Thesis--American University. / Typescript. NOT AVAILABLE FOR INTERLIBRARY LOAN. Diss. Abstracts: 40: 984 A, August, 1979. -- -- Copy 2: Microfilm. University Microfilms order #7916858. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-165).

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Foreign direct investment is generally welcomed and sought after by developing countries such as South Africa and seen as an important vehicle to raise capital and promote growth. This h as also been recognised by the South A frican government that indicated that foreign direct investment (FDI) has been identified as a requirement in their fight against poverty and to fuel development. South Africa, unfortunately has not been able to attract significant and sustainable amounts of FDI and has been identified by Unctad World Investment Report (2004: 14) as a country that is performing under its potential in attracting FDI. Other countries in Africa like Nigeria seem to be able to consistently attract more FDI while they are less competitive and politically less stable than South Africa. This study seeks to explore the reasons for this disparity in FDI flows with special reference toN igeria a nd South Africa, to assess t he difference inc ompetitiveness between the two countries, to asses the impact of this on FDI flows and to analyse and compare the reasons for FDI in South Africa and Nigeria utilising certain Unctad and WAIPA criteria. The conclusion is that multinational companies are profit seeking and that they will take on considerable risk (such as political instability for example) if the returns are high enough. Nigeria is attracting mostly resource-seeking FDI to its rich oil sector through multinational oil companies that have the technology and capability to extract the oil economically. This is happening regardless of the fact that the country's infrastructure and institutions are weak, widespread violence and political instability is at the order of the day, Nigeria has a small economy (and hence a small market) and is plagued by high levels of corruption. South Africa in contrast, while also having natural resources has attracted mainly market-seeking FDI. The South African markets however are not particularly big when compared to other first world countries and these FDI flows are not sustainable. South Africa would need to concentrate on becoming more efficient if it wants to attract more FDI but will be competing with other countries like Malaysia, India and Eastern Europe in the process that proves to be a challenge currently. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkelende lande soos Suid-Afrika verwelkom en soek oor die algemeen direkte buitelandse belegging en dit word beskou as 'n belangrike manier om kapitaal te bekom en groei te bevorder. Hierdie beskouing word ook gehandhaaf deur die Suid- Afrikaanse regering wat aangedui het dat direkte buitelandse belegging identifiseer is as 'n vereiste vir die stryd teen armoede en om ontwikkeling te bevorder. Ongelukkig het Suid-Afrika nog nie daarin geslaag om beduidende en standhoudende hoeveelhede direkte buitelandse belegging te lok nie en is deur die Unctad World Investment Report (2004:14) identifiseer as 'n land wat onderpresteer met betrekking tot sy vermoë om direkte buitelandse belegging te lok. Ander lande in Afrika, soos Nigerië, blyk in staat te wees om deurlopend meer direkte buitelandse belegging te lok, terwyl hulle minder kompeterend en polities minder stabiel is as Suid-Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die redes vir hierdie ongelykheid in die vloei van direkte buitelandse belegging te ondersoek met spesifieke verwysing na Nigerië en Suid-Afrika, om die verskille in kompeterendheid tussen die twee lande te oorweeg, om die impak hiervan op die vloei van direkte buitelandse belegging te ondersoek en om die redes vir direkte buitelandse belegging in Suid-Afrika en Nigerië te analiseer en te vergelyk met behulp van sekere van die Unctad en WAIPA kriteria. Die slotsom is dat multinasionale maatskappye winste najaag en dat hulle aansienlike risiko's sal neem (bv. politiese onstabiliteit), as die opbrengste hoog genoeg is. Nigerië lok meestal hulpbron-gedrewe