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The roles of Ca2 + and cAMP in olfactory transduction were explored using agents which affect calcium channels and second messenger systems. These agents were applied at certain calculated final concentrations onto olfactory epithelia of urethane-anesthetized frogs (Sana PiPlens) by two-sec aerosol spray. During extracellular recording, saturated vapors of isoamyl acetate were delivered every 100 sec in 0.3 sec pulses to produce an electroolfactogram (EOG). Inorganic cations that block inward calcium currents inhibit EOG responses with the following rank order: (La3+) > (Zn2+, Cd2+) > (Al3+, Ca2+, Sr2+) > (Co2+). Application of 7.5 mM La3+ eradicates £0G's, while Ba2+ (which can carry more current that Ca2+) initially produces significant enhancement (F=43.04, p<0.001, df=19). Magnesium ion has no effect on EOG's at 7.5 mM, while 1.5 X 10"4M Ca2+ is significantly inhibitory (F=5.74; p=0.0355; df=12). Control aerosol sprays of distilled water depress EOG's by an average of 5%. The organic calcium channel antagonists diltiazem and verapamil inhibit EOG's by 17% and 36X, respectively, at a concentration of 1.5 X 10~*M. Verapamil produces significant inhibition (F=17.17; p=0.002; df=ll) at 1.5 X 10" 5 M, while the 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists, nicardipine and nifedipine, do not inhibit beyond 1% DMSO controls. Several calmodulin antagonists decrease EOG's, but without correlation to their anti-calmodulin potency. Application of 1.5 X 10"*M chlorpromazine and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-l-naphthalenesulfonamide inhibit EOG's by 31% and 27%, respectively, while trifluoperazine inhibits by 23%. Dibutyryl cAMP, a lipophilic mimic of cAMP, produces 54% inhibition at 1.5 X 10" *M. Dibutyryl cGMP, cGMP, cAMP, and adenosine all decrease EOG's by less than 15% compared to distilled water controls. Forskolin, a reversible activator of adenylate cyclase, inhibits EOG's by 57% at 1.5 X 10"5M, which is significant beyond the 1% DMSO controls (F=17.17; p=0.002; df=ll). These data support the hypothesis that Ca2+ participates in olfactory transduction. Calcium ions could serve as charge carriers, second messengers, or both. Cyclic AMP could be involved with the primary excitatory process or sensory adaptation, or both.

[Truncated abstract] The innate ability of the heart to compensate for an increase in workload as a result of disease or injury, through an increase in size and mass is known as cardiac hypertrophy. The hypertrophy of the heart compensates for an increase in workload with an increase in cardiac output. However, excessive hypertrophy can result in cardiac dysfunction and substantially increases the risk of cardiac failure and mortality. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac failure are not entirely understood. Traditionally, the G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) and the downstream Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) family of proteins have been implicated. However, elevated circulating and ventricular levels of several classes of cytokines also suggested that signaling by the downstream effectors of cytokine receptors, such as the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs), may be important. The aim of this thesis was, therefore, to characterize the involvement of MAPK and STAT pathways in regulating cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac failure. A function for MAPK and STAT signaling in regulating cardiac hypertrophy stimulated by the inflammatory cytokine IL-1Β was initially defined in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. In this study, it was demonstrated that the chemical inhibition of ERK or p38MAPK was sufficient to inhibit IL-1Β-stimulated ANF expression. In contrast, simultaneous inhibition of both ERK and p38MAPK was required to ablate the hypertrophic morphology of cardiac myocytes treated with IL-1Β. These results demonstrated differential signaling from the MAPK isoforms in regulating the gene expression and morphological components of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, it was revealed that IL-1Β treatment resulted in a delayed response (>60 min) in STAT3α tyrosine phosphorylation, which was subsequently shown to require the initial rapid activation of either ERK or p38MAPK. IL-1Β-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation was also dependent on the de novo synthesis of secondary signaling molecules. The ablation of the STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation by the inhibition of ERK or p38MAPK activity, correlated with the attenuation of IL-1Β-stimulated ANF expression, suggesting that signaling through STAT3α may be involved in regulating gene expression associated with IL-1Β cardiac hypertrophy

