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A framework for evaluation of iterative learning controlAndersson, Johan January 2014 (has links)
I många industriella tillämpningar används robotar för tunga och repetetiva uppgifter. För dessa tillämpningar är iterative learning control (ILC) ett sätt att fånga upp och utnyttja repeterbarheten för att förbättra någon form av referenseföljning. I det här examensarbetet har det tagits fram ett ramverk som ska hjälpa en användare att kunna untyttja ILC. Det visas handgripliga exempel på hur man enkelt kan avända ramverket. Övergången från den betydligt mer vanliga diskreta ILC algoritmen till det kontinuerliga tillvägagångssättet som anänds av ramverket underlättas av teroretisk underbygga inställningsregler. Den uppnåeliga prestandan demonstreras med hjälp av ramverkets inbyggda plotfunktioner. / In many industrial applications robots are used for heavy and repetitive tasks. For these applications iterative learning control (ILC) is a way to capture the repetitive nature and use it to improve some kind of reference tracking. In this master thesis a framework has been developed to help a user getting started with ILC. Some hands-on examples are given on how to easily use the framework. The transition from the far more common discrete time domain to the continuous time domain used by the framework is eased by tuning theory. The achievable performance is demonstrated with the help of the built-in plot functions of the framework.
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Estimation-based iterative learning controlWallén, Johanna January 2011 (has links)
In many applications industrial robots perform the same motion repeatedly. One way of compensating the repetitive part of the error is by using iterative learning control (ILC). The ILC algorithm makes use of the measured errors and iteratively calculates a correction signal that is applied to the system. The main topic of the thesis is to apply an ILC algorithm to a dynamic system where the controlled variable is not measured. A remedy for handling this difficulty is to use additional sensors in combination with signal processing algorithms to obtain estimates of the controlled variable. A framework for analysis of ILC algorithms is proposed for the situation when an ILC algorithm uses an estimate of the controlled variable. This is a relevant research problem in for example industrial robot applications, where normally only the motor angular positions are measured while the control objective is to follow a desired tool path. Additionally, the dynamic model of the flexible robot structure suffers from uncertainties. The behaviour when a system having these difficulties is controlled by an ILC algorithm using measured variables directly is illustrated experimentally, on both a serial and a parallel robot, and in simulations of a flexible two-mass model. It is shown that the correction of the tool-position error is limited by the accuracy of the robot model. The benefits of estimation-based ILC is illustrated for cases when fusing measurements of the robot motor angular positions with measurements from an additional accelerometer mounted on the robot tool to form a tool-position estimate. Estimation-based ILC is studied in simulations on a flexible two-mass model and on a flexible nonlinear two-link robot model, as well as in experiments on a parallel robot. The results show that it is possible to improve the tool performance when a tool-position estimate is used in the ILC algorithm, compared to when the original measurements available are used directly in the algorithm. Furthermore, the resulting performance relies on the quality of the estimate, as expected. In the last part of the thesis, some implementation aspects of ILC are discussed. Since the ILC algorithm involves filtering of signals over finite-time intervals, often using non-causal filters, it is important that the boundary effects of the filtering operations are appropriately handled when implementing the algorithm. It is illustrated by theoretical analysis and in simulations that the method of implementation can have large influence over stability and convergence properties of the algorithm. / Denna avhandling behandlar reglering genom iterativ inlärning, ILC (från engelskans iterative learning control). Metoden har sitt ursprung i industrirobottillämpningar där en robot utför samma rörelse om och om igen. Ett sätt att kompensera för felen är genom en ILC-algoritm som beräknar en korrektionssignal, som läggs på systemet i nästa iteration. ILC-algoritmen kan ses som ett komplement till det befintliga styrsystemet för att förbättra prestanda. Det problem som särskilt studeras är då en ILC-algoritm appliceras på ett dynamiskt system där reglerstorheten inte mäts. Ett sätt att hantera dessa svårigheter är att använda ytterligare sensorer i kombination med signalbehandlingsalgoritmer för att beräkna en skattning av reglerstorheten som kan användas i ILC-algoritmen. Ett ramverk för analys av skattningsbaserad ILC föreslås i avhandlingen. Problemet är relevant och motiveras utifrån experiment på både en seriell och en parallel robot. I konventionella robotstyrsystem mäts endast de enskilda motorpositionerna, medan verktygspositionen ska följa en önskad bana. Experimentresultat visar att en ILC-algoritm baserad på