direkte buitelandse belegging na sy ryk oliesektor deur internasionale oliemaatskappye wat beskik oor die tegnologie en kapasiteit om die olie ekonomies te ontgin. Dit gebeur ongeag die feit dat die land se infrastruktuur en organisasies swak is, wydverspreide geweld voorkom, politieke onstabiliteit aan die orde van die dag is, Nigerië 'n klein ekonomie (en dus 'n klein mark) het en geteister word deur hoë vlakke van korrupsie. In teenstelling hiermee het Suid-Afrika, wat ook oor natuurlike hulpbronne beskik, hoofsaaklik mark-gedrewe direkte buitelandse belegging gelok. Die Suid-Afrikaanse markte is egter nie eintlik groot nie as dit vergelyk word met ander eerstewêreldlande nie en hierdie vloei van direkte buitelandse belegging is nie volhoubaar nie. Suid-Afrika sal daarop moet konsentreer om meer effektief te word as hy meer direkte buitelandse belegging wil lok, maar sal moet meeding met ander lande soos Maleisië, Indië en Oos-Europa in 'n proses wat tans 'n uitdaging blyk te wees.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to compare the potential for foreign direct investment (FDI) in Angola and Nigeria. The investment criteria of WAIPA (World Association for Investment Agencies) and UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) were used as framework for comparison. FDI is of great importance to developing countries in as far as the inflow of foreign capital to host countries, transfer of knowledge and technology takes place thereby strengthening the economy of host countries to compete in the global economy. The point of departure was that Angola and Nigeria do not meet the WAIPAIUNCTAD investment requirements, but yet they receive large amounts of FDI. This reason for these inflows of FDI, was one of the key questions that needed to be answered. The study showed that both Angola and Nigeria have large oil and natural gas reserves, and that the majority of FDI that they receive, are invested in these sectors. Natural resources are one of the WAIPAIUNCTAD investment criteria. Die conclusion of the study was that Angola and Nigeria do not meet the majority of the investment criteria, and this is also the explanation that there is very little FDI investment outside of the oil sector in these two countries. The most important conclusion is that multi-national companies will invest in countries if conditions are not ideal, but that the returns are higher than the risk associated with the investment. This is the case in Angola and Nigeria with their large oil and natural gas reserves. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie werkstuk is, om die potensiaal vir direkte buitelandse investering (DFI) van Angola and Nigeria te vergelyk. Die investerings kriteria van WAIPA (World Association for Investment Agencies) en UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) is gebruik as vergelykings raamwerk. DFI is van groot belang vir ontwikkelende lande deurdat buitelandse kapitaal in die gasheer land belê word, oordrag van kennis en tegnologie plaasvind en dus daardeur die gasheer land se ekonomie versterk en meer kompeterend maak om in die globale ekonomie te funksioneer. Daar is van die veronderstelling uitgegaan dat Angola en Nigeria nie aan die vereistes voldoen van WAIPA/UNCTAD nie, maar ten spyte daarvan ontvang hierdie lande nog steeds groot bedrae DFI. Die rede vir hierdie verskynsel is een van die kernvrae wat beantwoord moes word deur die werkstuk. Dit blyk uit die werkstuk dat beide Angola en Nigeria oor groot bronne olie en natuurlike gas besit en dat die oorgrote meerderheid van die DFI wat hierdie lande ontvang, in hierdie sektor belê word. Natuurlike hulpbronne is een van die WAIPA/UNCTAD kriteria vir DFI. Die gevolgtrekking van die studie is dat die Angola en Nigerie nie aan die meerderheid van hierdie belegings kriteria voldoen nie, en dat dit die verklaring is dat daar uiters min DFI beleggins buite die olie sektor in hierdie twee lande is. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking is egter dat multi nasionale maatskapye wel in lande sal belê indien die opbrengs op investerings groter is as die risiko verbonde daaraan, soos in die geval van Angola en Nigeria met hul groot olie hulpbronne.

