The primary objective of this thesis is to develop a methodology for fast, yet accurate temperature estimation during design space exploration. Power and temperature of modern day systems have become important metrics in addition to performance. Static and dynamic power dissipation leads to an increase in temperature, which creates cooling and packaging issues. Furthermore, the transient thermal profile determines temperature gradients, hotspots and thermal cycles. Traditional solutions rely on cycle-accurate simulations of detailed micro-architectural structures and are slow. The thesis shows that the periodic power estimation is the key bottleneck in such approaches. It also demonstrates an approach (FastSpot) that integrates accurate thermal estimation into existing host-compiled simulations. The developed methodology can incorporate different sampling-based thermal models. It achieves a 32000x increase in simulation throughput for temperature trace generation, while incurring low measurement errors (0.06 K- transient,0.014 K- steady-state) compared to a cycle-accurate reference method. / text

Les composants HEMTs (High Electron Mobility Transistors) à base d’AlGaN/GaN sont à ce jour les candidats les plus prometteurs pour des applications hyperfréquences de puissance, dû essentiellement à leur forte densité de porteurs et des mobilités électroniques élevées. Cependant, la température générée en condition réelle est un paramètre capital à mesurer, afin d’estimer précisément la fiabilité des composants et leur durée de vie. Pour ces raisons, nous avons comparé les méthodes de caractérisation thermique par thermoréflectance et par spectroscopie Raman car elles sont non destructives et avec une résolution spatiale submicronique. Ces techniques ont déjà prouvé leur faisabilité pour la caractérisation thermique des transistors, en modes de fonctionnement continu et pulsé. Nous comparons dans cette étude leurs adaptabilité et performance dans le cadre de la réalisation d’un banc d’essai thermique dédié. Ces méthodes sont reconnues pour ne caractériser que certaines catégories de matériaux : les métaux pour la thermoréflectance et les semiconducteurs pour la spectroscopie Raman, ce qui nous a conduit à l’éventualité de les combiner. Nous avons confronté des résultats obtenus par thermoréflectance à partir des équipements de deux fabricants commercialisant cette méthode, nous permettant ainsi de mettre en évidence des résultats originaux sur des aspects et inconvénients qui ne sont pas relayés dans la littérature. Avec la spectroscopie Raman, nous avons identifié les paramètres de métrologie qui permettent de réaliser un protocole de mesure thermique le plus répétable possible, et nous présentons également une technique innovante pour sonder les matériaux en surface, à l'aide du même équipement, et notamment les métaux. / At the moment, AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (High Electron Mobility Transistors) are the most promising for high-power hyperfrequency applications, essentially due to their large carrier density and a high electronic mobility. However, the temperature generating during operational conditions is a crucial parameter to measure, in order to estimate the reliability and durability of components. For these reasons, we compared thermoreflectance and Raman spectroscopy, that are non-destructive and possessing a submicronic spatial resolution. These techniques have already proven their feasibility as thermal characterization methods in both continuous wave and pulsed operational modes. We compare here their adaptability and performance to the conception of a thermal test bench. These methods are known for characterizing specific types of material: metals for thermoreflectance and semiconductors for Raman spectroscopy, leading us to the eventuality to combine them. We compared several results measured by thermoreflectance method with equipment from two different manufacturers that commercialize this technology, so we could highlight some aspects and drawbacks that are note relayed in the literature. With Raman spectroscopy, we identified metrology parameters allowing to realize a thermal measurement setup as reproducible as possible, and we also present an innovative method to probe surface material, especially metals.

For semiconductor processors temperature increases leakage current, which in turn in- creases the temperature of the processor. This increase in heat is seen by other parts of the processor since heat is diffusive across a processor die. In this way, cores are thermally coupled to one another such that when the temperature of one core increases, the temperatures of all cores on the same die can also increase. This increase in temperature and power consumption is not accompanied by any increase in performance. Cores on a chip can also be performance coupled to one another since cores can share data between them. These interactions between cores present new challenges to microarchitects who seek to optimize the energy consumption of a chip multiprocessor (CMP) comprised of multiple symmetric or asymmetric processing cores. This thesis seeks to understand and model the impact of thermal coupling effects between adjacent cores in a chip multiprocessor starting with measurements with a commercial multi-core processor. The hypothesis is that the thermal coupling of compute cores will be influenced by the adjacent core’s performance characteristics. Specifically, we expect thermal coupling is related to the nature of the workloads, e.g. compute intensive workloads will increase coupling over memory intensive workloads. However, we find that simpler parameters such as frequency of operation have more impact on coupling behaviors than the workload behaviors such as memory intensity or instruction retirement rates. A model is developed to capture thermal coupling effects and enable schemes to mitigate its impact.

