A braquiterapia de baixas taxas de dose realizada com sementes de 125I tem sido amplamente usada por décadas em variados sítios anatômicos, com bons resultados clínicos. O advento de algoritmos para cálculo de dose baseados em modelos (MBDCAs) permitiu aprimorar oestudo de deposição da dose considerando heterogeneidades como diferentes tecidos, órgãos,aplicadores com composições diferentes da água, proporcionando a análise em geometriascomplexas. As simulações matemáticas realizadas através destes algoritmos possibilitam odesenvolvimento de modelos fisicamente mais acurados que estendem sua aplicabilidade àverificação de sistemas de planejamento em braquiterapia. Neste trabalho foram estudadasconfigurações de objetos simuladores confeccionados para medidas experimentais e simuladosatravés do código MCNP de Monte Carlo a fim de observar as diferenças ocasionadas pelaintrodução de heterogeneidades quando presentes fontes de 125I de baixa taxa de dose. Para estepropósito, distintas as vertentes do tema foram abordadas, entre elas o estudo da influênciaexercida pelos parâmetros de densidade e composição dos materiais tecido equivalentes. Osresultados obtidos demonstraram que, o efeito que a composição de cada um dos materiaisexerce sobre a deposição de dose é mais expressivo que o efeito de sua densidade. Em outroestudo, foi estabelecida uma relação para estimar, de maneira simples, a dose de atenuação detecidos heterogêneos a partir da aferição ou simulação da dose obtida num objeto simuladorconstituído por PMMA, metodologia que pode ser desenvolvida e implementada na rotina clínica.Para complementação das análises dos estudos dosimétricos com a presença deheterogeneidades, foi realizada a validação da geometria simulada da semente de 125I, onde sereproduziu a metodologia de cálculo dosimétrico presente no TG-43 da AAPM. Além disto, foirealizado o estudo teórico da dependência energética dos dosímetros termoluminescentes paraanalisar a variação de sua resposta conforme a energia. A metodologia desenvolvida para oestudo dos efeitos da heterogeneidade na deposição de dose é recomendada na avaliação desistemas de planejamento computadorizados que possuem algoritmos de cálculo de dosebaseados em modelos, quando utilizadas fontes de 125I com baixa taxa de dose, de forma acontribuir na incorporação de novas estimativas de doses com maior acurácia. / The low dose rate brachytherapy performed with 125I seeds has been widely used for decades in various anatomical sites with good clinical results. The advent of model-based dose calculation algorithms (MBDCAs) allowed improving the study of dose deposition considering patients heterogeneities such as tissues and organs with different compositions, patient contouring, and influence of applicators, providing the analysis in complex geometries. The mathematical simulations performed through algorithms enable the development of models physically much more accurate, extending its applicability to verify brachytherapy planning systems. In this work, different configurations of phantoms were confectioned for experimental studies and simulations using the Monte Carlo MCNP code to observe the differences caused by the introduction of heterogeneities for low dose rate brachytherapy using 125I sources. For this purpose, different aspects of the theme were discussed, among them the influence exerted by the density and composition parameters of the tissue equivalent materials. The results showed that each material composition effect in the dose deposition is more expressive than its density effect. In another study, a ratio was established to estimate the heterogeneous tissues attenuation from the dose measurement or simulation obtained using a PMMA phantom, this methodology can be developed and implemented in the clinical routine. In order to complement the analysis of the dosimetric studies with heterogeneities presence, the 125I seed simulated geometry was validated, showing the reproduction of the calculation methodology present in TG-43 of the AAPM. In addition, the theoretical study of the energy dependence of the thermoluminescent dosimeters was performed to analyze the variation its response according to energy. The methodology developed for the heterogeneity effects study on dose deposition is recommended for the evaluation of planning systems that use model-based dose calculation algorithms for low dose rate 125I sources, in order to contribute to the incorporation of dose estimates with greater accuracy.

A braquiterapia é um tratamento clínico que consiste na aplicação de fontes radioativas seladas em certos tipos de tumores. Atualmente, está em fase de implantação o laboratório para produção de fontes de 125I a fim de nacionalizar a produção de fontes para reduzir os custos na sua aplicação e atender a demanda da população brasileira. A tese defendida neste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um método para o gerenciamento de rejeitos radioativos que serão gerados ao longo da produção dessas fontes. A metodologia aplicada consistiu na criação de etapas de gerenciamento de rejeitos radioativos aplicadas ao 125I que contemplasse o gerenciamento na própria instalação produtora. Os rejeitos radioativos que serão gerados ao longo de todo processo de fabricação das fontes de 125I serão produzidos dentro de três células estanques, localizadas dentro do laboratório. Para cada um dos cenários foram relacionados os rejeitos sólidos, líquidos e gasosos gerados em cada uma das três células de produção. Para rejeitos sólidos e líquidos foram estimados: volume, massa, taxa de entrada no depósito inicial e tempo para liberação em meio ambiente. Para rejeitos gasosos foi estimado: taxa de volatilização do 125I e metodologia para medição dos filtros de carvão ativado. Os resultados apresentados permitem concluir que o laboratório tem condições de realizar o gerenciamento dos rejeitos que produzirá. Implantar um sistema de gerenciamento dentro do próprio laboratório, aperfeiçoará as atividades rotineiras e o licenciamento junto a CNEN. / Brachytherapy is a clinical treatment that consists of the application of sealed radioactive sources in certain types of tumors. The laboratory for the production of 125I sources is currently being implemented in order to nationalize the production of sources to reduce the costs of its application and to meet the demand of the Brazilian population. The thesis defended in this work is the development of a method for the management of radioactive waste that will be generated during the production of these sources. The applied methodology consisted in the creation of steps of management of radioactive waste applied to 125I that contemplated the management in the own production facility. The radioactive wastes that will be generated throughout the manufacturing process of 125I sources will be produced within three sealed cells located inside the laboratory. For each of the scenarios the solid, liquid and gaseous wastes generated in each of the three production cells were related. For solid and liquid wastes were estimated: volume, mass, rate of entry into the initial deposit and time for release into the environment. For gaseous rejects it was estimated: 125I volatilization rate and methodology for the measurement of activated carbon filters. The results presented allow us to conclude that the laboratory is able to perform the management of the wastes it will produce. Implementing a management system within the laboratory, will improve routine activities and licensing with CNEN.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Produtos de fracionamento da Farinha de Soja Desengordurada e Autoclavada foram administrados a ratos para avaliar ação na tireóide, em ensaios desde 7 até 84 dias de duração. Frações de baixo peso molecular, solúveis em água e acetona, quando avaliadas em ensaios agudos, de 24hs ou \"in vitro\", provocaram uma diminuição na captação de I-131. Porém, quando avaliados em rações, em experiências de até 84 dias de duração, mesmo em condições de restrição de iodo, não apresentaram efeito significativo. Por outro lado, identificou-se um fator, associado às frações de alto peso molecular, que induz, já a partir de 14 dias, quando administrado em rações com restrição em iodo, um aumento no peso da tireóide, redução na captação de I131, alterações na Síntese dos hormônios e seus precursores a nível glandular. Em ensaios mais longos (84 dias), provoca uma diminuição de T4 sérico e uma rarefação bastante significativa no colóide do folículo glandular. Por sua vez, a hidrólise de uma das frações de alto peso molecular, por pepsina e pancreatina, não é capaz de inativar a ação desse fator. O seu mecanismo de ação parece ser semelhante ao de substâncias que agem a nível de captação de iodo pela tireóide. / Defatted autoclaved soybean flour presented a water/acetone soluble fraction which is able to depress I-131uptake by rat thyroids tested in 24hs \"in vivo\" or in 3hs \"in vitro\" assays. When this fraction was given to rats in ration with either normal or deficient iodine content for periods from 7 to 84 days no significant action was detected. On the other hand a factor associated to the high molecular weight protein fraction was identified. The factor is active in rats starting from 14 days after ingestion, in rations with low iodine content producing: increase in thyroid weight, lowering of I-131 uptake, alteration on MIT/DIT, T3/T4 ratios and after 84 days of administration a significant reduction of serum T4 and a large decrease of the colloid content of follicle. Hydrolysis by pepsin or pancreatin does not eliminate the observed action. The mechanism of action of this factor seems to the related to a blockage of the iodine uptake.

The freshwater planarian has a great capacity to regenerate and is an ideal animal model in the study of stem cell and regeneration biology. In this study planarian regenerating new tails were exposed to nonlethal doses of Betadine®, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Iodine. Betadine® is a topical antiseptic commonly used in the healthcare setting and may have a detrimental effect on wound healing. PVP is linked to iodine to create povidone-iodine, the active ingredient in Betadine®. Initially, a preliminary test was performed on the worms to determine the nonlethal concentrations of these chemicals . After this nonlethal concentration was determined, tails were amputated and a designated number of worms were placed in the Betadine®, PVP, and Iodine solutions. Spring water was used as a control. This study determined that Betadine® and PVP showed no significant impact on regrowth rate and wound healing in the planarian, while Iodine did.

The design and synthesis of porous materials attracted great attention recently because of their potential use in many fields like clean energy and environmental protection. Herein, we introduced new synthetic approaches for the preparation for porous carbons and organic polymers for selective CO2 and iodine capture application. Regarding CO2 capture application, Two new series of porous carbons (PYDCs) and (TRI-Ps) were synthesized by thermally activating Pyrazole and Triazolo Pyridine monomers respectively using KOH as a catalyst, which leads to porous carbon. PYDCs exhibit high surface area according to Brunauer–Emmett–Tellertheory (SABET = 1266–2013 m2 g−1), high CO2 Isosetric heat Qst(33.2-37.1 kJ/mol) and significantly high CO2 uptakes 8.59mmol g−1 (1bar) at 273k. The reported porous carbons also show significantly high adsorption selectivity for CO2/N2 (128) and CO2/CH4 (13.4) according to Ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) calculation using pure gas isotherms at 298 K. TRI-Ps exhibit high surface area (SABET=1852- 2917 m2 g−1) with a combination of mesoporous and microporous pores. TRI-Ps exhibit CO2 capture capacity of 6.98mmol g−1 at 1 bar and 273K. The development of majority of microporous offered a high CO2 storage capacity to TRI-Ps. High CO2 uptake achieved as a result of preferable pore size, surface area, and high oxygen content and high Qst values. Based on IAST calculation, high CO2/N2 selectivity (113.9) at 298K was achieved. Regarding iodine capture application, two new series of porous organic polymers Benzamidizole Linked Polymers (BILPs) and nitrogen rich porous Polymers (NRPPs) were synthesized and tested. Iodine capture, sorption isotherm and kinetics of adsorption were studied. BILPs exhibit iodine uptake capacity of 227.8 wt.% and 202.8 wt. % for BILP-A and BILP-B respectively. BILP-A shows ability of releasing 95.8% of captured iodine, while, BILP-B released 82.22%. Sorption curves were fitted by Freundlich equation indicating a heterogeneity of adsorption process on the surface. NRPPs exhibit iodine capacity of 192.35 wt.% and 222.35 wt. % for NRPP-1 and NRPP-2 respectively. NRPPs shows ability of releasing the majority of adsorbed Iodine. Sorption curves were fitted by Langmuir equation indicating a heterogeneity of adsorption process on the surface.

The thesis can be divided into two chapters: synthesis and application. The first chapter presents the basis of synthesis. Generally, electronic-deficient aromatic molecules require activation before reacting with metal reagents and then can go coupling reaction. Our lab has developed a new bipyridine coupling method without pre-functionalization of pyridines to the corresponding activated halide or metal forms or using of transition metal catalysts. This new method is quite efficient and advantageous for environmental protection. In second chapter, we synthesized 3,3¡¦-dihydroxy-2,2¡¦-bipyridine -based molecules and the functional groups were modified to investigate its liquid crystal properties. According to analyzing data of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscope (POM) and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), we found that a-3 may possess cubic mesophaes with Im3m symmetry, and a series of d-1~d-3 compounds exhibit mesophase and may be further identified as smectic phase.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-120). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-120). Also available on the Internet.