In this study, a Jk-integral based computational method will be developed to conduct fracture analysis of fibrous composite laminates that possess variable fiber spacing. This study will be carried out for the fibrous composites exposed to not only thermal but also hygroscopic boundary condition, which results hygrothermal load. Formulation of the Jk-integral will be carried out by using the constitutive relations of plane orthotropic hygrothermoelasticity. One of the most important challenges of this study is to change Jk-integral formulation into domain independent form, because dealing with infinitely small domains in solving the integral would be frustrating. Developed form of Jk-integral will be merged to ANSYS, a finite element analysis software. Numerical results will be generated so as to assess the influence of variable fiber spacing on the modes I and II stress intensity factors, energy release rate, and the T-stress. For validation and comparison, some of the results are also obtained using Displacement Correlation Technique (DCT).

Os presidentes Getúlio Vargas e Juscelino Kubitschek marcaram a década de 1950 pelo desenvolvimentismo e pela confiança nas transformações que a industrialização e a modernização causariam na sociedade brasileira. Este estudo analisa a construção discursiva acerca da pobreza no Brasil num período caracterizado pelo desenvolvimento econômico. As fontes são os discursos de ambos presidentes, estudadas com o auxílio da metodologia da Análise de Discurso Crítica (ADC), que percebe o discurso como uma prática social. O ideal desenvolvimentista foi articulado às definições de pobreza e a distribuição de renda era vista basicamente como resultado das políticas econômicas. Os pressupostos teóricos presentes nos discursos presidenciais são preponderantemente cepalinos, mas contam com a presença de ideias liberais e também marxistas. Os presidentes avaliavam as causas da pobreza, tornando vários temas relevantes no conjunto dos discursos: inflação, educação, êxodo rural, colonização, imigração, excedente de mão-de-obra, especulação e mercados monopolizados. Analisa-se também a visão sobre os problemas vinculados à pobreza a partir das reflexões relacionadas à alimentação, saúde, justiça social, à previdência, às leis trabalhistas, à proteção social e à força política do “povo”. Esses temas são muito mais presentes nos discursos de Vargas, o qual tinha uma percepção mais complexa do que JK sobre o fenômeno da pobreza. JK tratou do problema da pobreza principalmente ao defender a Operação Pan-Americana. Os riscos sociais associados à pobreza também são observados nos discursos de ambos presidentes, assunto eminente em tempos de Guerra Fria. Percebe-se coerência interna nos discursos quanto às interpretações sobre a pobreza. A originalidade de cada presidente é revelada pelas diferenças entre ambos. Como marca desse período, pode-se destacar que o enfrentamento à pobreza justificou e atribuiu sentido ao desenvolvimento, de modo que também foi assumida como responsabilidade do governo durante a década de 1950. / The Presidents Getulio Vargas and Juscelino Kubitschek marked the 1950s by developmental and confidence in the changes that industrialization and modernization cause in Brazilian society. This study examines the discursive construction about poverty in Brazil in a period characterized by economic development. The sources are the speeches of both presidents, studied with the aid of the methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which sees the speech as a social practice. The ideal was articulated developmental definitions of poverty and income distribution was seen primarily as a result of economic policies. The theoretical assumptions present in presidential speeches are predominantly of Cepal, but rely on the presence of liberal ideas and also Marxists. The presidents assessed the causes of poverty, making several important issues in all the speeches, inflation, education, rural migration, colonization, immigration, surplus manpower, speculation and monopolized markets. It also examines the view of the problems associated with poverty from the reflections related to food, health, social justice, social security, labor laws, social protection and political force of "people". These themes are more present in the speeches of Vargas, who had a sense more complex than JK on the phenomenon of poverty. JK addressed the problem of poverty principally in defending the Pan-American Operation. Social risks associated with poverty are also seen in the speeches of both presidents, eminent issue in times of Cold War. It is observed internal consistency in the interpretations and discourses on poverty. The originality of each president is revealed by the differences between them. As a mark of that period can be noted that combating poverty justified and attributed to the development effect, so that was also assumed the responsibility of the government during the 1950s.