Submitted by Lilian Danielle de Moura Torquato null (litorquato.ibilce@gmail.com) on 2016-12-19T19:48:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ L.D.M. Torquato (12-12-2016)_DEFINITIVA.pdf: 6366289 bytes, checksum: b0113724fd68a4c4328ce9913a55d99b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-21T11:15:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 torquato_ldm_dr_araiq.pdf: 6366289 bytes, checksum: b0113724fd68a4c4328ce9913a55d99b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T11:15:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 torquato_ldm_dr_araiq.pdf: 6366289 bytes, checksum: b0113724fd68a4c4328ce9913a55d99b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do emprego de lodo anaeróbio, originados pelo processo de tratamento de efluentes sanitários, como biomassa para a geração de energia, o qual foi realizada por diferentes processos de conversão: por combustão, sendo este resíduo aplicado isoladamente ou co-processados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar; por digestão anaeróbia, aplicando-o como inóculo para a produção biológica de hidrogênio. No processo termoquímico, avaliou-se o desempenho térmico e cinético das biomassas citadas, bem como de suas misturas (“blendas”) em diferentes proporções. Os estudos demonstraram que as blendas, apesar da influência das biomassas precursoras, apresentaram propriedades térmicas distintas destas durante o processo de combustão e dependentes da razão de aquecimento empregadas. Em termos de conteúdo energético, inerentemente, o poder calorífico das blendas cresce com a quantidade de bagaço adicionado, que contribui para o aumento da reatividade destes materiais durante a devolatilização. Entretanto, para a combustão em grande escala, a adição de 75% de bagaço ao lodo não se mostrou viável, por levar ao aumento da energia de ativação (Ea) durante o processo. Por outro lado, apesar de necessitar de maior Ea inicialmente, o lodo demonstrou maior estabilidade ao longo do processo, sugerindo sua capacidade de manter o mesmo rendimento por maior tempo. Os estudos preliminares de emissões gasosas demonstraram um perfil inesperado para a blenda com maior proporção de bagaço, o qual pode ser um reflexo dos resultados obtidos durante a caracterização térmica das biomassas avaliadas. Quanto à abordagem bioquímica, foram realizados ensaios voltados à geração de H2 por meio da digestão anaeróbia, empregando o lodo como inóculo e, como substrato, meio de cultura sintético e efluentes da indústria de processamento de frutas cítricas (a água residuária e a vinhaça citrícola). Este estudo demonstrou a potencialidade de ambos os efluentes citrícolas como substratos, bem como reiteraram a viabilidade de aplicação prática do lodo de esgoto LG para a produção biológica de H2, a qual já havia sido comprovada em meio sintético, inclusive em concentrações crescente de sacarose. Este inóculo apresentou maior potencial biológico quando comparado a amostras de lodo de diferentes sistemas de tratamento de efluentes da região de Araraquara. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvido um método termogravimétrico para a análise imediata de biomassas (umidade, materiais voláteis, carbono fixo e cinzas), no qual foi possível a avaliação de todas as referidas propriedades em uma única medida, realizada em um tempo consideravelmente mais curto em relação a métodos padrão. O método desenvolvido foi validado e aplicado a diferentes tipos de biomassas, demonstrando ser preciso mesmo quando aplicado a uma matriz complexa, como o lodo de esgoto. Em todos os estudos, ficou clara a importância da análise térmica para a caracterização destes resíduos quando se propõe sua aplicação energética, haja visto que fornece parâmetros que servem de base à compreensão dos fatores preponderantes para a futura implantação destes em processos em larga escala. As informações fornecidas por este trabalho certamente podem contribuir para agregar valor a materiais outrora tidos como rejeitos, promovendo-os a fontes potenciais de energia (biomassa) renovável e até mesmo limpa (H2), com alta disponibilidade e custo reduzido. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the anaerobic sludge generated by the treatment of sanitary effluents, as biomass for power generation, which was carried out by different conversion processes: combustion, by applying this residue single or co-processed with sugar cane bagasse; anaerobic digestion, by applying sludge as inoculum for the biological production of hydrogen. In the thermochemical process, the thermal and kinetic performance of the related biomasses, as well as of their mixtures ("blends") were evaluated in different proportions. The studies showed that the blends had different thermal properties during combustion process despite the influence of the precursor biomass, which dependes on the heating rate employed. In terms of energy content, inherently, the heating value of the blends increases as increases the amount of bagasse, which contributes to increase the reactivity of these materials during devolatilization. However, for large-scale combustion, the addition of 75% of bagasse to the sludge was not feasible, since it results in a increase of the activation