INKT cells are non-conventional T lymphocytes that are restricted to glycolipid presenting CD1d molecule. iNKT cells express an invariant TCR a chain (Va14-Ja18 in mice and Va28-Ja18 in humans). Their particularity is to rapidly produce copious amounts of cytokines (IFN-? and IL-4) after activation and to activate other cells of the immune system such as dendritic cells, NK cells and T lymphocytes. iNKT cells, therefore, form a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic ß cells whose role is to produce insulin. While diabetes development can clearly be associated with genetic polymorphisms, environmental factors were also implicated in the etiology of the disease. Numerous studies suggest that viral infections, particularly infections with Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), could be implicated in the development of type 1 diabetes. Our study was performed with NOD mice that develop type 1 diabetes around 15 weeks of age and with proinsulin 2 knockout NOD mice (Pro-ins2-/-) which become diabetic around 8 weeks of age. Our results show that CVB4 infection induces accelerated diabetes in around half of NOD and Pro-ins2-/- mice compared to uninfected mice. However, the activation of iNKT cells with their agonist, aGalactosylceramide (aGalCer), at the time of infection greatly decreases diabetes incidence. CVB4 infection induces a strong recruitment of macrophages into the pancreas. Interestingly, iNKT cell activation modifies the function of these macrophages. Indeed, pancreatic macrophages of CVB4 infected mice strongly express IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a, indicating their pro-inflammatory character. On the contrary, macrophages of mice infected with CVB4 and treated with aGalCer express low levels of these cytokines, but strong levels of suppressive enzymes iNOS (inducible NO synthase), IDO (Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) and arginase I. The use of inhibitors of these enzymes showed that diabetes prevention is induced by IDO. We have also observed that autoreactive T cells strongly infiltrate the pancreatic islets after CVB4 infection. It is interesting to note that the high diabetes incidence of CVB4 infected mice is associated with an increased frequency of IFN-? producing autoreactive T cells in pancreatic islets. On the contrary, the frequency of these cells is very low in infected mice treated with aGalCer. The inhibition of IFN-? production is dependent on IDO enzyme, since the use of its inhibitor strongly increases IFN-? production by anti-islet T cells and diabetes incidence. To summarize, our results show that iNKT cell activation during the infection with CVB4 induces immunosuppressive macrophages in the pancreas. These cells inhibit the function of autoreactive T cells and prevent diabetes development.

Les cellules NKT invariantes (iNKT) sont des lymphocytes T non conventionnels restreints par la molécule CD1d qui présente des glycolipides. Les cellules iNKT expriment un TCR avec une chaîne a invariante, Va14-Ja18 chez la souris et Va28-Ja18 chez l’homme. Elles ont la particularité de produire de grande quantité de cytokines (IFN-? et IL-4) rapidement après leur activation et peuvent à leur tour stimuler d’autres cellules du système immunitaire comme les cellules dendritiques, les cellules NK et les lymphocytes T. Elles représentent ainsi un pont entre les réponses immunitaires innées et adaptatives. Le diabète de type 1 est une maladie autoimmune caractérisée par la destruction des cellules ß pancréatiques productrices d’insuline. Bien que l’apparition de diabète de type 1 soit associée à des polymorphismes génétiques, les facteurs environnementaux ont également été impliqués dans l’étiologie de cette maladie. De nombreuses études suggèrent que les infections virales, en particulier les infections par le virus de coxsackie B4 (CVB4), pourraient être impliquées dans le développement de cette maladie. Notre étude a été réalisée avec des souris NOD qui développent un diabète de type 1 vers 15 semaines d’âge et des souris NOD déficientes pour la proinsulin 2 (Pro-ins2-/-) développant un diabète vers 8 semaines d’âge. Nos résultats montrent qu’après infection par CVB4, la moitié des souris NOD et Pro-ins2-/- développent un diabète accéléré par rapport à des souris non infectées. Toutefois, une injection de l’agoniste des cellules iNKT, la molécule aGalactosylceramide (aGalCer), au moment de l’infection des souris, diminue fortement l’incidence de