Les radiations sont omniprésentes. Elles ont de nombreuses applications dans des domaines variés: en médecine, elles permettent de réaliser des diagnostiques et de guérir des patients; en communication, tous les systèmes modernes utilisent des formes de rayonnements électromagnétiques; et en science, les chercheurs les utilisent pour découvrir la composition et la structure des matériaux, pour n'en nommer que quelques-unes. Concrètement, la radiation est un processus au cours duquel des particules ou des ondes voyagent à travers différents types de matériaux. La radiation peut être très énergétique, et aller jusqu'à casser les atomes de la matière ordinaire. Dans ce cas, on parlera de radiation ionisante. Il est communément admis que la radiation ionisante peut être bien plus nocif pour les êtres vivants que la radiation non ionisante. Dans cette dissertation, nous traiterons de la radiation ionisante. La radioactivité est le processus d'émission des radiations ionisantes. Elle existe sous forme naturelle, et est présente dans les sols, dans l'air et notre planète entière est bombardée en permanence de rayonnements cosmiques énergétiques. Depuis le début du XXe siècle, les chercheurs sont capables de créer artificiellement de la matière radioactive. Cette découverte a offert de multiples avancées technologiques, mais a eu également de lourdes conséquences pour l'humanité comme l'ont démontrés les évènements de Tchernobyl et de Fukushima ou d'autres accidents dans le monde médical. Cette dangerosité a conduit à l'élaboration d'un système de radioprotection. Dans la pratique, la radioprotection est principalement mise en œuvre en utilisant la méthode ALARA. Cette méthodologie consiste à justifier, optimiser et limiter les doses reçues. Elle est utilisée conjointement avec les limites légales. Le facteur d'optimisation est contraint par le fait que l'exposition volontaire d'un travailleur aux radiations lors d'une opération doit être plus bénéfique que si aucune intervention humaine n'était conduite dans une situation donnée. Dans le monde industriel et scientifique, il existe des infrastructures qui émettent des rayonnements ionisants. La plupart d'entre elles nécessitent des opérations de maintenance. Dans l'esprit du principe ALARA, ces interventions doivent être optimisées pour réduire l'exposition des travailleurs aux rayonnements ionisants. Cette optimisation ne peut pas être réalisée de manière automatique car la faisabilité des interventions nécessite dans tous les cas une évaluation humaine. La planification des interventions peut cependant être facilitée par des moyens techniques et scientifiques comme par exemple un outil informatique. Dans le contexte décrit ci-dessus, cette thèse regroupe des considérations techniques et scientifiques, et présente la méthodologie utilisée pour développer des outils logiciels pour la mise en œuvre de la radioprotection. / Radiation is omnipresent. It has many interesting applications: in medicine, where it allows curing and diagnosing patients; in communication, where modern communication systems make use of electromagnetic radiation; and in science, where it is used to discover the structure of materials; to name a few. Physically, radiation is a process in which particles or waves travel through any kind of material, usually air. Radiation can be very energetic, in which case it can break the atoms of ordinary matter (ionization). If this is the case, radiation is called ionizing. It is known that ionizing radiation can be far more harmful to living beings than non-ionizing radiation. In this dissertation, we are concerned with ionizing radiation. Naturally occurring ionizing radiation in the form of radioactivity is a most natural phenomenon. Almost everything is radioactive: there is radiation emerging from the soil, it is in the air, and the whole planet is constantly undergoing streams of energetic cosmic radiation. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, we are also able to artificially create radio-active matter. This has opened a lot of interesting technological opportunities, but has also given a tremendous responsibility to humanity, as the nuclear accidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima, and various accidents in the medical world have made clear. This has led to the elaboration of a radiological protection system. In practice, the radiological protection system is mostly implemented using a methodology that is indicated with the acronym ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable. This methodology consists of justifying, optimizing and limiting the radiation dose received. This methodology is applied in conjunction with the legal limits. The word "reasonably" means that the optimization of radiation exposure has to be seen in context. The optimization is constrained by the fact that the positive effects of an operation might surpass the negative effects caused by the radiation. Several industrial and scientific procedures give rise to facilities with ionizing radiation. Most technical and scientific facilities also need maintenance operations. In the spirit of ALARA, these interventions need to be optimized in terms of the exposure of the maintenace workers to ionizing radiation. This optimization cannot be automated since the feasibility of the intervention tasks requires human assessment. The intervention planning could however be facilitated by technical-scientific means, e.g. software tools. In the context sketched above, this thesis provides technical-scientific considerations and the development of technical-scientific methodologies and software tools for the implementation of radiation protection.In particular, this thesis addresses the need for an interactive visual intervention planning tool in the context of high energy particle accelerator facilities.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-27T13:54:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rubiamaraschattner.pdf: 873067 bytes, checksum: d2696103e9ebb55f9f707f624a1a0488 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-28T13:01:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rubiamaraschattner.pdf: 873067 bytes, checksum: d2696103e9ebb55f9f707f624a1a0488 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T13:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rubiamaraschattner.pdf: 873067 bytes, checksum: d2696103e9ebb55f9f707f624a1a0488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-30 / Esta pesquisa objetiva delinear uma situação de gestão escolar, em que a escola apresenta um resultado de continuidade na evolução dos resultados em duas avaliações e em momentos distintos, situação essa que se diferencia das demais escolas jurisdicionadas à Superintendência Regional de Governador Valadares. Apesar de não ser uma pesquisa longitudinal, os dados analisados foram de uma avaliação longitudinal dos resultados obtidos pela escola, ou seja, analisou-se o resultado dos alunos no 3º ano no PROALFA, edições de 2007 e 