Serological discrepancies in matching blood group antigens between donors and patients for blood transfusion may lead to alloimmunisation, especially in multiply transfused patients. Blood group genotyping (BGG) has contributed in reducing this issue. ABO, Fy and Jk antigens are among those to be causative for alloimmunisation through transfusion or pregnancy. The number of alleles of these clinically significant blood groups is ever increasing. Currently, all commercially available high-throughput BGG platforms are only based on pre-defined polymorphisms. Consequently, novel or rare alleles that might have clinical significance are not identified. Next generation sequencing (NGS) circumvents this issue by providing high-throughput comprehensive genotyping of blood group genes in discovery mode to find all existing and novel mutations. Accordingly, a large number of individuals can be genotyped in a single run. Here, we describe an NGS-based method coupled with long-range polymerase chain reaction (LR-PCR) for high-throughput, rapid and extensive genotyping of FY, JK and ABO blood group genes. The Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGMTM) was used for sequencing the entire FY, JK and ABO blood group genes including flanking regions. Accordingly, high resolution genotyping was obtained. 53 genomic DNA samples were sequenced and genotyped for FY, 67 for JK and 47 for ABO. Sequencing data were aligned to the gene reference sequence derived from the human genome (hg19) to analyse variants. Analysis was accomplished by software packages, such as Ion Torrent SuiteTM plugins. Sanger sequencing of cDNA and cDNA clones was used to confirm findings in the JK gene. The sequencing data had a coverage depth of more than 5000x for FY, 700x for JK and 600x for ABO. NGS data matched with the serological phenotypes of FY alleles FY*A, FY*B and FY*02 Null main polymorphisms, such as FY*A/FY*B (125G > A) in exon 2 and (-67 T > C) in the promotor region. JK variant analysis revealed that the JK*01W.01 allele (130G > A) is common (10/67 samples) with normal antigenicity. The previously described silencing polymorphism (810G > A), leading to a purported JK*B null allele, restores a splice site and does not correlate with loss of Jkb antigenicity (10/67 samples). JK intron analysis revealed several new JK alleles described in this thesis. All 7 exons, introns and the flanking regions of the ABO gene were covered by only four amplicons. Several rare O alleles were found, such as O73 and O75, while one suggested novel O allele was characterised by a missense SNP 482G > A (Arg161His) in exon 7. The ABO reference sequence from hg19 appeared to resemble (O01 and O02) alleles. The intronic SNPs might be used to distinguish between alleles more accurately as a correlation of the intronic SNPs with the alleles was noted for the homozygous O alleles. It is predicted that NGS-based genotyping will replace not only microarray-based genotyping but also serology in the blood group typing of individuals, with great advancements in technology and molecular knowledge being expected in the near future.