An der Interpretation extrazellulärer Signale beteiligte Regulationsnetzwerke sind von zentraler Bedeutung für alle Organismen. Extrazelluläre Signale werden gewöhnlich durch enzymatische Kaskaden innerhalb weniger Minuten in den Zellkern weitergeleitet, wo sie langsame Änderungen der Genexpression bewirken und so das Schicksal der Zelle beeinflussen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird durch mathematische Modellierung untersucht, wie die MAPK Kaskade Signale von der Zellmembran in den Kern weiterleitet. Es wurden Netzwerkeigenschaften herausgearbeitet, die verhindern, dass die MAPK Kaskade fälschlicherweise durch genetische Mutationen aktiviert wird. Desweiteren wurde eine versteckte positive Rückkopplungsschleife identifiziert, welche die Aktivierung der MAPK Kaskade oberhalb eines gewissen Schwellwert-Stimulus verstärkt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit konzentriert sich darauf, wie Änderungen der Genexpression auf langsamer Zeitskala in das Signalnetzwerk rückkoppeln. Eine systematische Genexpressionsdaten-Analyse ergab, dass transkriptionelle Rückkopplung in Eukaryoten generell über Induktion kurzlebiger Signalinhibitoren geschieht. Dynamische Modellierung und experimentelle Validierung von Modellvorhersagen ergab, dass das Inhibitorprotein SnoN als zentraler negativer Feedback Regulator im TGFbeta Signalweg fungiert. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit untersucht, wie die Genexpressionsmaschinerie intrazelluläre Signale interpretiert (“dekodiert“). Eine experimentelle und theoretische Analyse der cyanobakteriellen Eisenstress-Antwort ergab, dass IsrR, eine kleine regulatorische RNA, die Genexpression auf ausreichend starke und lange Stimulation beschränkt. Des Weiteren wurde ein “Reverse Engineering“-Algorithmus auf Hochdurchsatz-RNAi-Daten angewendet, um die Topologie eines krebsrelevanten Transkriptionsfaktornetzwerks abzuleiten. Zusammenfassend wurde in dieser Dissertation gezeigt, wie mathematische Modellierung die experimentelle Analyse biologischer Systeme unterstützen kann. / Intracellular regulatory networks involved in sensing extracellular cues are crucial to all living organisms. Extracellular signals are rapidly transmitted from the cell membrane to the nucleus by activation of enzymatic cascades which ultimately elicit slow changes in gene expression, and thereby affect the cell fate. In the first part of this thesis, the Ras-MAPK cascade transducing signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus is analyzed using mathematical modeling. Model analysis reveals network properties which prevent the MAPK cascade from being inappropriately activated by mutations. Moreover, the simulations unveil a hidden positive feedback loop which ensures strong amplification of MAPK signalling once extracellular stimulation exceeds a certain threshold. The second part of the thesis focuses on how slow gene expression responses feed back into the upstream signalling network. A systematic analysis of gene expression data gathered in mammalian cells demonstrates that such transcriptional feedback generally involves induction of highly unstable signalling inhibitors, thereby establishing negative feedback regulation. Dynamic data-based modelling identifies the SnoN oncoprotein as the central negative feedback regulator in the TGFbeta signalling pathway, and corresponding model predictions are verified experimentally in SnoN-depleted cells. The third part of the thesis focuses on how intracellular signals are decoded by the downstream gene expression machinery. A combined experimental and theoretical analysis of the cyanobacterial iron stress response reveals that small non-coding RNAs allow cells to selectively respond to sufficiently strong and sustained stimuli. Finally, a reverse engineering approach is applied to derive the topology of a complex mammalian transcription factor network from high-throughput knock-down data. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates how mathematical modelling can support experimental analysis of biological systems.