Plants have developed a number of ways how to minimise negative influence of the environment. As a consequence of stress action, plants carbohydrate metabolism is quite often influenced, esp. on the level of expression and activities of different enzymes and also several metabolites concentration. One of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism is invertase. The aim of this work was to find out, whether the activity of its isoforms (cytoplasmic, vacuolar and extracellular) in tobacco plants is influenced by Potato virus Y (PVY). It was shown, that activity of cytoplasmic invertase was not affected, but the activity of vacuolar and extracellular isoform was enhanced during potyviral infection. Hence, it is likely, that vacuolar and extracellular invertases are related to plant antiviral defence. The effect of PVY on other enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and several metabolites content was studied. Activity of α-amylase and phosphorylase, starch-degrading enzymes, was strongly enhanced during potyviral infection. That is probably how plant cells get glucose, which is a key source of energy and metabolites for biosynthesis of different compounds. It may also serve as a signal molecule. Activity of other hydrolytic enzymes, β-glucosidase and β-hexosaminidase, was also slightly increased. There was no...

La qualité esthétique d'une plante ornementale est conditionnée par de nombreux critères, et notamment la forme globale de la plante. Celle-ci est le résultat du fonctionnement des bourgeons le long des tiges et de la croissance des rameaux produits. Chez un certain nombre de végétaux, les facteurs environnementaux ont un impact fort sur la construction architecturale de la plante, qui génère cette forme. Ainsi, parmi ces facteurs, la lumière tant en quantité que qualité, peut moduler la capacité des bourgeons à débourrer. Au delà de cette constatation rapportée chez plusieurs espèces, très peu de travaux ont cherché à identifier les mécanismes par lesquels la lumière régule le processus de débourrement. Pour aborder cette question, nous avons lancé des recherches chez plusieurs variétés de rosier-buisson (Rosa sp. L.), en couplant des approches morphologiques, histologiques, biochimiques et moléculaires. Les études ont été menées sur des plantes expérimentales, défeuillées et décapitées au-dessus des trois bourgeons basaux de la tige principale, afin de limiter l'impact des inhibitions corrélatives entre organes, pouvant masquer ou interagir avec les mécanismes du photocontrôle. Nos résultats démontrent un besoin absolu de lumière pour le débourrement chez le rosier. En effet, aucun débourrement n'est observé à l'obscurité chez les six variétés de rosiers étudiées, ce qui n'est pas le cas chez les espèces modèles telles qu'Arabidopsis thaliana, la tomate ou le peuplier. Des expériences de masquage ont permis de montrer que le bourgeon percevait directement le signal lumineux requis pour le débourrement, soulignant ainsi une signalisation courte entre les organes récepteurs (écailles) et les sites de croissance (méristème apical, jeunes feuilles préformées). La lumière, aussi bien en termes d'intensité que de qualité, module le débourrement des bourgeons. Ainsi, de faibles intensités lumineuses (2 +mol.m-2.s-1) sont suffisantes pour permettre la croissance des jeunes feuilles préformées mais pas l'activité organogénique du méristème apical caulinaire. De même, les raies spectrales bleue et rouge clair permettent, contrairement à la lumière rouge sombre, l'induction de ces deux processus. On peut alors s'interroger sur le photocontrôle des processus physiologiques-clés du débourrement. Deux de ces processus ont fait l'objet d'une étude plus approfondie : le métabolisme glucidique et l'expansion cellulaire. Nos travaux montrent que le débourrement obtenu à la lumière est associé à un afflux d'eau et de sucres dans le bourgeon, ainsi qu'à une métabolisation du saccharose en sucres simples : glucose et fructose. La lumière agit en favorisant la transcription de gènes et/ou les activités d'enzymes de dégradation du saccharose que sont l'invertase acide vacuolaire et la saccharose synthase. L'élongation cellulaire est aussi stimulée à la lumière comme le montrent nos mesures en microscopie électronique à balayage. A l'obscurité, ces processus sont réduits ou inhibés n'offrant ainsi pas les conditions de croissance nécessaires au débourrement. L'expression génique d'une expansine, protéine intervenant dans le relâchement de la paroi au cours de l'élongation cellulaire, est ainsi fortement réprimée. En réponse au stress provoqué par l'obscurité permanente, la stimulation de la transcription d'une sorbitol déshydrogénase pourrait prendre le relais du métabolisme glucidique pour contribuer à la survie cellulaire. Nos travaux démontrent ainsi que le photocontrôle du débourrement du bourgeon s'exerce au travers d'au moins deux processus physiologiques: le métabolisme glucidique et l'élongation cellulaire. Au regard de nos résultats et de ceux de la bibliographie, nous proposons un modèle du contrôle par la lumière du débourrement.

Microbes live in complex environments where competitive and cooperative interactions occur that dictate their success and the status of their environment. By furthering our understanding of the interactions between microbes, questions into the evolution of cooperation, disease virulence and biodiversity can be addressed. This will help develop strategies to overcome problems concerning disease, socioeconomics and conservation. We use an approach that combines evolutionary ecology theory with genetics and molecular biology to establish and develop model microbial ecological systems to examine feeding strategies, in what has been termed synthetic ecology. Using the model fungal plant pathogen system of rice blast disease, we generated less virulent gene deletion mutants to examine the sociality of feeding strategies during infection and test a nascent virulence reduction strategy based on competitive exclusion. We revealed that the success of the pathogen is unexpectedly enhanced in mixed strain infections containing the virulent wild-type strain with a less virulent gene deletion mutant of the metabolic enzyme invertase. Our finding is explained by interference between different social traits that occur during sucrose feeding. To test the generality of our result, gene deletion mutants of putative proteases were generated and characterised. We found that if virulence related genes acted ‘privately’, as predicted by social theory, the associated mutants would not make viable strains to use for this virulence reduction strategy by competitive exclusion. Our study then went on to study the fitness of digesting resources extracellularly, as many microbes do, given that this strategy is exposed to social exploitation by individuals who do not pay the metabolic costs. This was investigated by developing an experimental system with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Though internalising digestion could suppress cheats, the relative fitness of opposing strategies was dependent upon the environmental and demographic conditions. Using this polymorphic system, the influence of competitors on the stability of cooperation, and the influence of cheats on the maintenance of diversity were assessed. To test the fitness of internal versus external digestion in a more natural setting, we generated an internally digesting strain of the rice blast fungus. In addition to suppressing cheats, the strain had enhanced fitness and virulence over the wild-type. We propose that this is caused by a shift in a trade-off between yield and rate. We show how a synthetic ecology approach can capture details of the biology underlying complex ecological processes, while having control over the factors that drive them, so that the underlying mechanisms can be teased apart.

Plant invertases are a class of proteins that have enzymatic function in cleaving sucrose to fructose and glucose. Cell wall invertase, located on the exterior of the cell wall of plant cells, plays a key role in the unloading of sucrose from the apoplast to the sink tissues. Cell wall invertase interacts with an inhibitor, cell wall invertase inhibitor, post-transcriptionally to regulate its activity. The inhibitor is constitutively expressed in pollen development, early developing seeds, and senescing leaves: indicative of sucrose allocation being a limiting factor at these stages of development. We introduced algal bicarbonate transporters LCIA/CCP1 to Camelina sativa for the purpose of increasing photosynthetic capacity. The bicarbonate transporters concentrate CO2 at RuBisCO by pumping CO2 in the form of bicarbonate through the membrane, then converting it back to CO2 at RuBisCO, increasing CO2 concentration. Results from these plants have shown an increase in seed number, but not seed mass, along with a faster rate of maturity and senescence. This is indicative of acclimation to high CO2 conditions, resulting from insertion of the bicarbonate transporters. RNA sequencing was performed and a putative invertase inhibitor was recognized as being expressed in the transgenic C. sativa but not in the wild type. Our strategy is to knock out two invertase inhibitors using induced RNA silencing, dramatically altering sucrose allocation into developing seeds and resulting in an increase in seed biomass. It is the aim of this research to increase the biomass of C. sativa seeds in order to increase its effectiveness as an agent to create sustainable biofuels.