A sociedade israelense passou por modificações, em especial, na década de 70 que levaram a mudanças políticas e sociais. O escritor Amós Oz, um dos mais destacados do país, aborda em seus textos ficcionais e não ficcionais, as mudanças e alterações refletidas no país. Este trabalho pretende estudar as modificações da década em questão, conforme apresentadas no romance A Caixa Preta de Amós Oz e para isto, são aqui desenvolvidos os seguintes temas: A busca pela identidade nacional, o confronto entre a direita e a esquerda dento do sistema político israelense, o levantamento das semelhanças entre o Estado que busca redefinir sua identidade e o movimento sionista, que procura reencontrar seus objetivos uma vez que o Estado tornou-se realidade, a posição da esquerda israelense e as concepções do grupo pacifista Shalom Achshav, a atuação da direita israelense e a militância do grupo nacionalista Gush Emunim, as diferentes ondas imigratórias para Israel antes e após a proclamação da independência e a absorção das diferentes comunidades de imigrantes, o início dos conflitos étnicos entre as diversas comunidades que formam o mosaico social israelense. Uma análise do livro A Caixa Preta, mostrando como os conflitos étnicos, religiosos e políticos se refletem na obra de Amós Oz, assim como a análise dos personagens e seus comportamentos indicando a ligação entre ficção e realidade no cotidiano israelense completam a segunda parte desta dissertação / The israeli society has gone through some moves, specially on the seventies, that led to political and social changes. The author Amós Oz, a remarkable one in the country, has written in his fictional and non-fictional works about those innovations reflected in the country. This work intends to study the changes in the period above, as shown in the novel Kufsa Chhora (The Black Box) from Amós Oz. Therefore, these themes are here developed: The search for national identity, the confrontation between right and left in the israeli political system, the collecting of the simmilarities between the State, redefining its identity and the sionist movement, that is reshaping its objectives, once the State became a reality, the position of the israeli left wing and the conceptions of the pacifist group Shalom Achshav, the position of the israeli right wing and the militanty of the nacionalistic group Gush Emunim, the different immigratory waves to Israel before and after the proclamation of the State and the absorption of the different communities of immigrants, the beggining of ethnical conflicts among the several communities, which from the israeli social mosaic. We have, here, too, an analisis of the book Kufsa Chhora (The Black Box) showing how ethnical, religious and political conflicts reflect in Amós Ozs work, as well as an analisis of the characters and their behavior to show the liaison between fiction and reality in Israels routine.

O século XX representou para os judeus dispersos pelo mundo uma dupla reviravolta; por um lado, seis milhões deles foram eliminados pela matança ordenada da II Guerra Mundial, na Shoá. Nestes mesmos anos conturbados chegou ao ápice a busca de uma solução territorial e nacional para o povo. Sustentados pelos ideais desenvolvidos e estipulados pelo Sionismo, o movimento que buscou recolocar o povo judeu no antigo solo bíblico e ali tornar a fazer dele uma nação, depois de anos de embates, criou-se o Estado de Israel, o lar nacional dos judeus. A história desta luta e concretização de um sonho foi escrita por autores que baseados em seus ideais e nos da nação, redigiram-na a partir de sua face heróica, conforme o modelo que lhes fora apresentado. Nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, Israel porém presenciou um novo fenômeno cultural e político: o revisionismo histórico. Os historiadores dessa corrente (Avi Shlaim, Ilan Pappé, Simcha Flapan, Benny Morris, Tom Seguev) ao negarem a história oficial que conforme a sua concepção está baseada em mitos sionistas, promoveram uma reescrita da história, o que originou grandes debates na sociedade israelense. Tal fato repercutiu nos mais diversos segmentos do país e, em particular, na literatura, um dos focos desta tese. A obra abordada nesta tese é Roman Russi de Meir Shalev (1988), versão em português A Montanha Azul (2002). No romance A Montanha Azul, o escritor israelense contemporâneo Meir Shalev recria o cotidiano de várias famílias de pioneiros ao longo de três gerações no Vale de Jezreel, na região da Galiléia: a geração dos pais fundadores chegados à Palestina no início do século XX com a 2ª aliá; a geração dos nascidos no ishuv e, portanto, os que ajudaram a fundar o Estado judaico; e a geração nascida após a