Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis undertakes a reappraisal of the Marxist philosopher and revolutionary, Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci has never been as widely discussed in academia as he is today. However, his ubiquity comes at a price. Due to the extensive range of its concerns, the body of thought that has arisen around him in recent times has become too obtuse, unwieldy and diversified to allow us to derive the denominational intellectual essence of its founder. Indeed, what has evolved into a ‘Gramscian school’ in recent times is an oxymoron. Above all, Gramsci’s thought has become distanced from his historical context and applied in greater abstraction. The most clear-cut example of this is his current alignment with postmodern, post-structural and post-Marxist thinkers who tend to weaken both his Marxism and his revolutionism. This goes too far and is methodologically unsound. By adopting a contextual historicist method, my intention is to uncover the ‘real Gramsci’. Gramsci formulated a philosophical and hermeneutic method of interpretation and he applied it, for example, to Marx and contemporary Italian idealism. Once enunciated, this method will be turned back on Gramsci himself throughout the thesis. Gramsci reciprocated with the intellectual, political, economic and, in particular, ‘hegemonic’ matrix of his time and location and this will be examined in order to identify the precise references and meaning of his theoretical formulae. It will be found that, for Gramsci, theory and practice are intimately related and that, in order to liberate the proletariat, Marxism offered by far the best means to link the two. He is thus inextricably tied to the Marxist theoretical paradigm and the practical, Leninist revolutionary problematic of class-consciousness and political struggle. However, he expands profoundly the compass of the inter-linked tradition and produces theoretical refinements that support a particularly humane, progressive, egalitarian and democratic political programme

Ancient sources consistently identify a strong naval element to Roman military activity along the northern frontier from the earliest occupation campaigns to Late Antiquity. This element is formed by four established provincial fleets, the CLASSES BRITANNICA, GERMANICA, PANNONICA and MOESICA. The current understanding of these units, however, is disproportionate to their importance and some current interpretations are in urgent need of revision in view of new archaeological and epigraphic data relevant to the fleets. This study identifies and analyses the main theories and problems in the study of naval activity on the northern frontier on the basis of concrete archaeological and epigraphic evidence. In order to establish a reliable foundation for further research, every site on the northern frontier identified as a fleet base in current research is studied in detail to identify fleet related evidence. These surveys, one for each of the provincial fleets based on the northern frontier, constitute the four main chapters of the thesis. The evidence for each fleet is summarised independently at the end of each chapter to revise current understanding of the respective fleet. The concluding chapter draws on all four of these summaries and reassesses the current understanding of naval power on the northern frontier of the Roman Empire from the 1st-3rd century, highlighting several misconceptions that exist in current scholarship. As such, the study illustrates that there is substantially less evidence for the provincial fleets than is currently being assumed, while the evidence at hand is not being utilized to its full potential. It is shown that literary evidence for naval activity must be treated with far greater care than hitherto anticipated and that a number of difficulties in our understanding of Roman naval activity on the northern frontier are caused by a serious misinterpretation of the term classis. Although the “regular” fleets were evidently far smaller than currently believed and had a far more limited range of operations than assumed, the naval element in Roman military activity on the northern frontier was far more substantial than these four established classes: there is clear evidence not only for the use of ad hoc fleets, created and often requisitioned for specific military campaigns, but also that naval arms were maintained by both legions and auxiliary units. These detachments played a significant role in the control and safeguarding of the Empire’s northern frontier – probably more so than the established fleets, the CLASSES BRITANNICA, GERMANICA, PANNONICA and MOESICA.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.