diabète. L’infection par CVB4 induit un fort recrutement de macrophages dans le pancréas et l’activation des cellules iNKT modifie la fonction de ces macrophages. En effet, les macrophages pancréatiques des souris infectées par CVB4 expriment fortement les cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6 et TNF-a, révélant leur caractère pro-inflammatoire alors que les macrophages des souris infectées et traitées par aGalCer expriment faiblement ces cytokines inflammatoires et fortement des enzymes immunosuppressives iNOS (inducible NO synthase), IDO (Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) et arginase I. L’utilisation d’inhibiteurs de ces enzymes montre que la protection contre le diabète est induite par IDO. Nous avons également observé une forte infiltration de lymphocytes T autoréactifs dans les îlots pancréatiques des souris infectées. De façon intéressante, l’incidence accrue de diabète du groupe CVB4 est associée à une fréquence élevée de cellules T autoréactives produisant de l’IFN-? dans le pancréas, alors que la production d’IFN-? par les cellules T autoréactives est très faible dans les souris du groupe CVB4+aGalCer. Cette inhibition de la production d’IFN-? est dépendante de l’enzyme IDO, car l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur d’IDO augmente fortement la production d’IFN-? par les lymphocytes T anti-îlots et l’incidence de diabète. Dans l’ensemble nos résultats montrent, que l’activation des cellules iNKT lors de l’infection par CVB4 induit des macrophages immunosuppresseurs dans le pancréas, ces cellules inhibant la fonction des lymphocytes T autoréactifs et ainsi le développement du diabète. / INKT cells are non-conventional T lymphocytes that are restricted to glycolipid presenting CD1d molecule. iNKT cells express an invariant TCR a chain (Va14-Ja18 in mice and Va28-Ja18 in humans). Their particularity is to rapidly produce copious amounts of cytokines (IFN-? and IL-4) after activation and to activate other cells of the immune system such as dendritic cells, NK cells and T lymphocytes. iNKT cells, therefore, form a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic ß cells whose role is to produce insulin. While diabetes development can clearly be associated with genetic polymorphisms, environmental factors were also implicated in the etiology of the disease. Numerous studies suggest that viral infections, particularly infections with Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), could be implicated in the development of type 1 diabetes. Our study was performed with NOD mice that develop type 1 diabetes around 15 weeks of age and with proinsulin 2 knockout NOD mice (Pro-ins2-/-) which become diabetic around 8 weeks of age. Our results show that CVB4 infection induces accelerated diabetes in around half of NOD and Pro-ins2-/- mice compared to uninfected mice. However, the activation of iNKT cells with their agonist, aGalactosylceramide (aGalCer), at the time of infection greatly decreases diabetes incidence. CVB4 infection induces a strong recruitment of macrophages into the pancreas. Interestingly, iNKT cell activation modifies the function of these macrophages. Indeed, pancreatic macrophages of CVB4 infected mice strongly express IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a, indicating their pro-inflammatory character. On the contrary, macrophages of mice infected with CVB4 and treated with aGalCer express low levels of these cytokines, but strong levels of suppressive enzymes iNOS (inducible NO synthase), IDO (Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) and arginase I. The use of inhibitors of these enzymes showed that diabetes prevention is induced by IDO. We have also observed that autoreactive T cells strongly infiltrate the pancreatic islets after CVB4 infection. It is interesting to note that the high diabetes incidence of CVB4 infected mice is associated with an increased frequency of IFN-? producing autoreactive T cells in pancreatic islets. On the contrary, the frequency of these cells is very low in infected mice treated with aGalCer. The inhibition of IFN-? production is dependent on IDO enzyme, since the use of its inhibitor strongly increases IFN-? production by anti-islet T cells and diabetes incidence. To summarize, our results show that iNKT cell activation during the infection with CVB4 induces immunosuppressive macrophages in the pancreas. These cells inhibit the function of autoreactive T cells and prevent diabetes development.