motorpositionsfelen kan reducera dessa fel effektivt. Dock behöver detta inte betyda en förbättrad verktygsposition, eftersom robotmotorerna styrs mot felaktiga värden på grund av att modellerna som används för att beräkna dessa referensbanor inte beskriver den verkliga robotdynamiken helt. Skattningsbaserad ILC studeras både i simulering av en flexibel tvåmassemodell och en olinjär robotmodell med flexibla leder, och i experiment på en parallell robot. I studierna sammanvägs motorpositionsmätningar med mätningar från en accelerometer på robotverktyget till en skattning av verktygspositionen som används i ILC-algoritmen. Resultaten visar att det är möjligt att förbättra verktygspositionen med skattningsbaserad ILC, jämfört med när motorpositionsmätningarna används direkt i ILC-algoritmen. Resultatet beror också på skattningskvaliteten, som förväntat. Slutligen diskuteras några implementeringsaspekter. Alla värden i uppdateringssignalen läggs på systemet samtidigt, vilket gör det möjligt att använda icke-kausal filtering där man utnyttjar framtida signalvärden i filteringen. Detta gör att det är viktigt hur randeffekterna (början och slutet av signalen) hanteras när man implementerar ILC-algoritmen. Genom teoretisk analys och simuleringsexempel illustreras att implementeringsmetoden kan ha stor betydelse för egenskaperna hos ILC-algoritmen.
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Issues of algebra and optimality in Iterative Learning ControlHätönen, J. (Jari) 11 June 2004 (has links)
Abstract
In this thesis a set of new algorithms is introduced for Iterative Learning Control (ILC) and Repetitive Control (RC). Both areas of study are relatively new in control theory, and the common denominator for them is that they concentrate on controlling systems that include either reference signals or disturbances which are periodic. This provides opportunities for using past information or experience so that the control system learns the control action that results in good performance in terms of reference tracking or disturbance rejection.
The first major contribution of the thesis is the algebraic analysis of ILC systems. This analysis shows that in the discrete-time case ILC algorithm design can be considered as designing a multivariable controller for a multivariable static plant and the reference signal that has to be tracked is a multivariable step function. Furthermore, the algebraic analysis reveals that time-varying algorithms should be used instead of time-invariant ones in order to guarantee monotonic convergence of the error in norm.
However, from the algebraic analysis it is not clear how to select the free parameters of a given ILC algorithm. Hence in this thesis optimisation methods are used to automate this design phase. Special emphasis is placed on the so called Norm-Optimal Iterative Learning Control (NOILC) that was originally developed in (Amann:1996) as a new result it is shown that a convex modification of the existing predictive algorithm will result in a considerable improvement in convergence speed. Because the NOILC algorithm is computationally quite complex, a new set of Parameter-Optimal ILC algorithms are derived that converge under certain assumptions on the original plant. Three of these new algorithms will result in monotonic convergence to zero tracking error for an arbitrary discrete-time, linear, time-invariant plant. This a very strong property that has been earlier reported for only a small number of ILC algorithms.
In the RC case it is shown that an existing RC algorithm that has been widely analysed and used in the research literature is in fact highly unrobust if the algorithm is implemented using sampled-data processing. Consequently, in this thesis a new optimality based discrete-time RC algorithm is derived, which converges to zero tracking error asymptotically for an arbitrary linear, time-invariant discrete-time plant under mild controllability and observability conditions.
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Iterative learning control for manipulator trajectory tracking without any control singularityJiang, Ping, Woo, P., Unbehauen, R. January 2002 (has links)
No / In this paper, we investigate trajectory tracking in a multi-input nonlinear system, where there is little knowledge of the system parameters and the form of the nonlinear function. An identification-based iterative learning control (ILC) scheme to repetitively estimate the linearity in a neighborhood of a desired trajectory is presented. Based on this estimation, the original nonlinear system can track the desired trajectory perfectly by the aid of a regional training scheme. Just like in adaptive control, a singularity exists in ILC when the input coupling matrix is estimated. Singularity avoidance is discussed. A new parameter modification procedure for ILC is presented such that the determinant of the estimate of the input coupling matrix is uniformly bounded from below. Compared with the scheme used for adaptive control of a MIMO system, the proposed scheme reduces the computation load greatly. It is used in a robotic visual system for manipulator trajectory tracking without any information about the camera-robot relationship. The estimated image Jacobian is updated repetitively and then its inverse is used to calculate the manipulator velocity without any singularity.