energy (Ea) during the process. On the other hand, despite the need for a greater input of Ea, the sludge showed greater stability throughout the process, suggesting its capacity to maintain the same yield for a longer time. Preliminary studies of gaseous emissions showed an unexpected profile for the blend with the highest bagasse ratio, which may be a reflection of the results obtained during the thermal characterization of the evaluated biomasses. Regarding the biochemical approach, tests were performed to generate H2 by anaerobic digestion, using sludge as inoculum and, as substrate, synthetic medium and effluents from the citrus processing industry (the wastewater and the citrus vinasse). This study demonstrated the potential of both citrus effluents as substrates, as well as reaffirm the feasibility of practical application of LG sewage sludge to the biological production of H2, which have already been proven in synthetic medium, even in increasing concentrations of sucrose. This inoculum presented higher biological potential when compared to sludge samples from different effluent treatment systems of the region of Araraquara. In parallel, a thermogravimetric method was developed for the proximate analysis of biomasses (moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash), which enables the direct evaluation of all these properties in a single measurement, carried out in a considerably shorter time in relation to standard methods. The developed method was validated and applied to different types of biomass, showing to be accurate even when applied to a complex sample as sewage sludge. In all studies, it became clear the importance of thermal analysis for the characterization of these residues when it is proposed their energetic application, given that it provides parameters that serve as a basis for the understanding of the prevailing factors for the future application of these materials in large scale processes. The information provided by this work can certainly contribute to add value to materials once considered as tailings, turning them into potential sources of renewable and even clean energy (H2), with high availability and low cost.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work proposes the thermal characterization of an opaque solid using the Flash Method as an estimation technique of thermophysical properties. Thermal characterization corresponds to the identification of heat transfer properties. The properties that most interest among researchers are: specific heat, thermal capacity, conductivity and thermal diffusivity. The characterization techniques have been evolving in parallel with the rise of new materials, as well as the necessity and accuracy of the intrinsic characteristics of each one. The use of the equations of heat and mass transfer is subject to the availability of data on the intrinsic characteristics of the materials involved, the thermophysical properties in particular. Estimates of energy exchange can be performed from the values of density, thermal diffusivity, specific heat and thermal conductivity of materials. In this context, there are countless failures in thermal projects by the unavailability of reliable data of thermodynamic and transport properties of the studied object. It is proposed in this research a numerical analysis, comparing it with experimental data on thermal characterization. Among the available experimental techniques, a transient pulse method was chosen, in particular, the Flash method, universally recognized for its accuracy and easy usage. Results are presented in terms of thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and specific heat. / Este trabalho propõe a caracterização térmica de um sólido opaco utilizando o Método Flash como técnica de estimação de propriedades termofísicas do mesmo. A caracterização térmica de materiais corresponde à identificação das propriedades de transporte de calor. As propriedades que despertam maior interesse entre os pesquisadores são: calor específico, capacidade térmica, condutividade, e difusividade térmica. As técnicas de caracterização vêm evoluindo paralelamente com o surgimento de novos materiais, assim como, a necessidade e a precisão das características intrínsecas de cada um. O uso das equações de transferência de calor e massa é condicionado à disponibilidade de dados sobre as características intrínsecas dos materiais envolvidos, em particular das propriedades termofísicas. Estimativas de trocas energéticas podem ser realizadas a partir dos valores de massa específica, difusividade térmica, calor específico e condutividade térmica do objeto de estudo. Neste contexto, inúmeros são os fracassos em projetos térmicos pela não disponibilidade de dados confiáveis das propriedades termodinâmicas e de transportes dos materiais. Propõe-se nesta pesquisa uma análise numérica, comparando-a com os dados obtidos experimentalmente na caracterização térmica. Entre as técnicas experimentais disponíveis, um método transiente de pulso, foi escolhido, em particular, o Método Flash, universalmente conhecido pela sua precisão e facilidades de uso. Os resultados serão apresentados em termos da difusividade térmica, da condutividade térmica e calor específico.