Os presidentes Getúlio Vargas e Juscelino Kubitschek marcaram a década de 1950 pelo desenvolvimentismo e pela confiança nas transformações que a industrialização e a modernização causariam na sociedade brasileira. Este estudo analisa a construção discursiva acerca da pobreza no Brasil num período caracterizado pelo desenvolvimento econômico. As fontes são os discursos de ambos presidentes, estudadas com o auxílio da metodologia da Análise de Discurso Crítica (ADC), que percebe o discurso como uma prática social. O ideal desenvolvimentista foi articulado às definições de pobreza e a distribuição de renda era vista basicamente como resultado das políticas econômicas. Os pressupostos teóricos presentes nos discursos presidenciais são preponderantemente cepalinos, mas contam com a presença de ideias liberais e também marxistas. Os presidentes avaliavam as causas da pobreza, tornando vários temas relevantes no conjunto dos discursos: inflação, educação, êxodo rural, colonização, imigração, excedente de mão-de-obra, especulação e mercados monopolizados. Analisa-se também a visão sobre os problemas vinculados à pobreza a partir das reflexões relacionadas à alimentação, saúde, justiça social, à previdência, às leis trabalhistas, à proteção social e à força política do “povo”. Esses temas são muito mais presentes nos discursos de Vargas, o qual tinha uma percepção mais complexa do que JK sobre o fenômeno da pobreza. JK tratou do problema da pobreza principalmente ao defender a Operação Pan-Americana. Os riscos sociais associados à pobreza também são observados nos discursos de ambos presidentes, assunto eminente em tempos de Guerra Fria. Percebe-se coerência interna nos discursos quanto às interpretações sobre a pobreza. A originalidade de cada presidente é revelada pelas diferenças entre ambos. Como marca desse período, pode-se destacar que o enfrentamento à pobreza justificou e atribuiu sentido ao desenvolvimento, de modo que também foi assumida como responsabilidade do governo durante a década de 1950. / The Presidents Getulio Vargas and Juscelino Kubitschek marked the 1950s by developmental and confidence in the changes that industrialization and modernization cause in Brazilian society. This study examines the discursive construction about poverty in Brazil in a period characterized by economic development. The sources are the speeches of both presidents, studied with the aid of the methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which sees the speech as a social practice. The ideal was articulated developmental definitions of poverty and income distribution was seen primarily as a result of economic policies. The theoretical assumptions present in presidential speeches are predominantly of Cepal, but rely on the presence of liberal ideas and also Marxists. The presidents assessed the causes of poverty, making several important issues in all the speeches, inflation, education, rural migration, colonization, immigration, surplus manpower, speculation and monopolized markets. It also examines the view of the problems associated with poverty from the reflections related to food, health, social justice, social security, labor laws, social protection and political force of "people". These themes are more present in the speeches of Vargas, who had a sense more complex than JK on the phenomenon of poverty. JK addressed the problem of poverty principally in defending the Pan-American Operation. Social risks associated with poverty are also seen in the speeches of both presidents, eminent issue in times of Cold War. It is observed internal consistency in the interpretations and discourses on poverty. The originality of each president is revealed by the differences between them. As a mark of that period can be noted that combating poverty justified and attributed to the development effect, so that was also assumed the responsibility of the government during the 1950s.

Os presidentes Getúlio Vargas e Juscelino Kubitschek marcaram a década de 1950 pelo desenvolvimentismo e pela confiança nas transformações que a industrialização e a modernização causariam na sociedade brasileira. Este estudo analisa a construção discursiva acerca da pobreza no Brasil num período caracterizado pelo desenvolvimento econômico. As fontes são os discursos de ambos presidentes, estudadas com o auxílio da metodologia da Análise de Discurso Crítica (ADC), que percebe o discurso como uma prática social. O ideal desenvolvimentista foi articulado às definições de pobreza e a distribuição de renda era vista basicamente como resultado das políticas econômicas. Os pressupostos teóricos presentes nos discursos presidenciais são preponderantemente cepalinos, mas contam com a presença de ideias liberais e também marxistas. Os presidentes avaliavam as causas da pobreza, tornando vários temas relevantes no conjunto dos discursos: inflação, educação, êxodo rural, colonização, imigração, excedente de mão-de-obra, especulação e mercados monopolizados. Analisa-se também a visão sobre os problemas vinculados à pobreza a partir das reflexões relacionadas à alimentação, saúde, justiça social, à previdência, às leis trabalhistas, à proteção social e à força política do “povo”. Esses temas são muito mais presentes nos discursos de Vargas, o qual tinha uma percepção mais complexa do que JK sobre o fenômeno da pobreza. JK tratou do problema da pobreza principalmente ao defender a Operação Pan-Americana. Os riscos sociais associados à pobreza também são observados nos discursos de ambos presidentes, assunto eminente em tempos de Guerra Fria. Percebe-se coerência interna nos discursos quanto às interpretações sobre a pobreza. A originalidade de cada presidente é revelada pelas diferenças entre ambos. Como marca desse período, pode-se destacar que o enfrentamento à pobreza justificou e atribuiu sentido ao desenvolvimento, de modo que também foi assumida como responsabilidade do governo durante a década de 1950. / The Presidents Getulio Vargas and Juscelino Kubitschek marked the 1950s by developmental and confidence in the changes that industrialization and modernization cause in Brazilian society. This study examines the discursive construction about poverty in Brazil in a period characterized by economic development. The sources are the speeches of both presidents, studied with the aid of the methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which sees the speech as a social practice. The ideal was articulated developmental definitions of poverty and income distribution was seen primarily as a result of economic policies. The theoretical assumptions present in presidential speeches are predominantly of Cepal, but rely on the presence of liberal ideas and also Marxists. The presidents assessed the causes of poverty, making several important issues in all the speeches, inflation, education, rural migration, colonization, immigration, surplus manpower, speculation and monopolized markets. It also examines the view of the problems associated with poverty from the reflections related to food, health, social justice, social security, labor laws, social protection and political force of "people". These themes are more present in the speeches of Vargas, who had a sense more complex than JK on the phenomenon of poverty. JK addressed the problem of poverty principally in defending the Pan-American Operation. Social risks associated with poverty are also seen in the speeches of both presidents, eminent issue in times of Cold War. It is observed internal consistency in the interpretations and discourses on poverty. The originality of each president is revealed by the differences between them. As a mark of that period can be noted that combating poverty justified and attributed to the development effect, so that was also assumed the responsibility of the government during the 1950s.