criação de Israel. A Montanha Azul nos mostra que alguma coisa deu errado, que o sonho não se concretizou em sua totalidade, que tanto esforço em parte desmoronou. A obra sinaliza para o fato de que um povo que renuncia aos seus mitos é responsável por seu próprio declínio. A obra de Shalev foi recebida como sendo anti-sionista, porém na realidade o autor critica às novas gerações que negligenciaram os valores sionistas. Não obstante, o autor aponta uma esperança quando Uri, o sabra rebelde, dá uma nova direção ao Sionismo. Esta tese se propõe a indicar como a reviravolta da história pode ser adequadamente abordada por meio de uma obra ficcional. / The 20th century represented for the Jews scattered around the world a double great change; on one hand, 6 millions of them were killed at the Shoah, the organized II WW massacre. During these same disturbed years, search for a territorial and for a national solution for the Jewish people reached its apex. Supported by ideals developed and stipulated by Zionism, the movement that intended to restore the Jewish people in the ancient biblical soil and transform it into a nation, after years and years of clashes, the State of Israel, Jews’ national home was created. History of this struggle and of the rendering of the dream was written by authors that relied on their own ideals and on those of the nation; they composed it from its heroic face, according to the national model that was presented to them. But in the 80’s and 90’s Israel witnessed a new cultural and political phenomenon: a historical revisionism. These trends’ historians (Avi Shlaim, Ilan Pappé, Simcha Flapan, Benny Morris, Tom Seguev) by denying official history which according to their conception is based in Zionist myths, promoted a rewriting of history, and this caused big debates in Israel’s society. This fact reflected in most sections of the country, particularly in literature, one of the focus of this thesis. The thesis deals with Meir Shalev’s novel Roman Russi (Hebrew original, 1988, Montanha Azul, in the Portuguese version of 2002). In this novel, Israeli writer Meir Shalev (1948) recreates daily life of several pioneers’ families through three generations in Jezreel Valley, Galilee: the generation of founding fathers which arrived to Palestine at the beginning of the 20th century with 2nd aliyah, the generation of native yishuv born, hence those that helped to create the Jewish State and the generation born after the State’s birth. Blue Mountain signalizes that something went wrong, that the dream didn’t come completely true, that such big effort fell partially to pieces. The book points to the fact that a people that renounces to its myths is responsible for its own decline. Shalev’s book was received as an anti-Zionist novel, but as a matter of fact the author censures the new generations that neglected Zionist values. Notwithstanding, the author points to some hope when Uri, the rebel sabra, signals to a new direction in Zionism. This thesis proposes to point out how the complete turning of history can be suitably approached by means of fiction.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the tension between feminism and nationalism in Israel and to investigate the ways by which such discursive currents mark the identities of Israeli women. The specific field of investigation is Israeli theatre, and the identities examined are dramatic characters created by the Israeli playwright Miriam Kainy. Also examined is the character of the playwright herself. Theatre is being observed as a specific field of society in which the position of women can be clarified. What kind of women characters the Israeli theatre produces is therefore a leading question for this study.</p><p>Feminist theories, focusing on gender aspects of power relations, together with the postcolonial perspective, which considers power relations by focusing on ethnicity and geopolitical aspects, provide the theoretical tools. The social constructionist viewpoint is used since it provides an appropriate understanding of important notions for the thesis, such as <i>nation</i> and <i>identity</i>, considering them as constructions created by discourse. The discourses focused upon are the national v. the feminist discourse and theatre is viewed as a discourse mediator, which is why the dramatic text is the object of the analysis. The specific method of analysis is inspired by Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis.</p><p>The main part of the thesis consists of a discursive analysis of five women characters, constructed within a period of about five decades, namely between the 1950s and 1990s. Each one of these characters consists of an articulation which is considered representative of a specific time-relevant discursive struggle between the two discourses in question. One of the central assumptions of the thesis is that the Israeli national identity is thoroughly masculine. The identity problems it has been causing Israeli women since the time of the pioneers until today are clearly illuminated throughout the analysis. The conclusion emphasises that the subjectpositions being introduced by Israeli national discourse, namely the ways of being a <i>New Jew</i>, an Israeli, collide with those introduced by feminist discourse, i.e. ways of being an independent woman subject. Nevertheless, each and every character demonstrates creative ways of transforming the discourses by aiming at a hybrid formation.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the tension between feminism and nationalism in Israel and to investigate the ways by which such discursive currents mark the identities of Israeli women. The specific field of investigation is Israeli theatre, and the identities examined are dramatic characters created by the Israeli playwright Miriam Kainy. Also examined is the character of the playwright herself. Theatre is being observed as a specific field of society in which the position of women can be clarified. What kind of women characters the Israeli theatre produces is therefore a leading question for this study. Feminist theories, focusing on gender aspects of power relations, together with the postcolonial perspective, which considers power relations by focusing on ethnicity and geopolitical aspects, provide the theoretical tools. The social constructionist viewpoint is used since it provides an appropriate understanding of important notions for the thesis, such as nation and identity, considering them as constructions created by discourse. The discourses focused upon are the national v. the feminist discourse and theatre is viewed as a discourse mediator, which is why the dramatic text is the object of the analysis. The specific method of analysis is inspired by Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. The main part of the thesis consists of a discursive analysis of five women characters, constructed within a period of about five decades, namely between the 1950s and 1990s. Each one of these characters consists of an articulation which is considered representative of a specific time-relevant discursive struggle between the two discourses in question. One of the central assumptions of the thesis is that the Israeli national identity is thoroughly masculine. The identity problems it has been causing Israeli women since the time of the pioneers until today are clearly illuminated throughout the analysis. The conclusion emphasises that the subjectpositions being introduced by Israeli national discourse, namely the ways of being a New Jew, an Israeli, collide with those introduced by feminist discourse, i.e. ways of being an independent woman subject. Nevertheless, each and every character demonstrates creative ways of transforming the discourses by aiming at a hybrid formation.

This thesis analyzes the development of the settlement policies of Israel in the West Bank territory by focusing on the incentives of them with factors of change and continuity before and after the peace process. The Six-Day War of 1967 which initiated a new phase in the region with the Israeli occupation of territories in Jordan, Syria and Egypt became an important milestone in Middle East history. Although some of these territories were returned through bilateral talks, the main territory of the Palestinian people remained under occupation, being subjected to Jewish settlement activities. The settlement activities on the West Bank were expanded by all Israeli governments with different incentives until the peace process. The peace process which began in 1993 aimed to form an independent Palestinian state. Among the vital issues related to the final status talks the moratorium on future building of settlements and the Israeli withdrawal from the settlements were delayed. The Camp David Summit in 2000 was overshadowed by the ongoing activities of settlement. In addition to settlement activities, increasing security arrangements following the emergence of Al-Aqsa Intifada brought about the fragmentation of West Bank territories. This study aims to analyze the results of the settlement activities in the West Bank before and after the peace process in terms of an eroding factor for the mutual confidence between the Israelis and Palestinians. The settlement activities will be examined from the pre-state period of Israel within the framework of its unilateral policies until the end of 2005.