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Resonant gain scheduling controller for spiral scanning patterns in atomic force microscopyOliveira, Matheus Senna de 31 January 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-01-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Este documento apresenta um trabalho de disserta??o sobre o estudo de estrat?gias de
controle para o seguimento eficiente de padr?es espirais. Estes padr?es podem ser aplicados
em muitas ?reas, como por exemplo, a Microscopia de For?a At?mica, onde padr?es
de referenciais r?pidos e suaves s?o requeridos. Para realizar com sucesso o seguimento
destas refer?ncias, que s?o compostas de sinais senoidais de amplitude e frequ?ncia vari?vel,
estrat?gias de controle avan?adas foram investigadas. O Princ?pio do Modelo Interno
? uma abordagem tradicional para o seguimento de sinais, mas ele n?o pode ser aplicado
diretamente em sinais com frequ?ncia variante. Logo, o presente trabalho prop?s uma
estrat?gia de controle robusto onde o Princ?pio do Modelo Interno foi aplicado como
um Controlador Ressonante em uma estrutura aumentada e variante no tempo. O sistema
aumentado e os valores da frequ?ncia foram organizados usando uma representa??o
polit?pica e estruturados como um problema de otimiza??o sujeito a restri??es na forma
de Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares. Esta s?ntese foi avaliada atrav?s de um conjunto de
simula??es, usando um modelo num?rico de um Microsc?pio de For?a At?mica e um novo
padr?o de refer?ncia para escaneamento apropriado. Al?m disso, usando a premissa que
estes sinais de refer?ncia s?o aplicados m?ltiplas vezes, um Controle por Aprendizagem
Iterativa tamb?m foi projetado para melhorar o desempenho do seguimento da estrat?gia
principal proposta. Resultados num?ricos demonstraram que o controlador projetado
atingiu resultados satisfat?rios, em compara??o com o controlador tradicional dispon?vel
na ?rea. / This document presents a dissertation work regarding the study of control strategies for
the efficient tracking of spiral patterns. Such patterns arise in many areas, as for example
the Atomic Force Microscopy, where fast and smooth reference signals are required. In order
to successfully track the above mentioned references, which are composed of amplitude
and frequency-varying sinusoidal signals, advanced control strategies were investigated.
The Internal Model Principle is a traditional approach to track reference signals, but
it cannot be directly applied in frequency-varying signals. Therefore, the present work
proposed a robust control strategy where the Internal Model Principle was applied as a
Resonant Control in an augmented time-varying structure. The augmented system and the
reference frequency values were organized using a polytopic representation and structured
as an optimization problem subject to constraints in the form of Linear Matrix Inequalities.
This synthesis was evaluated through a set of simulations, using a numerical model
of an Atomic Force Microscope and a new suitable scanning reference pattern. Moreover,
using the premise that the same reference signals are tracked multiple times, an Iterative
Learning Controller was also designed in order to improve the tracking performance of
the proposed main strategy. Numerical results demonstrated that the designed controller
achieved satisfactory results, in comparison to the traditional controller available in the
area.
