As Indonesian Muslim depictions of Christianity have varied over time, this study is an attempt to provide a brief survey of the Muslim attitudes towards Christianity in modern Indonesia. It will set the stage by first investigating the Muslim depiction of Christianity as found in the seventeenth century works of Nuruddin al-Raniri. It will go on to survey some aspects of Dutch colonial policy concerning Indonesian Islam and will cover Muslim responses to and perceptions of Christian doctrine in the Old Order and New Order periods. Some polemical writings from the two communities produced by such writers as Hendrik Kraemer, F. L. Bakker, A. Hassan, A. Haanie and Hasbullah Bakry will be examined in detail. / This thesis will inquire into the connection between Indonesian Muslims' treatment of Christians, ranging from polemic and suspicion to dialogue and accommodation, and political events which occurred and religio-political policies adopted particularly in the New Order under Soeharto. Furthermore, this thesis will also discuss the works of Mukti Ali and Nurcholish Madjid who in recent years have called for the more objective and positive dialogue leading to practical cooperation between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia.

This study intends to examine a ninth century anti-Christian polemic work written by the great Muslim litterateur al-Jaḥiẓ. The historical background of the treatise is presented within the contexts of the early `Abbasid regime (750-900), the Christian communities of the time, the impact of the translation movement, the rise and development of polemic discourse between Muslims and Christians, and the life and works of al-Jaḥiẓ. The study provides the manuscript background of the letter along with a translation supplemented by the work of Joshua Finkel. The analysis of the work is limited to one section, which reflects al-Jaḥiẓ's most original contribution to antiChristian Muslim polemic. The actual analysis is focused thematically in order to better ascertain al-Jaḥiẓ's portrayal of Christians before his Muslim readers.

This thesis represents the result of a close study of the early Arabic sources concerning the long and violent conflict between Muhammad and the three Jewish tribes of Medina: the B. Qaynuqa, B. al-Nadir and B. Qurayzah. It is discovered that in his actions against these tribes the Prophet was not acting from a simple anti-Jewish bias but in order to protect himself and his community from these potentially very dangerous centers of opposition. Thus the elimination of the Jewish tribes from the oasis is the result of Muhammad's efforts to break up centers of opposition and thereby make secure his own community. In his long struggle with the Jewish tribes Muhammad skillfully isolated the three tribes--from each other as well as from their Arab allies-- and eliminated their dangerous presence one by one, beginning with the weakest of the three tribes. The justifications set forth by Muhammad for actions against the Jews are almost without exception political in nature (although the Jewish opposition was primarily religious in nature), and redress was usually called for under the traditional tribal law. On the rare occasions when the tribal law would not support his actions, Muhammad used revelation as justification.

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie kom voort uit die groeiende behoefte onder Christene in Suid-Afrika om die evangelie aan Moslems te kommunikeer. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is in 'n charismaties-evangeliese teologie, 'n tradisie wat tot op hede nog nie ernstige teologiese aandag aan getuienis teenoor Moslems gegee het nie. Dit gee 'n oorsig oor die herkoms van Suid-Afrikaanse Moslems en konsentreer dan op die uitdaging wat aan Christene gestel word deur die aktiwiteite van Mnr. Ahmed Deedat en die Islamic Propagation Centre International (IPCI). Die ontstaan van die IPCI en die inhoud van hulle openbare debatte en publikasies word eerstens ontleed. Daarna word die programme van drie Christengroepe, wat pertinent op die aktiwiteite van die IPCI reageer, beskryf en geevalueer. In 'n slothoofstuk word riglyne neergele vir 'n alternatiewe benadering teenoor Moslems wat klem le op die plaaslike gemeente en op vriendskapevangelisasie / This study emerges from a growing desire of Christians in South Africa to communicate the gospel to Muslims. The starting point of the study is in a charismaticevangelical theology, a tradition which has not yet given serious theological attention to Christian witness to Muslims. It gives a survey of the origin of South African Muslims and then concentrates on the challenge presented to Christians by the activities of Mr. Ahmed Deedat and the Islamic Propagation Centre International (IPCI). First of all the development of the IPCI and the content of its public debates and publications are analysed. Then the programmes of three Christian groups that have have reacted pertinently to the IPCI are described and evaluated. In a closing chapter some guidelines are given for an alternative approach to Muslims which emphasises the local congregation and f~iendship evangelism / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Sendingwetenskap)

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Les relations intergroupes sont influencées par la manière dont on se perçoit, par la manière dont on perçoit les autres et surtout par la manière dont on pense être perçu. Autrement dit, l'étude de la perception de soi, de la perception sociale et des méta-perceptions est clé à la compréhension des relations intergroupes. Au Québec, la commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodements reliées aux différences culturelles a mis au jour les tensions évidentes qui résultent des relations intergroupes, notamment les groupes religieux. Pourtant, même si la religion de manière générale est un thème qui suscite beaucoup d'intérêt auprès des chercheurs québécois, il y a peu d'études sur la perception de la religion ou des groupes religieux, notamment sur la perception de l'altérité religieuse. Cette recherche vise donc à combler un vide dans le domaine de l'étude de la religion. La littérature montre que la manière dont on pense être perçu, ou la méta-perception est davantage déterminante des relations intergroupes que la perception. Ainsi, cette étude empirique examine la manière dont des universitaires, qui eux-mêmes s'identifient comme chrétiens ou musulmans, perçoivent leur groupe d'appartenance, la manière dont ils perçoivent l'altérité religieuse ainsi que la manière dont ils pensent que les chrétiens et les musulmans sont perçus par la société en général. Cette thèse permet d'obtenir des données concrètes auprès d'acteurs sociaux réels sur les perceptions interreligieuses au Québec, ce qui n'a pas encore été fait. Elle permet d'examiner l'orientation et la nature stéréotypée des perceptions et des méta-perceptions en utilisant surtout des techniques de collecte de données qui privilégient le point de vue des acteurs sociaux interrogés. Nous avons vérifié les hypothèses de la présence de biais de catégorisation et de l'effet de contexte sur les réponses des acteurs. Les résultats montrent que les acteurs chrétiens et musulmans qui ont participé à cette étude sont porteurs de biais de discrimination et d'images stéréotypées, mais que les musulmans sont plus susceptibles d'être victimes de ces biais et des méta-stéréotypes associés à leur groupe d'appartenance. En mettant à jour la nature négative des méta-stéréotypes associés à l'inducteur ± musulmans ¿, cette étude apporte de nouveaux éléments de compréhension aux processus d'inclusion et d'exclusion sociale des membres de la communauté musulmane. Les conséquences de ces résultats ainsi que des propositions de recherches sur l'incidence de la méta-perception négative des musulmans signalés dans ce travail pourront être multiples et significatives.

In the development of Islam in India in the nineteenth century, the impact of the interaction between modernist Muslims and Christian administrators and missionaries can be seen in the writings of three Evangelical Christians on the role of the H&dotbelow;adith and the responses of Indian Muslims. The writings of Sir William Muir, an administrator in the Indian Civil Service, were characterized by European Orientalist methods of textual criticism coupled with the Evangelicals' rejection of Muh&dotbelow;ammad. In his response, Sir Sayyid Ah&dotbelow;mad Khan, an influential Muslim modernist, supported the traditional perception of the H&dotbelow;adith but also initiated a new critical approach. The writings of Thomas P. Hughes and Edward Sell, missionaries with the Church Missionary Society, tended to portray Islam as bound by this body of traditions, with the rejoinders of Sayyid Amir 'Ali and Chiragh 'Ali presenting an increasing rejection of the religious authority of the H&dotbelow;adith and an impassioned defense of Islam.