O aparecimento e a propagação de fissuras nos elementos estruturais de uma ponte de aço podem ser resultantes de flutuações de carregamento. Os elementos soldados são suscetíveis ao aparecimento de descontinuidades internas localizadas nas soldas e são bem sensíveis às variações de tensões. A consideração da redistribuição dos esforços entre os elementos da estrutura têm importância relevante no planejamento do custo de recuperação. Desenvolve-se um modelo de análise em vigas de pontes de aço para simulação de abertura de fissuras ocasionadas por carregamento cíclico. Esse modelo considera duas alternativas possíveis para governar a propagação da fissura. A fase inicial é baseada na formulação da mecânica da fratura linear elástica a qual é geralmente utilizada na análise de fissuras devido à fadiga em estruturas de aço. O modelo é expandido para consideração dos conceitos de mecânica da fratura elasto-plástico. Durante inspeções de pontes de aço é possível aplicar uma técnica não destrutiva na determinação de variações de freqüências naturais e com esse artifício auxiliar na localização e verificação da amplitude de fissuras. A diminuição da rigidez do elemento estrutural é obtida através de uma técnica inversa. São desenvolvidos algoritmos correspondentes aos modelos simplificados para implementação em microcomputadores, sendo os resultados numéricos obtidos, comparados com as soluções calculadas através de um código de cálculo largamente utilizado em análises numéricas. / Crack formation and growth in steel bridge structural elements may be due to loading oscillalions. The welded elements are liable to internal discontinuities along welded joints and sensible to stress variations. The effort redistribution among the structural elements are very important to evaluate repairing costs. In this work a steel bridge beam model has been proposed to simulate crack openings due to cyclic loads. Two possibilities have been considered to model crack propagation. The initial phase is based on the linear fracture mechanics which is often adopted to analyse fracture formation in steel structure due to fatigue. The model is extended to incorporate elastoplastic fracture mechanic concepts. For steel bridge inspections, it is possible to adopt a non destructive technique to quantify the structure eigenvalue variation that will be used to help the localisation and size evaluation of the grown fracture. The structural element stiffness reduction is obtained by inverse analysis. The corresponding numerical algorithms to be implemented in microcomputers are proposed for those simplified models. Numerical results obtained by applying those developed codes are compared with the solutions achieved by using other well known computer software.

L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer et d’appliquer une nouvelle méthode de mesure permettant de dresser des cartographies instantanées des températures et des concentrations des diverses espèces présentes dans les gaz de combustion et aider à la détermination des performances de moteurs et mieux comprendre les mécanismes de réaction.Pour cela, un moyen de mesure optique, non intrusif pour ne pas interagir sur le fonctionnement du moteur, a été mis au point, ce qui a permis ainsi une meilleure analyse des performances et donc une mise au point plus rapide des moteurs. De par ses caractéristiques, le système peut réaliser des mesures résolues temporellement et spatialement. Outre les investigations dans les écoulements réactifs des propulseurs à réaction, ce système de mesure peut être également utilisé ultérieurement pour la mise au point des moteurs cycliques à détonation, à allumage commandé (essence) ou par compression (diesel, HCCI). Les temps de réponse (inférieures à 10 μs) du moyen de mesure sont compatibles avec les phénomènes étudiés. Cette technique de mesure peut également être embarquable sur un aéronef pour effectuer des mesures en vol.Le but était donc de mettre au point un système optique permettant la mesure de ces différents paramètres à distance. La spectroscopie est un outil adapté à cette étude. C’est une méthode physique non intrusive qui, associée à un LIDAR (télédétection laser), permet la mesure précise et instantanée de la température et de la concentration des gaz de combustion et de connaître leur évolution temporelle. Il peut être envisagé par la suite de mesurer directement l’avancement de la combustion afin d’améliorer le rendement et par voie de conséquence diminuer les rejets de polluants. / The aim of the present PhD thesis was to develop and apply a new measurement technique allowing one to create maps of the temperature and t-he concentration of various species within combustion gas, to determine the performances of the engines and get a better understanding of the reaction mechanisms.In order to do so, a non-invasive optical measurement technique was setup. This has enabled us to have better an analysis of the performances and hence, a faster adjustment of the engines. Thanks to its characteristics, the system is able to do some spatial and temporal resolved measurements. Apart from reacting flows in propellers, this measurement technique can also be used for the design of detonation and spark ignition engines or compression engines. The response times (lower than 10 μs) are compatible with the phenomena under investigation. This technique can also be used in airplanes to enable on-flight measurements.The aim was hence to setup an optical system allowing the measurement of these different parameters from a distance. Spectroscopy is a well-suited tool for this work. It is a non-intrusive physical measurement which, combined with LIDAR, allows the precise and instantaneous measurement of the temperature and the concentration of combustion gas as well as the following of their temporal evolution. It would be worth considering measuring the progress of the combustion directly so as to improve the performance and hence reduce the formation of pollutants.