No description available.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la caractérisation thermique à l’échelle micrométrique d’un alliage à base de tellure lorsque ce matériau se trouve à l’état fondu, à haute température. À cette fin, une cellule innovante d’emprisonnement du matériau fondu a été conçue, et mise en place. Des structures de tellure au volume du microlitre ont été déposées sur un substrat de silicium et recouverts par la suite d’une couche de protection capable de les emprisonner dans une matrice : silice amorphe et alumine amorphe. La technique de la Radiométrie Photothermique Modulée a été utilisée pour étudier les propriétés thermiques de ce type de cellules et de ces constituants. La résistance thermique de dépôt a été ainsi estimée en utilisant un modèle d’étude des transferts de la chaleur utilisant le formalisme des impédances thermiques. Ceci nous a permit dans le cas de l’alumine amorphe de déterminer sa conductivité thermique et la résistance thermique de contact avec le substrat jusqu’à 600°C. Un long processus de conception, de mesure et d’analyse a été nécessaire afin d’obtenir une cellule capable de résister aux contraintes des hautes températures. À l’heure actuelle seule la caractérisation thermique jusqu’à 300°C a été possible à cause de l’instabilité mécanique de ce dépôt hétérogène. Ceci a été confirmé par des caractérisations physico-chimiques par techniques XRR, XRD et SEM. / This thesis is devoted to the thermal characterization of molten materials, namely chalcogenide glass-type tellurium alloys, at the micrometer scale. An experimental setup of Photothermal Radiometry (PTR), formerly developed for solid state measurements, has been adapted for this purpose. Using MOCVD technique, a random lattice of sub-micrometric tellurium alloy structures is grown on a thermally oxidized silicon substrate. These structures are then embedded in a protective layer (silica or alumina) to prevent evaporation during melting. Measurements are then performed from room temperature up to 650°C. SEM and XRD measurements performed after annealing show that these samples withstand thermal stress only up to 300°C. The coating’s thermal boundary resistance is estimated by a heat transfer model based on the thermal impedance formalism. Moreover, the thermal conductivity and thermal boundary resistance of thin amorphous alumina by low temperature ALD are measured from the room temperature to 600°C.

Les matériaux composites sont largement utilisés dans l'industrie en raison de leur bonne tenue mécanique et de leur faible densité. La diversité des domaines d’application des matériaux composites donne lieu à une grande variété de modes de sollicitation et d’endommagement. De ce fait, l’évaluation de leurs propriétés et le contrôle de leur état présentent un grand intérêt industriel. Dans ce travail, une nouvelle méthode d’évaluation et de contrôle non destructif dite par sonothermographie est explorée. Cette méthode est basée sur l'analyse du champ thermique induit par des ondes ultrasonores de puissance dans les matériaux absorbants tels que les composites. Deux applications complémentaires sont étudiées, d’une part l’évaluation des propriétés thermiques du matériau et d’autre part le contrôle non destructif de structures par thermographie infrarouge. Dans ce cadre, le problème direct de la sonothermographie est résolu numériquement à partir d’un modèle par éléments finis. Ce modèle permet de simuler le champ thermique induit par la propagation d’ondes ultrasonores dans un matériau absorbant dont les propriétés sont connues. Les simulations réalisées permettent de montrer l’applicabilité de la sonothermographie à la détection de défauts. Une nouvelle approche de caractérisation thermique est également développée. Cette approche basée sur la formulation faible de l’équation de conduction de la chaleur permet une estimation robuste de la diffusivité thermique du matériau à partir du champ thermique induit par les ondes ultrasonores de puissance. Des résultats expérimentaux sont présentés pour le cas de plaques minces. / The composite materials are widely used in industry because of their high mechanical resistance and low density. The diversity of composite materials application fields gives rise to a large variety of solicitation and damage conditions. For this reason, the evaluation of their properties and their health monitoring are of great industrial interest. In this work, a new method of evaluation and non-destructive testing named sonothermography is explored. This method is based on the analysis of thermal fields induced by ultrasonic waves in absorbent materials such as composites. Two additional applications are studied: the evaluation of the thermal properties of the material and the non-destructive testing of structures by infrared thermography. In this framework, the direct problem of sonothermography is solved numerically using a model based on the finite element method. This model allows to simulate the thermal field induced by the propagation of ultrasonic waves in absorbent material whose properties are known. The simulations carried out show the applicability of the sonothermography for the detection of defects. An innovative approach for thermal characterization is also developed. This approach based on the weak formulation of the heat conduction equation allows a robust estimate of the thermal diffusivity of the material from the thermal field induced by ultrasonic waves. Experimental results are presented for thin plates.

