L'alimentation influence considérablement le microbiote intestinal. Les régimes obésogènes augmentent les bactéries opportunistes, diminuent la diversité bactérienne et perturbent la barrière intestinale, entraînant des réponses inflammatoires dues aux endotoxines. Maintenir l'équilibre du microbiote est vital pour la santé. Les prébiotiques, notamment les oligosaccharides non digestibles et de nouveaux composés comme les polyphénols et les fructooligossacharides de l'*Agave tequilana* (agavines), sont essentiels pour réguler le microbiote. Ainsi, ce projet avait pour objectif principal d'évaluer l'impact de la consommation de polyphénols de canneberge, des agavines et de leur combinaison sur l'inflammation de bas grade et l'endotoxémie métabolique dans un contexte du risque cardiométabolique, tout en explorant leur impact sur la fonction de la barrière intestinale et le microbiote intestinal. Le premier volet du projet, une étude chez des souris nourries à une diète obésogène a révélé que la supplémentation orale en polyphénols de canneberge et en agavines améliore la réponse immunitaire intestinale, la composition du microbiote, la fonction barrière intestinale, l'inflammation et le métabolisme du glucose chez les souris supplémentées aux composés bioactifs. En revanche, une étude clinique menée sur des adultes à risque cardiométabolique n'a pas démontré de modifications significatives des marqueurs de glucose, de l'inflammation de bas grade, de l'endotoxémie métabolique ou du microbiote lors de la comparaison des groupes supplémentés aux différents composés bioactifs. Néanmoins, deux réponses distinctes à la supplémentation ont été observées en classant les participants en deux groupes différents (M1 et M2) selon leurs profils d'acides gras volatils fécaux et de la composition de leur microbiote. Plus particulièrement, le groupe M1 a présenté une augmentation des acides gras à chaîne courte (AGCC) accompagnée d'une diminution des acides gras à chaîne branchée (AGCB) après l'intervention par rapport au groupe M2. Quant au microbiote, le groupe M1 a montré des niveaux nettement plus élevés de *Bacteroides* et de *Ruminococcus* avant l'intervention par rapport groupe M2. Après l'intervention, ce deuxième groupe a été le seul à enregistrer des augmentations significatives de certaines bactéries intestinales, telles que *Bacteroides uniformis*, *Lachnospira NK4A136*, *Oscillibacter* et *Parabacteroides merdae*. Cette étude souligne l'importance de la variabilité individuelle dans la réponse à la supplémentation en polyphénols de canneberges, agavins et leur combinaison. Cela indique que la prise en compte de l'hétérogénéité de la réponse à un traitement est essentielle pour mettre en évidence les effets des interventions nutritionnelles. / Diet significantly influences the intestinal microbiota. Obesogenic diets increase opportunistic bacteria, reduce bacterial diversity, and disrupt the intestinal barrier, leading to inflammatory responses caused by endotoxins. Maintaining the balance of the microbiota is crucial for health. Prebiotics, including non-digestible oligosaccharides and emerging compounds such as polyphenols and fructooligosaccharides from *Agave tequilana* (agavins), are essential for regulating the microbiota. Thus, the primary aim of this project was to evaluate the impact of cranberry polyphenols, agavins, and their combination on low-grade inflammation and metabolic endotoxemia in the context of cardiovascular risk, while exploring their influence on intestinal barrier function and the intestinal microbiota. The initial phase of the project, involving a study on mice fed an obesogenic diet, revealed that oral supplementation of cranberry polyphenols and agavins improved intestinal immune response, microbiota composition, intestinal barrier function, inflammation, and glucose metabolism in mice supplemented with the tested bioactive compounds. However, a clinical study conducted on adults predisposed to metabolic syndrome did not demonstrate significant modifications in glucose markers, low-grade inflammation, metabolic endotoxemia, or microbiota within the entire study cohort. Nevertheless, two distinct responses to supplementation were observed when categorizing participants into two different profiles based on their fecal volatile fatty acid profiles and microbiota composition (M1 and M2). Specifically, the M1 sub-group showed an increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) accompanied by a decrease in branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) post-intervention compared to M2 sub-group. Regarding the microbiota, the M1 sub-group exhibited markedly higher levels of *Bacteroides* and *Ruminococcus* before the intervention compared to the M2 sub-group. After the intervention, the second group was the only one to record significant increases in certain intestinal bacteria, such as *Bacteroides uniformis*, *Lachnospira NK4A136*, *Oscillibacter and Parabacteroides merdae*. This study emphasizes the importance of individual variability in response to cranberry polyphenols and agavins supplementation. It suggests that considering individual variability is crucial for elucidating the effects of nutritional interventions.

Early innate response of intestinal epithelial cells is the first line defense against enteric pathogens. Toxoplasma gondii infections acquired naturally via the peroral route, encounter intestinal epithelial cells early post-infection. Although the population structure of T. gondii is known to be highly clonal, clinical strains of T. gondii have been classified into three genotypes based on their virulence. In this study we investigated whether human intestinal epithelial cell immune response to T. gondii is virulence dependent. We demonstrated distinct virulence of the three T. gondii genotype strains evaluated in human intestinal epithelial cells by their capacity to replicate and induce host cell cytotoxicity. The early host innate mechanisms such as activation of signaling pathways and induction of innate effectors were likewise differentially elicited by the three T. gondii strains. Low levels of TLR dependent NF-kB activation and a failure to rapidly up-regulate innate cytokine and chemokine genes was observed after virulent Type I strain infection. In contrast, early innate response to the less virulent Type II strain was rapid, efficient and led to high levels of IL-8 and IL-6 secretion, whereas response to Type III parasites was intermediate. Early expression of b-defensin 2 gene was suppressed specifically by virulent Type I strain and its activation prior to infection in intestinal epithelial cells led to decreased parasite viability. These findings provide evidence for T. gondii strain virulence dependent down-modulation of early human intestinal epithelial cell innate responses and highlight the importance of these cells in host defense against this infection. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished