The Inverse Temperature Crystallization (ITC) and seed-induced method were used to grow high-quality cubic samples within hours using a 1M solution of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) samples. The current-voltage (I-V) hysteresis observed within the MAPbBr3 perovskite sample demonstrates anomalous dependence on scan rate and various preconditioning pulses. We investigate this dependence and the relationship of current-transient with slow migrating ions. The current transients fitted using a bi-exponential decay model produced two distinct time constants t1 = 38.4 s and t2 = 6.49 s associated with migrating ionic species. From the Arrhenius plot an activation energy of Ea = 0.410 associated with migrating Br ions was extracted. Future research is required towards the understanding of I-V hysteresis and the link to ion migration in MAPbBr3 perovskite. / Dissertation (MSc (Physics))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / NRF Funding / Physics / MSc (Physics) / Restricted

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Dans une problématique de réduction des volumes de déchet, l’électro-compression (ou électro-déshydratation) apparaît être une technique efficace pour éliminer une grande partie de l’eau des boues résiduaires urbaines. Cette thèse de doctorat présente différentes contributions à l’étude de ce procédé appliqué à ce type de boues. Un lien entre les données cinétiques et énergétiques est établi par une étude expérimentale à l’échelle du laboratoire. D’autre part, un nouveau modèle relativement simple est proposé pour l’étude et la simulation de l’électro-compression et permet de mettre en avant les phénomènes prépondérants. Enfin, un protocole d’analyse ionique des filtrats et des tranches de gâteaux de boue a permis une étude de la migration des espèces chimiques au cours de l’électro-déshydratation. / In the purpose to reduce waste amount, the electro-dewatering process is a promising technique to efficiently withdraw a large part of the water included in wastewater sludge. This PhD thesis contributes in various ways to the study of this technique. Lab-scale experiments showed correlations between dewatering kinetics and energy consumption of the process. Moreover, a new model, relatively simple, is proposed to study and simulate the process. This model highlights the main phenomena involved in the electro-dewatering. Finally, a study of the migration of chemical species during the dewatering process is carried out thanks to an analytical protocol measuring ions in filtrates and sludge slices.1

The solid-state mesoscopic solar cells (sMSCs) have been developed as a promising alternative technology to the conventional photovoltaics. However, the device performance suffers from the low hole-mobilities and the incomplete pore filling of the hole transport materials (HTMs) into the mesoporous electrodes. A variety of HTMs and different preparation methods have been studied to overcome these limitations. There are two types of sMSCs included in this doctoral thesis, namely solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (sDSCs) and organometallic halide perovskite based solar cells. Two different types of HTMs, namely the small molecule organic HTM spiro-OMeTAD and the conjugated polymer HTM P3HT, were compared in sDSCs. The photo-induced absorption spectroscopy (PIA) spectra and spectroelectrochemical data suggested that the dye-dye hole conduction occurs in the absence of HTM and appears to be of significant importance to the contribution of hole transport. The PIA measurements and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) indicated that the oxidized dye was efficiently regenerated by a small molecule organic HTM TPAA due to its excellent pore filling. The conducting polymer P3HT was employed as a co-HTM to transfer the holes away from TPAA to prohibit the charge carrier recombination and to improve the hole transport. An alternative small molecule organic HTM, MeO-TPD, was found to outperform spiro-OMeTAD in sDSCs due to its more efficient pore filling and higher hole-mobility. Moreover, an initial light soaking treatment was observed to significantly improve the device performance due to a mechanism of Li+ ion migration towards the TiO2 surface. In order to overcome the infiltration difficulty of conducting polymer HTMs, a state-of-the-art method to perform in-situ photoelectrochemical polymerization (PEP) in an aqueous micellar solution of bis-EDOT monomer was developed as an environmental-friendly alternative pathway with scale-up potential for constructing efficient sDSCs with polymer HTMs. Three different types of HTMs, namely DEH, spiro-OMeTAD and P3HT, were used to investigate the influence of HTMs on the charge recombination in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite based sMSCs. The photovoltage decay measurements indicate that the electron lifetime (τn) of these devices decreases by one order of magnitude in the sequence τspiro-OMeTAD > τP3HT > τDEH.