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On Kinematic Modelling and Iterative Learning Control of Industrial RobotsWallén, Johanna January 2008 (has links)
<p>Good models of industrial robots are necessary in a variety of applications, such as mechanical design, performance simulation, control, diagnosis, supervision and offline programming. This motivates the need for good modelling tools. In the first part of this thesis the forward kinematic modelling of serial industrial robots is studied. The first steps towards a toolbox are implemented in the Maple programming language.</p><p>A series of possible applications for the toolbox can be mentioned. One example is to estimate the pose of the robot tool using an extended Kalman filter by means of extra sensors mounted on the robot. The kinematic equations and the relations necessary for the extended Kalman filter can be derived in the modelling tool. Iterative learning control, ILC, using an estimate of the tool position can then improve the robot performance.</p><p>The second part of the thesis is devoted to ILC, which is a control method that is applicable when the robot performs a repetitive movement starting from the same initial conditions every repetition. The algorithm compensates for repetitive errors by adding a correction signal to the reference. Studies where ILC is applied to a real industrial platform is less common in the literature, which motivates the work in this thesis.</p><p>A first-order ILC filter with iteration-independent operators derived using a heuristic design approach is used, which results in a non-causal algorithm. A simulation study is made, where a flexible two-mass model is used as a simplified linear model of a single robot joint and the ILC algorithm applied is based on motor-angle measurements only. It is shown that when a model error is introduced in the relation between the arm and motor reference angle, it is not necessary that the error on the arm side is reduced as much as the error on the motor side, or in fact reduced at all.</p><p>In the experiments the ILC algorithm is applied to a large-size commercial industrial robot, performing a circular motion that is relevant for a laser-cutting application. The same ILC design variables are used for all six motors and the learning is stopped after five iterations, which is motivated in practice by experimental results. Performance on the motor side and the corresponding performance on the arm side, using a laser-measurement system, is studied. Even though the result on the motor side is good, it is no guarantee that the errors on the arm side are decreasing. One has to be very careful when dealing with resonant systems when the controlled variable is not directly measured and included in the algorithm. This indicates that the results on the arm side may be improved when an estimate of, for example, the tool position is used in the ILC algorithm.</p> / <p>Bra modeller av industrirobotar behövs i en mängd olika tillämpningar, som till exempel mekanisk design, simulering av prestanda, reglering, diagnos, övervakning och offline-programmering. I första delen av avhandlingen studeras modellering av framåtkinematiken för en seriell robot och implementeringen av ett modelleringsverktyg, en toolbox, för kinematikmodellering i Maple beskrivs ingående.</p><p>Ett antal möjliga tillämpningar för toolboxen kan nämnas. Ett exempel är att med hjälp av extra sensorer monterade på roboten och ett så kallat extended Kalmanfilter förbättra skattningen av positionen och orienteringen för robotverktyget. De kinematiska ekvationerna och sambanden som behövs för extended Kalmanfiltret kan beräknas med hjälp av modelleringsverktyget. Reglering genom iterativ inlärning - iterative learning control, ILC - där en skattning av verktygspositionen används, kan sedan förbättra robotens prestanda.</p><p>Andra delen av avhandlingen är tillägnad ILC. Det är en reglermetod som är användbar när roboten utför en repetitiv rörelse som startar från samma initialvillkor varje gång. Algoritmen kompenserar för de repetitiva felen genom att addera en korrektionsterm till referenssignalen. Studier där ILC är tillämpad på en verklig industriell plattform är mindre vanligt i litteraturen, vilket motiverar arbetet i avhandlingen.</p><p>Ett första ordningens ILC-filter med iterationsoberoende operatorer används. ILC-algoritmen är framtagen enligt ett heuristiskt tillvägagångssätt, vilket resulterar i en ickekausal algoritm. I en simuleringsstudie med en flexibel tvåmassemodell som en förenklad linjär modell av en enskild robotled, används en ILC-algoritm baserad endast på motorvinkelmätningar. Det visar sig att när ett modellfel introduceras i sambandet mellan arm- och motorvinkelreferensen, är det inte säkert att felet på armsidan minskar så mycket som felet på motorsidan, eller minskar överhuvudtaget.</p><p>I experiment tillämpas ILC-algoritmen på en stor kommersiell industrirobot som utför en cirkelrörelse som är relevant för en laserskärningstillämpning. Samma designvariabler används för alla sex motorerna och inlärningen stoppas efter fem iterationer, vilket är motiverat i praktiken genom experimentella resultat. Prestanda på motorsidan studeras, och motsvarande prestanda på armsidan mäts med ett lasermätsystem. Trots goda resultat på motorsidan finns det inga garantier för minskande fel på armsidan. Stor försiktighet krävs när experimenten innefattar ett resonant system där den reglerade variabeln inte är mätt explicit och inkluderad i algoritmen. Detta visar på möjligheten att förbättra resultaten på armsidan då en skattning av till exempel verktygspositionen används i ILC-algoritmen.</p> / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2008:1.
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Performance Monitoring of Iterative Learning Control and Development of Generalized Predictive Control for Batch ProcessesFarasat, Ehsan Unknown Date
No description available.