No description available.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’élaboration de matériaux polymères conjugués absorbants dans le proche infra-rouge. Il est issu du projet TAPIR financé par l’ANR dans lequel nous visons le développement de dispositifs d’interface Homme/Machine (IHM) pour des applications dans le secteur de la santé, afin de limiter la propagation des agents pathogènes. Les IHM étant contrôlées avec la main, sans contact, grâce à la réflectivité de la peau, (gamme spectrale 850-950 nm), il faut développer des matériaux absorbant dans cette gamme. Dans ce projet, notre rôle a été de synthétiser la partie active du photodétecteur infrarouge utilisé pour récupérer l’information. Une étude bibliographique et des calculs préliminaires ont permis une sélection judicieuse de différents monomères afin d’assurer une stabilité intrinsèque et obtenir les propriétés d’absorption requises. Différents monomères donneurs (D) et accepteurs (A) ont été combinés afin de synthétiser des copolymères alternés de types (D-A). Deux familles de copolymères absorbants dans le proche infrarouge ont ainsi été synthétisés Tous les copolymères ont été synthétisés via la polycondensation Stille. Leurs propriétés optiques, électroniques et leurs stabilités thermiques ont été étudiées. Par la suite, après avoir confirmé le rôle prépondérant de la force du monomère accepteur, par rapport à celle du donneur, sur les propriétés d’absorptions et les niveaux électroniques des différents copolymères obtenus, nous avons développé une approche originale très peu rapportée dans la littérature. Elle consiste en l’élaboration de copolymères de type (A-A). Ainsi, nous avons synthétisé six copolymères absorbants dans la gamme de longueurs d’onde souhaitée, et même au-delà. Enfin, certains copolymères ont pu être caractérisés en dispositifs OFET et photodétecteurs. / This thesis work focuses on the development of conjugated polymeric materials which absorb in the near infrared. It is the result of the TAPIR project funded by the ANR in which we aim to develop human-machine interface (HMI) devices for applications in the health sector, in order to limit the spread of pathogens. Since HMIs are controlled by hand, without contact, thanks to the reflectivity of the skin (spectral range 850-950 nm), it is necessary to develop materials which ansorb in this range. In this project, our role was to synthesize the active part of the infrared photodetector used to retrieve the information. A bibliographical study and preliminary calculations have allowed a judicious selection of different monomers to ensure intrinsic stability and obtain the required absorption properties. Different donor monomers (D) and acceptors (A) were combined to synthesize alternating copolymers of types (D-A). Two families of copolymers which absorb in the near infrared have been synthesized. All copolymers have been synthesized via Stille polycondensation. Their optical, electronic and thermal properties have been studied. Subsequently, after confirming the predominant role of the strength of the accepting monomer, compared to that of the donor, on the absorption properties and electronic levels of the various copolymers obtained, we developed an original approach that has been reported very rarely in the literature. It consists of the production of copolymers of the type (A-A). Thus, we have synthesized six copolymers which absorb in the desired wavelength range, and even beyond. Finally, some copolymers have been characterized as OFET devices and photodetectors.