2008, comparando-os com os resultados do PROEB, das edições 2009 e 2010. Para discussão do caso utilizou-se de metodologias qualitativas e quantitativas, por meio de entrevista com a gestora, aplicação de questionário aos docentes, reunião para apresentação dos resultados da escola e análise documental, fazendo um paralelo com os dados obtidos e com os aportes teóricos que discorrem sobre gestão e escola eficaz. Após a pesquisa de campo conclui-se que o sucesso da escola, tornando-a uma escola eficaz, perpassa como a gestão conduz o planejando e executa as ações de intervenções pedagógicas, garantindo a aprendizagem de seus alunos. Mediante o que foi observado dessa gestão, foi proposto um guia de planejamento da intervenção, levando-se em conta quatro momentos para o planejamento: diagnóstico inicial da escola; planejamento das intervenções; monitoramento e avaliação das ações e o replanejamento. / This research intends to outline a matter of school management, in which the school presents a result of continued evolution of results in two evaluations and in distinct moments, in a situation that sets it apart from the other schools pertaining to the Regional Superintendence of Governador Valadares. Although it was not a longitudinal research, the data analyzed were of a longitudinal evaluation of the results obtained by the school, that is, we analyzed the result of the third grade students at PROALFA, in 2007 and 2008 , comparing them to the results at PROEB, in 2009 and 2010. In order to discuss the case we applied qualitative and quantitative methodologies, by means of interview with the principal, survey among the teachers, meeting to display the school’s results and document analysis, connecting the data obtained to the theoretical support which discusses school management and efficacy. After the field research we have concluded that the school’s success in becoming an efficient school, relates to how the management plans and executes actions of the pedagogical intervention, guaranteeing its students learning. By means of what was observed in this matter, we have proposed a guide of intervention planning, taking into consideration four moments of planning: initial diagnosis of the school; intervention planning; monitoring of the actions and replanning.

Current research shows that school’s behavior intervention plans are lacking in key components, indicating a need for a standardized model of assessment that sustains teacher adherence, acceptance, and feasibility. Prevent-Teach-Reinforce (PTR) is a model that combines the principles of applied behavior analysis and positive behavior support to provide a standardized approach to conducting a functional assessment and creating a behavior plan. Studies have indicated that PTR is effective in improving student behavior and academic engagement. The current study evaluated the use of PTR for three high school students classified as emotional behavioral disorder (EBD). Results indicated that teacher-implemented functional assessment and intervention planning through the use of PTR was effective at creating substantial reductions in problem behaviors and improvements in replacement behaviors for all three students. In addition, teachers were able to implement the interventions with high levels of fidelity, and social validity scores obtained from both the teachers and students indicated that the acceptability of the PTR procedures and results was relatively high.

Cette thèse propose une méthodologie de pilotage d'organisations complexes, ens'intéressant à de nouvelles méthodes de planification collaborative et d'optimisation d'interventions en environnements soumis à des rayonnements ionisants. En nous basant sur l'étude d'installations scientifiques et technologiques complexes tels que celles du CERN à Genève (Suisse) et de la GSI à Darmstadt (Allemagne), nous y analysons les besoins et contraintes de planification imposés par les environnements à risques en général, et par lesrayonnements ionisants en particulier. Les implications liées à la collaboration sont ensuite détaillées, et un modèle ontologique d'intervention est proposé afin de sélectionner les méthodes les plus adaptées au problème étudié. La méthode proposée dans cette thèse repose sur des techniques éprouvées en planification de projets ainsi qu'en conception de produits comme la Design Structure Matrix (DSM). Elle introduit en revanche dans ces domaines des méthodes habituellement rencontrées en intelligence artificielle : les algèbres temporelles qualitatives et la propagation des contraintes temporelles, ainsi que la recherche de compromis en cas de conflit. Cette « DSM Collaborative » a été implémentée dans une application prototype testée sur des cas pratiques au CERN et à la GSI, dont le premier est décrit dans l'ultime chapitre de cette thèse. C'est une approche qui place la ressource(essentiellement humaine) et les contraintes temporelles au coeur du processus de planification. Elle met l'accent sur la collaboration entre les différents participants, ainsi que sur la simulation et la comparaison multicritère de multiples scenarii plutôt que sur la recherche d'un unique optimum souvent irréalisable sur le plan pratique. / This work proposes a methodology to handle complexity in organizations byfocusing on innovative and collaborative planning and scheduling methods dedicated to the optimization of interventions in environments emitting ionizing radiations. By taking as work environment highly complex and technological scientific facilities such as the ones of CERN in Geneva (Switzerland) and GSI in Darmstadt (Germany), we analyze the needs and requirements induced in intervention planning and scheduling by hazardous environments in general, and then more specifically by ionizing radiations. The implications of collaborative work are then scrutinized, and an ontological model for interventions is designed in order to select the methods best suited to our problem. The framework we present in this work relies on methods sucessfully used in project planning and scheduling and innovative product design like the Design Structure Matrix (DSM). It also introduces in these fields methods borrowed to artificial intelligence planning and scheduling such as the temporal qualitative algebras, constraint propagation, and the search of compromises in case of conflicts. This so called “Collaborative DSM” has been implemented in a prototype software application tested at CERN and GSI on practical applications. The very first one and its results are presented in the final chapter of this thesis. This framework aims at placing resources (mostly human resources) and temporal constraints at the heart of the planning and scheduling process. It focuses on collaboration between the different actors involved, from coordinators to technicians, and on simulation and multiple-criteria comparison of several scenarios, rather than searching for a unique optimum, which often tends to be non-practical, should one even be found.