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Design, Simulation and Implementation of High Precision Control Algorithms for a Galvanometer Laser ScannerTorres Bonet, Tomas 26 August 2014 (has links)
This thesis focuses on the theory, design, simulation and implementation of
several digital controllers for periodic signals on a laser scanning galvanometer. A model for the galvanometer was obtained and veri ed using closed
loop identi cation techniques. Using this model, controllers were designed
and simulated using MATLAB and then implemented on a custom FPGA
control processor with a focus on tracking performance. The types of controllers used were: an Iterative Learning Controller, an RST pole placement
controller, an Adaptive Feed-forward cancellation controller, a combined Iterative Learning and Adaptive Feed-forward cancellation controller and a
simple PID controller.
The simulated results were better than the experimental results because of
system noise and modelling uncertainties but the relative performance between each of the controllers was similar for both the simulation and experimental setup. The experimental results achieved were very good with one
controller reaching errors under 50 rad. / Graduate / 0537 / t_Torres_bonet@hotmail.com
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On Kinematic Modelling and Iterative Learning Control of Industrial RobotsWallén, Johanna January 2008 (has links)
Good models of industrial robots are necessary in a variety of applications, such as mechanical design, performance simulation, control, diagnosis, supervision and offline programming. This motivates the need for good modelling tools. In the first part of this thesis the forward kinematic modelling of serial industrial robots is studied. The first steps towards a toolbox are implemented in the Maple programming language. A series of possible applications for the toolbox can be mentioned. One example is to estimate the pose of the robot tool using an extended Kalman filter by means of extra sensors mounted on the robot. The kinematic equations and the relations necessary for the extended Kalman filter can be derived in the modelling tool. Iterative learning control, ILC, using an estimate of the tool position can then improve the robot performance. The second part of the thesis is devoted to ILC, which is a control method that is applicable when the robot performs a repetitive movement starting from the same initial conditions every repetition. The algorithm compensates for repetitive errors by adding a correction signal to the reference. Studies where ILC is applied to a real industrial platform is less common in the literature, which motivates the work in this thesis. A first-order ILC filter with iteration-independent operators derived using a heuristic design approach is used, which results in a non-causal algorithm. A simulation study is made, where a flexible two-mass model is used as a simplified linear model of a single robot joint and the ILC algorithm applied is based on motor-angle measurements only. It is shown that when a model error is introduced in the relation between the arm and motor reference angle, it is not necessary that the error on the arm side is reduced as much as the error on the motor side, or in fact reduced at all. In the experiments the ILC algorithm is applied to a large-size commercial industrial robot, performing a circular motion that is relevant for a laser-cutting application. The same ILC design variables are used for all six motors and the learning is stopped after five iterations, which is motivated in practice by experimental results. Performance on the motor side and the corresponding performance on the arm side, using a laser-measurement system, is studied. Even though the result on the motor side is good, it is no guarantee that the errors on the arm side are decreasing. One has to be very careful when dealing with resonant systems when the controlled variable is not directly measured and included in the algorithm. This indicates that the results on the arm side may be improved when an estimate of, for example, the tool position is used in the ILC algorithm. / Bra modeller av industrirobotar behövs i en mängd olika tillämpningar, som till exempel mekanisk design, simulering av prestanda, reglering, diagnos, övervakning och offline-programmering. I första delen av avhandlingen studeras modellering av framåtkinematiken för en seriell robot och implementeringen av ett modelleringsverktyg, en toolbox, för kinematikmodellering i Maple beskrivs ingående. Ett antal möjliga tillämpningar för toolboxen kan nämnas. Ett exempel är att med hjälp av extra sensorer monterade på roboten och ett så kallat extended Kalmanfilter förbättra skattningen av positionen och orienteringen för robotverktyget. De kinematiska ekvationerna och sambanden som behövs för extended Kalmanfiltret kan beräknas med hjälp av modelleringsverktyget. Reglering genom iterativ inlärning - iterative learning control, ILC - där en skattning av verktygspositionen används, kan sedan förbättra robotens prestanda. Andra delen av avhandlingen är tillägnad ILC. Det är en reglermetod som är användbar när roboten