O século XX representou para os judeus dispersos pelo mundo uma dupla reviravolta; por um lado, seis milhões deles foram eliminados pela matança ordenada da II Guerra Mundial, na Shoá. Nestes mesmos anos conturbados chegou ao ápice a busca de uma solução territorial e nacional para o povo. Sustentados pelos ideais desenvolvidos e estipulados pelo Sionismo, o movimento que buscou recolocar o povo judeu no antigo solo bíblico e ali tornar a fazer dele uma nação, depois de anos de embates, criou-se o Estado de Israel, o lar nacional dos judeus. A história desta luta e concretização de um sonho foi escrita por autores que baseados em seus ideais e nos da nação, redigiram-na a partir de sua face heróica, conforme o modelo que lhes fora apresentado. Nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, Israel porém presenciou um novo fenômeno cultural e político: o revisionismo histórico. Os historiadores dessa corrente (Avi Shlaim, Ilan Pappé, Simcha Flapan, Benny Morris, Tom Seguev) ao negarem a história oficial que conforme a sua concepção está baseada em mitos sionistas, promoveram uma reescrita da história, o que originou grandes debates na sociedade israelense. Tal fato repercutiu nos mais diversos segmentos do país e, em particular, na literatura, um dos focos desta tese. A obra abordada nesta tese é Roman Russi de Meir Shalev (1988), versão em português A Montanha Azul (2002). No romance A Montanha Azul, o escritor israelense contemporâneo Meir Shalev recria o cotidiano de várias famílias de pioneiros ao longo de três gerações no Vale de Jezreel, na região da Galiléia: a geração dos pais fundadores chegados à Palestina no início do século XX com a 2ª aliá; a geração dos nascidos no ishuv e, portanto, os que ajudaram a fundar o Estado judaico; e a geração nascida após a criação de Israel. A Montanha Azul nos mostra que alguma coisa deu errado, que o sonho não se concretizou em sua totalidade, que tanto esforço em parte desmoronou. A obra sinaliza para o fato de que um povo que renuncia aos seus mitos é responsável por seu próprio declínio. A obra de Shalev foi recebida como sendo anti-sionista, porém na realidade o autor critica às novas gerações que negligenciaram os valores sionistas. Não obstante, o autor aponta uma esperança quando Uri, o sabra rebelde, dá uma nova direção ao Sionismo. Esta tese se propõe a indicar como a reviravolta da história pode ser adequadamente abordada por meio de uma obra ficcional. / The 20th century represented for the Jews scattered around the world a double great change; on one hand, 6 millions of them were killed at the Shoah, the organized II WW massacre. During these same disturbed years, search for a territorial and for a national solution for the Jewish people reached its apex. Supported by ideals developed and stipulated by Zionism, the movement that intended to restore the Jewish people in the ancient biblical soil and transform it into a nation, after years and years of clashes, the State of Israel, Jews’ national home was created. History of this struggle and of the rendering of the dream was written by authors that relied on their own ideals and on those of the nation; they composed it from its heroic face, according to the national model that was presented to them. But in the 80’s and 90’s Israel witnessed a new cultural and political phenomenon: a historical revisionism. These trends’ historians (Avi Shlaim, Ilan Pappé, Simcha Flapan, Benny Morris, Tom Seguev) by denying official history which according to their conception is based in Zionist myths, promoted a rewriting of history, and this caused big debates in Israel’s society. This fact reflected in most sections of the country, particularly in literature, one of the focus of this thesis. The thesis deals with Meir Shalev’s novel Roman Russi (Hebrew original, 1988, Montanha Azul, in the Portuguese version of 2002). In this novel, Israeli writer Meir Shalev (1948) recreates daily life of several pioneers’ families through three generations in Jezreel Valley, Galilee: the generation of founding fathers which arrived to Palestine at the beginning of the 20th century with 2nd aliyah, the generation of native yishuv born, hence those that helped to create the Jewish State and the generation born after the State’s birth. Blue Mountain signalizes that something went wrong, that the dream didn’t come completely true, that such big effort fell partially to pieces. The book points to the fact that a people that renounces to its myths is responsible for its own decline. Shalev’s book was received as an anti-Zionist novel, but as a matter of fact the author censures the new generations that neglected Zionist values. Notwithstanding, the author points to some hope when Uri, the rebel sabra, signals to a new direction in Zionism. This thesis proposes to point out how the complete turning of history can be suitably approached by means of fiction.

