opportunistic connections offer the potential to transfer a large of amount of data, utilizing this potential is non-trivial because existing transport and data-link layer network protocols were not designed for this use. This thesis presents an experimental analysis of transport and data-link layer protocol operation at a level of detail not previously explored. We identify ten problems that cause a reduction of up to 50% of the amount of data that could have been transferred in this scenario. Our primary finding is that transmission errors during connection setup and inadequate MAC data rate selection are the main causes of the under-utilization of the connection. Based on these findings we make preliminary recommendations for best practices for using vehicular opportunistic connections. In particular, we argue that overall throughput could be significantly improved if environmental information was available to the lower layer network protocols.

This thesis examines the problem of using 802.11 hotspots for vehicular Internet access. In this access paradigm, a user in a vehicle performs batch transfers by opportunistically communicating with roadside 802.11 access points while driving along a highway. Despite the short connection duration, a significant amount of data can be transferred. Because complete coverage is not needed, this method of Internet access provides a low-cost alternative to using cellular technology for applications that can tolerate some delay and require large data transfer such as sending or receiving music, movies, or digital photographs. Although vehicular opportunistic connections offer the potential to transfer a large of amount of data, utilizing this potential is non-trivial because existing transport and data-link layer network protocols were not designed for this use. This thesis presents an experimental analysis of transport and data-link layer protocol operation at a level of detail not previously explored. We identify ten problems that cause a reduction of up to 50% of the amount of data that could have been transferred in this scenario. Our primary finding is that transmission errors during connection setup and inadequate MAC data rate selection are the main causes of the under-utilization of the connection. Based on these findings we make preliminary recommendations for best practices for using vehicular opportunistic connections. In particular, we argue that overall throughput could be significantly improved if environmental information was available to the lower layer network protocols.

The access control mechanisms used in traditional security infrastructures, such as ACL and password applications, have been proven inadequate, inflexible, and difficult to apply in the Internet due to the incredible magnitude of today's Internet. Recently, research for expressing trust information in the digital world has been explored to be complementary to security mechanisms. This thesis deals with the access control for the resources provided over the Internet. On line digital content service is exemplary of such an application. In this work, we have concentrated on the idea of a trust management system, which was first proposed by Blaze et a1 in 1996, and we have proposed a general-purpose, application-independent Dynamic Distributed Trust Model (DDTM). In our DDTM, access rights are directly associated with a trust value. The trust values in this thesis are further classified into direct trust values, indirect trust values and trust authorization levels. We have calculated and expressed each type of the trust values as explicit numerical values. The core of this model is the recommendation-based trust model, organized as a Trust Delegation Tree (TDT), and the authorization delegation realized by delegation certificate chains. Moreover, the DDTM provides a distributed key-oriented certificate-issuing mechanism with no centralized global authority. A Dynamic Distributed Trust Protocol (DDTP) was developed as a general protocol for establishing and managing the trust relationship in a TDT structure. The protocol was verified by means of the verification tool, SPIN, and was prototyped to simulate communication and behaviors among the certificate issuer nodes on a TDT.

In 2004, the American College of Physicians joined with the National Library of Medicine in an effort to help patients find reliable health information free of commercial bias at the Web site MedlinePlus.gov. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the MedlinePlus.gov site as perceived by patients who were referred to the site by their internist. Materials and Methods: A 27-item questionnaire developed by the American College of Physicians Foundation was distributed between January and May 2005 to a convenience sample of 893 adult patient volunteers attending 34 internal medicine practices across the United States. Results: The questionnaire revealed that although most patients (55%) routinely look up medical information, only 43% had used MedlinePlus.gov. Of those who had used the site, 95% were satisfied with the information they found there, and 94% said the information they found at MedlinePlus.gov would help them make better health decisions. Discussion: Patients who used the MedlinePlus.gov site at the recommendation of their physician found it easy to use, informative, and felt it would help them make better health decisions. Directing patients to this high quality, noncommercial, educational resource online may be an important adjunct to patient education efforts by physicians.

<p>Internet access using IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks has become very common. In home and office networks where voice, video and audio will be delivered, quality of service (QoS) support is essential so that customers can be offered video on demand, audio on demand, voice over IP and high-speed Internet access. In addition to the proliferation of WLAN hotspots, WLAN mesh networks are now being used as a cost-effective means for coverage extension and backhaul relaying between IEEE 802.11 access points (APs).</p> <p> In conventional IEEE 802.11, APs are always continuously powered using fixed wired connections. In future WLAN mesh networks however, wired power connections may not always be readily available, especially in Wi-Fi hotzone installations which cover expansive outdoor areas. In such cases, fixed power connections can often be replaced by a battery operated or solar powered design. For this reason, power saving on the AP is highly desirable for this type of application. Unfortunately, this is not possible since the existing IEEE 802.11 standard requires that APs remain active at all times.</p> <p> In this thesis, we propose and investigate a comprehensive framework for a power saving QoS-enabled access point (PSQAP), intended for use in solar and low power IEEE 802.11 infrastructure applications. An energy-efficient media access control protocol is proposed using the contention-based channel access mode for IEEE 802.11. When real-time flows are present, a PSQAP schedules its awakening/sleeping pattern in a manner that satisfies the delay and packet loss requirements for the admitted real-time flows. A dynamic connection-admission control algorithm is proposed for efficient management of wireless resources. We show that both background traffic and the synchronization of stations' transmissions due to AP's alternating between awake and sleep states can cause excess queuing and packet collision rate. These effects result in an increase in packet delay and power consumption at the mobile stations in contention-based channel access mode. We propose and investigate several scheduling methods for mitigating these effects. It is also shown that voice over IP over WLAN (VoWLAN) suffers a low capacity problem and high handset/AP power consumption. A novel adaptive voice packetization scheme is proposed which improves VoIP capacity and reduces power consumption. The work in this thesis is characterized by analytical models and evaluated through extensive network simulations to study and analyze the key performance aspects of the proposed framework and the associated protocols.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)