utför en repetitiv rörelse som startar från samma initialvillkor varje gång. Algoritmen kompenserar för de repetitiva felen genom att addera en korrektionsterm till referenssignalen. Studier där ILC är tillämpad på en verklig industriell plattform är mindre vanligt i litteraturen, vilket motiverar arbetet i avhandlingen. Ett första ordningens ILC-filter med iterationsoberoende operatorer används. ILC-algoritmen är framtagen enligt ett heuristiskt tillvägagångssätt, vilket resulterar i en ickekausal algoritm. I en simuleringsstudie med en flexibel tvåmassemodell som en förenklad linjär modell av en enskild robotled, används en ILC-algoritm baserad endast på motorvinkelmätningar. Det visar sig att när ett modellfel introduceras i sambandet mellan arm- och motorvinkelreferensen, är det inte säkert att felet på armsidan minskar så mycket som felet på motorsidan, eller minskar överhuvudtaget. I experiment tillämpas ILC-algoritmen på en stor kommersiell industrirobot som utför en cirkelrörelse som är relevant för en laserskärningstillämpning. Samma designvariabler används för alla sex motorerna och inlärningen stoppas efter fem iterationer, vilket är motiverat i praktiken genom experimentella resultat. Prestanda på motorsidan studeras, och motsvarande prestanda på armsidan mäts med ett lasermätsystem. Trots goda resultat på motorsidan finns det inga garantier för minskande fel på armsidan. Stor försiktighet krävs när experimenten innefattar ett resonant system där den reglerade variabeln inte är mätt explicit och inkluderad i algoritmen. Detta visar på möjligheten att förbättra resultaten på armsidan då en skattning av till exempel verktygspositionen används i ILC-algoritmen. / <p>Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2008:1.</p>
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Apprentissage renforcé appliqué à l'évaluation de la résilience d'un Système Homme-Machine face à des situations critiquesOuedraogo, Kiswendsida Abel 14 February 2013 (has links)
Nous définissons la résilience comme la capacité d’un Système Homme-Machine (SHM) à s’adapter positivement face à des situations critiques engendrées par des évènements sans précédent dont la fréquence d’occurrence est invraisemblable et dont les conséquences sur le système sont critiques voire catastrophiques.Nous présentons d’abord un état de l’art reposant sur le concept de résilience que nous positionnons par rapport aux approches classiques de la sureté de fonctionnement pour l’évaluation et la gestion des risques dans les SHM. Nous présentons ensuite des méthodes et des outils d’aide à la réaction et à la récupération des systèmes face à l’imprévu. Nous nous intéresserons également à l’apport des techniques d’apprentissage itératif pour le management de la résilience des SHM. Nous proposons alors une méthode d’évaluation de la résilience basée sur un couple d’indicateurs multicritères. Un estimateur reposant sur un réseau de neurones à apprentissage renforcé est proposé pour évaluer les indicateurs derésilience non mesurables ‘‘en ligne’’. Pour fiabiliser l’estimation, nous proposons unapprentissage itératif associé soit à un renforcement des paramètres d’estimation, soit à un renforcement de la base de connaissances, soit les deux simultanément.Nous appliquons nos propositions lors d’une simulation de vol d’un Groupe de Ravitaillement en Vol, composé d’un équipage tournant de 4 personnes. L’analyse des résultats expérimentaux montre la pertinence de nos contributions. Certaines perspectives de recherche sont ensuite abordées notamment l’extension de l’étude aux événements de criticité moindre et dont on disposerait d’une base de connaissances « experte ». / We define resilience as the ability of a Human-Machine System (HMS) to adapt itself positively facing critical situations resulting from the unprecedented events whose frequency of occurrence is unlikely and the consequences on the system are critical even catastrophic. We first present a state of the art based on the concept of resilience that we position compared to classic dependability approaches for HMS risk evaluation and management. We then present methods and support tools for the reaction and the recovery of systems facing the unexpected. We also detail the contribution of iterative learning techniques for the management of the SHM resilience. We propose then a method for resilience assessment based on a couple of multi-criteria indicators. An estimator based on a neural network with reinforced learning process is proposed to evaluate the ''online'' not measurable resilience indicators. For reliable estimation, we propose an iterative learning associated with a estimation parameters reinforcement process, or knowledge base reinforcement process, or both simultaneously. We apply our proposals during a flight simulation of a ‘‘Groupe de Ravitaillement en Vol’’, consisting of a rotating crew of 4 persons. The analysis of experimental results shows the effectiveness of our contributions. Some research perspectives are then discussed in particular the extension of the study to less critical events which would provide an "expert" knowledge base.
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