A sociedade israelense passou por modificações, em especial, na década de 70 que levaram a mudanças políticas e sociais. O escritor Amós Oz, um dos mais destacados do país, aborda em seus textos ficcionais e não ficcionais, as mudanças e alterações refletidas no país. Este trabalho pretende estudar as modificações da década em questão, conforme apresentadas no romance A Caixa Preta de Amós Oz e para isto, são aqui desenvolvidos os seguintes temas: A busca pela identidade nacional, o confronto entre a direita e a esquerda dento do sistema político israelense, o levantamento das semelhanças entre o Estado que busca redefinir sua identidade e o movimento sionista, que procura reencontrar seus objetivos uma vez que o Estado tornou-se realidade, a posição da esquerda israelense e as concepções do grupo pacifista Shalom Achshav, a atuação da direita israelense e a militância do grupo nacionalista Gush Emunim, as diferentes ondas imigratórias para Israel antes e após a proclamação da independência e a absorção das diferentes comunidades de imigrantes, o início dos conflitos étnicos entre as diversas comunidades que formam o mosaico social israelense. Uma análise do livro A Caixa Preta, mostrando como os conflitos étnicos, religiosos e políticos se refletem na obra de Amós Oz, assim como a análise dos personagens e seus comportamentos indicando a ligação entre ficção e realidade no cotidiano israelense completam a segunda parte desta dissertação / The israeli society has gone through some moves, specially on the seventies, that led to political and social changes. The author Amós Oz, a remarkable one in the country, has written in his fictional and non-fictional works about those innovations reflected in the country. This work intends to study the changes in the period above, as shown in the novel Kufsa Chhora (The Black Box) from Amós Oz. Therefore, these themes are here developed: The search for national identity, the confrontation between right and left in the israeli political system, the collecting of the simmilarities between the State, redefining its identity and the sionist movement, that is reshaping its objectives, once the State became a reality, the position of the israeli left wing and the conceptions of the pacifist group Shalom Achshav, the position of the israeli right wing and the militanty of the nacionalistic group Gush Emunim, the different immigratory waves to Israel before and after the proclamation of the State and the absorption of the different communities of immigrants, the beggining of ethnical conflicts among the several communities, which from the israeli social mosaic. We have, here, too, an analisis of the book Kufsa Chhora (The Black Box) showing how ethnical, religious and political conflicts reflect in Amós Ozs work, as well as an analisis of the characters and their behavior to show the liaison between fiction and reality in Israels routine.

The purpose of this study seeks to uncover the relationship between the political objectives of the primary Palestinian political entities, the methods used by those entities to pursue their goals, and the socio-cultural fluctuation vis-á-vis the acceptability of, and participation in, suicide terrorism that has occured as a result.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines the potential for children to contribute to peacebuilding processes in societies experiencing protracted social conflict. Since the shifting nature of contemporary armed conflict has increased the involvement of civilians, the potential for purely government-brokered peacemaking initiatives to bring about a sustained end to conflict has weakened. As a consequence, effective and permanent cessation to conflict has a better chance of success if a policy of grass-roots peacebuilding is constructed in and around top-level peace agreements. Implementation of track two diplomatic initiatives, particularly using the process of conflict transformation through dialogue encounter, has the potential to encourage a fundamental shift in the perceptions held by opposing groups in conflict, and the eventual total transformation of the conflict itself. … Parallel cultural analyses of Palestinian and Israeli society reveal the role of culture and nationbuilding in protracted social conflict; the effect of these dynamics on the political socialisation of children from both sides; and the extent to which these dynamics produce children who are suitable for participation in peacebuilding initiatives. The dissertation then explores the programs of several key child-orientated peacebuilding organisations currently operating in the sphere of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Through analysis of procedures, outcomes, effectiveness and external societal dynamics, the thesis discusses the various social, economic, cultural and political factors that contribute to the success and limitations of such ventures in Israel/Palestine.

This thesis is focused on the israeli-palestinian conflict, which is an often discussed topic, but especially in the Czech literature the perspective of common people is missing. The main focus will be on family memory and how it transfers within the generations. This will be demonstrated on an analysis of interviews with members of four families (of three generations: grandparent, parent, child) living in the West bank. That is why the method of oral history will be used. The main timeline will be year 1967 which is remembered by the oldest member of the interviewed families. In 1967 the third arab-israeli war took place when Israel defeated Egypt, Syria and Jordan and started occupying the Golan Heights, Sinai peninsula and a large part of the Palestinian territory including the eastern part of Jerusalem. This war caused another exodus of Palestinians and the beginning of building illegal settlements in the West Bank. This event is usually described from the political point of view but little is known about what happened to common people. The point of this thesis is to view this issue from different than official sources and give the topic a new dimension.