M.Com. (Business Management) / South Africa has for a long time been considered as the gateway into Africa. With the potential Nigeria is showing, it appears that the privilege of this opportunity may soon be diminishing. Nigeria is considered an exciting emerging market because it provides investors with a ready and established market not only because of the huge population size, but also because oil and other natural resources in Nigeria remain critical resources that are a compelling drawcard for foreign investors. It is no coincidence that Nigeria has attracted the most foreign direct investment in Africa, amounting to US$8.9 billion (Ernst & Young, 2012). In undertaking global strategies for global expansion, multinational organisations need to have a firm understanding of the macro, market and micro environment in which they will be entering and operating. These multinationals also need to plan how they will adapt their home country strategy to their host country strategy. Market challenges and positioning the firm in an emerging market are key aspects that need to be investigated, understood and to a certain extent, perfected. The research question posed in this paper addressed the inherent challenges posed to multinational service firms, in particular Ernst & Young (EY), when conducting business operations in Nigeria. The research adopted a qualitative research methodology which allowed the collection of the opinions of senior executives in EY, both in South Africa and in Nigeria, as well as clients of EY in Nigeria. The data collection method employed included digital-recorded in-depth interviews after which the data was analysed through content analysis and from which codes and categories were extracted. The research results pointed to pertinent macro, market and micro challenges facing a professional services firm such as, but not limited to infrastructure support, bureaucracy and the importance of relationships. This case study research provides key information about potential challenges and opportunities facing a professional services firm and links these challenges and opportunities of Nigeria’s macro, market and micro environment with strategic marketing concepts, in particular positioning strategies that an organisation can implement when attempting to position the business for market growth.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / The relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and competitiveness in South Africa and Nigeria was investigated. Existing data available in literature was used to analyse trends with regards to FDI and competitiveness in South Africa and Nigeria over the last 10 years. According to the UNCTAD report (2002) in 1997, FDI in Africa was concentrated on five countries namely, Angola, Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa. Nigeria in the last ten years has consistently outperformed South Africa with regards to the amount of FDI received; yet South Africa outperforms Nigeria on all the competitiveness indices. This has been primarily due to the fact that Nigeria's main source of FDI is the petroleum sector. In Africa 75% of FDI goes into countries endowed with petroleum and mineral resources with very few of these strangling to meet the above list of WAIPA reasons favourable for FDI. The ultimate goal of a nations competitiveness is to increase efficiencies under free and fair market conditions through foreign trade, production and investment. Main results of this study have been the following; • Oil is a major FDI attractor of FDI in Africa, and explains why Nigeria receives more FDI than South Africa. • Although Nigeria does not have a good competitive record relative to South Africa it does however offer competitive fiscal terms to IOC's to explore and exploit the countries abundant petroleum resources. • Oil wealth struggles to filter down to the people of the country, as Nigeria's per capita income remains about fifteen times lower than South Africa's, with its more efficient economy. • This study confirms the fact that many MNC's especially in Africa tend to be driven by resource-seeking opportunities and rather than efficiency seeking opportunities. Unfortunately many of the petroleum exporting countries are unable to use the wealth generated by the petroleum industry to enhance their global competitiveness. The problem is that many countries are not diversified enough and rely extensively on commodities to generate much needed revenue.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Instability in foreign political and social systems, changing power structures in international relations, and growing demands by host countries for a greater control over the operations of multinational enterprises (MNEs) have all led to the necessity of an improved way in which to determine foreign investment opportunities. Not surprisingly therefore, political risk assessment has become one of the fastest growing fields of study. Being concerned with the identification, analysis, management, and reduction of socio-political risks for foreign investors. The focus of this study is that of political risk analysis and the way in which it impacts on investor perception and consequently determines levels of foreign direct investment received by a particular country. Numerous definitions for the term "political risk" exist. Consequently, no specific definition is regarded as being completely correct since consensus still needs to be reached. One of the definitions used within this study is that political risk analysis is the