O aparecimento e a propagação de fissuras nos elementos estruturais de uma ponte de aço podem ser resultantes de flutuações de carregamento. Os elementos soldados são suscetíveis ao aparecimento de descontinuidades internas localizadas nas soldas e são bem sensíveis às variações de tensões. A consideração da redistribuição dos esforços entre os elementos da estrutura têm importância relevante no planejamento do custo de recuperação. Desenvolve-se um modelo de análise em vigas de pontes de aço para simulação de abertura de fissuras ocasionadas por carregamento cíclico. Esse modelo considera duas alternativas possíveis para governar a propagação da fissura. A fase inicial é baseada na formulação da mecânica da fratura linear elástica a qual é geralmente utilizada na análise de fissuras devido à fadiga em estruturas de aço. O modelo é expandido para consideração dos conceitos de mecânica da fratura elasto-plástico. Durante inspeções de pontes de aço é possível aplicar uma técnica não destrutiva na determinação de variações de freqüências naturais e com esse artifício auxiliar na localização e verificação da amplitude de fissuras. A diminuição da rigidez do elemento estrutural é obtida através de uma técnica inversa. São desenvolvidos algoritmos correspondentes aos modelos simplificados para implementação em microcomputadores, sendo os resultados numéricos obtidos, comparados com as soluções calculadas através de um código de cálculo largamente utilizado em análises numéricas. / Crack formation and growth in steel bridge structural elements may be due to loading oscillalions. The welded elements are liable to internal discontinuities along welded joints and sensible to stress variations. The effort redistribution among the structural elements are very important to evaluate repairing costs. In this work a steel bridge beam model has been proposed to simulate crack openings due to cyclic loads. Two possibilities have been considered to model crack propagation. The initial phase is based on the linear fracture mechanics which is often adopted to analyse fracture formation in steel structure due to fatigue. The model is extended to incorporate elastoplastic fracture mechanic concepts. For steel bridge inspections, it is possible to adopt a non destructive technique to quantify the structure eigenvalue variation that will be used to help the localisation and size evaluation of the grown fracture. The structural element stiffness reduction is obtained by inverse analysis. The corresponding numerical algorithms to be implemented in microcomputers are proposed for those simplified models. Numerical results obtained by applying those developed codes are compared with the solutions achieved by using other well known computer software.

La thermographie infrarouge est une méthode largement employée pour la caractérisation des propriétés thermophysiques des matériaux. L’avènement des diodes laser pratiques, peu onéreuses et aux multiples caractéristiques, étendent les possibilités métrologiques des caméras infrarouges et mettent à disposition un ensemble de nouveaux outils puissants pour la caractérisation thermique et le contrôle non desturctif. Cependant, un lot de nouvelles difficultés doit être surmonté, comme le traitement d’une grande quantité de données bruitées et la faible sensibilité de ces données aux paramètres recherchés. Cela oblige de revisiter les méthodes de traitement du signal existantes, d’adopter de nouveaux outils mathématiques sophistiqués pour la compression de données et le traitement d’informations pertinentes. Les nouvelles stratégies consistent à utiliser des transformations orthogonales du signal comme outils de compression préalable de données, de réduction et maîtrise du bruit de mesure. L’analyse de sensibilité, basée sur l’étude locale des corrélations entre les dérivées partielles du signal expérimental, complète ces nouvelles approches. L'analogie avec la théorie dans l'espace de Fourier a permis d'apporter de nouveaux éléments de réponse pour mieux cerner la «physique» des approches modales.La réponse au point source impulsionnel a été revisitée de manière numérique et expérimentale. En utilisant la séparabilité des champs de température nous avons proposé une nouvelle méthode d'inversion basée sur une double décomposition en valeurs singulières du signal expérimental. Cette méthode par rapport aux précédentes, permet de tenir compte de la diffusion bi ou tridimensionnelle et offre ainsi une meilleure exploitation du contenu spatial des images infrarouges. Des exemples numériques et expérimentaux nous ont permis de valider dans une première approche cette nouvelle méthode d'estimation pour la caractérisation de diffusivités thermiques longitudinales. Des applications dans le domaine du contrôle non destructif des matériaux sont également proposées. Une ancienne problématique qui consiste à retrouver les champs de température initiaux à partir de données bruitées a été abordée sous un nouveau jour. La nécessité de connaitre les diffusivités thermiques du matériau orthotrope et la prise en compte des transferts souvent tridimensionnels sont complexes à gérer. L'application de la double décomposition en valeurs singulières a permis d'obtenir des résultats intéressants compte tenu de la simplicité de la méthode. En effet, les méthodes modales sont basées sur des approches statistiques de traitement d'une grande quantité de données, censément plus robustes quant au bruit de mesure, comme cela a pu être observé. / Infrared thermography is a widely used method for characterization of thermophysical properties of materials. The advent of the laser diodes, which are handy, inexpensive, with a broad spectrum of characteristics, extend metrological possibilities of infrared cameras and provide a combination of new powerful tools for thermal characterization and non destructive evaluation. However, this new dynamic has also brought numerous difficulties that must be overcome, such as high volume noisy data processing and low sensitivity to estimated parameters of such data. This requires revisiting the existing methods of signal processing, adopting new sophisticated mathematical tools for data compression and processing of relevant information.New strategies consist in using orthogonal transforms of the signal as a prior data compression tools, which allow noise reduction and control over it. Correlation analysis, based on the local cerrelation study between partial derivatives of the experimental signal, completes these new strategies. A theoretical analogy in Fourier space has been performed in order to better understand the «physical» meaning of modal approaches.The response to the instantaneous point source of heat, has been revisited both numerically and experimentally. By using separable temperature fields, a new inversion technique based on a double singular value decomposition of experimental signal has been introduced. In comparison with previous methods, it takes into account two or three-dimensional heat diffusion and therefore offers a better exploitation of the spatial content of infrared images. Numerical and experimental examples have allowed us to validate in the first approach our new estimation method of longitudinal thermal diffusivities. Non destructive testing applications based on the new technique have also been introduced.An old issue, which consists in determining the initial temperature field from noisy data, has been approached in a new light. The necessity to know the thermal diffusivities of an orthotropic medium and the need to take into account often three-dimensional heat transfer, are complicated issues. The implementation of the double singular value decomposition allowed us to achieve interesting results according to its ease of use. Indeed, modal approaches are statistical methods based on high volume data processing, supposedly robust as to the measurement noise.