analysis of the possibility that factors caused or influenced by governmental political decisions or other unforeseen events in a country will affect business climates in such a way that investors will lose money or not make as much profit as they expected when the initial decision to invest was made. These factors can be of internal (from inside the host country) or external origin, and can pose macro or micro risks. Foreign Direct Investment in brief is an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control of a resident entity in one economy in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that of the foreign direct investor. This study is a comparative between South Africa and Nigeria. South Africa and Nigeria share many similarities, they are both resource based, African countries. They are both fairly recent democracies, although some may contest the status of Nigeria as being a democracy. They are also both heterogeneous states, both consisting of various ethnic groups. Nigeria offers investors a low-cost labour pool, abundant natural resources, and a large domestic market. However, Nigeria suffers from an inadequate and poorly maintained infrastructure, confusing and inconsistent regulations, endemic corruption, and a lack of confidence in the rule of law. Despite all of this, Nigeria alone accounts for a quarter of FDI flows to Africa. In comparison, South Africa's FDI potential has not been fully exploited. This study will discuss the possible reasons why this is the case. The labour market in both countries and the challenges they face are discussed in depth within this study. Due to the fact that aside from investment, the economic growth within a country is dependent on a variety of factors, the backbone of which is the labour market. In determining levels of risk within both South Africa and Nigeria, this study made use of a political risk model. Although the intention has been to be as accurate and as thorough as possible, it should be noted that as yet, no generalised systematic method of conducting political risk assessment exists. Results, although extensively substantiated, remains the interpretation of the researcher and as such remains open to debate. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onstabiliteit in buitelandse politieke en sosiale stelsels, veranderende mag strukture in internasionale betrekkinge, en die groeiende behoeftes van gasheer lande om meer beheer uit te oefen oor die funksioneering van buitelandse maatskappye het alles gelei na die noodsaaklikheid van 'n beter manier om buitelandse investering te bepaal. Dus is dit nie verbasend dat politieke risiko analise deesdae een van die vinnigste ontwikkelende onderwerpe is wat bestudeer word nie. Politieke risiko analise is belangrik vir die identifikasie, analise, bestuur en vermindering van sosio-politieke risiko vir buitelandse investering. Hierdie studie fokus op die impak wat politieke risiko' analise het met betrekking tot belegger waarneming en hoe dit dan ook moontlik die bedrag van buitelandse investering wat 'n land ontvang, kan bepaal. Daar is verskeie definisies wat die term "politieke risiko" beskryf en gevolglik moet konsensus nog bereik word oor 'n "korrekte" een. Een van die definisies wat in hierdie studie gebruik word is dat politieke risiko die analise is van die moontlikheid dat sekere faktore wat veroorsaak is of wat beïnvloed is deur die regering se politieke besluite, asook ander onvoorspelbare gebeurtenise in 'n land wat die investerings klimaat so kan beïnvloed dat die buitelandse beleggers moontlik geld kan verloor of miskien nie die verwagte winste behaal wat hulle aanvanklik gereken het, sou behaal nie. Hierdie faktore kan of intern (binne die gasheer land) of ekstern van aard wees en kan dus makro of mikro risiko behels. Direkte buitelandse investering in 'n land is 'n belegging wat In lang termyn verhouding insluit en dit reflekteer ook 'n blywende belangstelling en beheer van 'n buitelandse maatskappy in 'n gasheer land in. Hierdie studie is 'n vergelykende studie tussen Suid-Afrika en Nigerië. Suid-Afrika en Nigerië deel baie ooreenkomste. Beide lande is ryk aan natuurlike bronne en beide is nog "jong" demokratiese lande. Sommige mense stem nie saam dat Nigerië wel aan al die vereistes van 'n demokrasie voldoen nie. Suid-Afrika en Nigerië is ook heterogene state wat uit verskeie etniese groepe bestaan. Nigerië bied vir die buitelandse belegger billike arbeid, oorvloedige natuurlike bronne, asook In groot binnelandse mark. Ten spyte hiervan, moet dit ook in ag geneem word dat Nigerië onder onvoldoende en In swak instandhouding van infrastruktuur, wispelturige regulasies, korrupsie en ook In swak regsisteem ly. Ten spyte van al hierdie faktore, ontvang Nigerië In kwart van alle buitelandse investering in Afrika. Suid-Afrika se buitelandse investerings potensiaal in vergelyking met ander lande moet nog ontwikkel word. Hierdie studie sal die moontlike redes vir Suid Afrika se oneksploiteerbare buitelandse investerings potensiaal bespreek. Die arbeidsmark en die uitdagings wat gestel word het In groot invloed op buitelandse investering. Hierdie studie het ten doelom beide lande se arbeidsmark te bespreek en te vergelyk met betrekking tot buitelandse investering. Om die moontlike risiko in altwee lande te bepaal, maak hierdie studie gebruik van In politieke risiko analise model. Die navorser het gepoog om so deeglik en akkuraat as moontlik te wees. Dit moet ook in ag geneem word dat daar nog geen veralgemeende metode van politieke risiko analise ontwikkel is nie.