This thesis investigates the word formation processes of the neologisms in the Harry Potter books by JK Rowling. The aim is to find the frequencies of these processes and then discuss why the frequency looks this way. By collecting and analysing the neologisms with the help of the classification of Plag (2003) and Ljung (2003), the frequencies of the different formation processes is established. The reasons why the distribution of word formation processes looks this way is then discussed and compared to the background information about the author. The conclusion is that compound is the most frequent word formation of this sample. The arguments why the distribution looks this way could be that the semantic meaning of the Harry Potter words is important and that many of the neologisms are based on humour, mythology and folklore.

This thesis will argue that from early in the Cold War Britain developed a propaganda apparatus designed to fight the Cold War on an ideological front, and that in the period from 1945 to 1951 the role of propaganda grew from being an adjunct to foreign policy to become an integral part of British Cold War strategy. Britain was the first country to formulate a coordinated response to communist propaganda. In January 1948, the Government launched a new propaganda policy designed to 'oppose the inroads of Communism, by taking the offensive against it. ' The development of this anti-communist propaganda policy will be the main focus of this thesis. It will also be shown that from the earliest stages in the development of Britain's response to communist propaganda, the degree to which such activities could be coordinated with United States Government was a primary consideration. It will be shown that cooperation and eventually coordination of propaganda activities with the United States Government became a defining feature of Britain's anticommunist propaganda policy. This was particularly the case following the launch of the American 'Campaign of Truth' in 1950. Faced with a formidable and highly organised communist propaganda machine officials in both Britain and America came to realise the value of a unified response. As both nations developed their own policies for offensive anti-communist propaganda, cooperation became an increasingly important element, as Britain and America sought to 'shoot at the same target from different angles. ' The thesis is comprised of an introduction and conclusion and four chapters covering: the origins of British and American anticommunist propaganda policies, 1945-1947; launching Britain's new propaganda policy, 1948; building a concerted counter-offensive, cooperation with other powers, 1948-1950; 'Close and continuous liaison. ' British and American cooperation, 1950-1951.

This doctoral thesis will examine how relations between the United States and Britain, and internal dynamics within each country, affected the nature and development of the two countries’ information strategies in a shared theatre of war. It examines the two governments’ distinct organisational cultures and bureaucratic structures in explaining the shape this took. Going beyond the policy level it considers how cultures and power relationships contributed to propaganda war planning. The research emphasises important changes in policy development and circumstance which, it is argued, despite the obvious power imbalance, situated Britain in a key position in the Anglo-American propaganda effort. The analysis draws on empirical research conducted in both countries. This fieldwork involved elite interviews focussing on the period of the ‘War on Terror’, including policymakers, key bureaucrats, intelligence personnel, contractors and military planners in both Britain and America.

During the years between the Cold War and the Iraq War, neoconservatism underwent an important shift from a position sympathetic to realist thought to a position much closer to a particularly conservative form of liberal internationalism. This change has largely been ignored in the literature, and when discussed, simply attributed to new, more radical neoconservative actors replacing a more cautious cadre. This thesis utilises a ‘history of ideas’ approach to examine the evolution of neoconservative thought from an emphasis on stability and normality to one of ambitious transformation abroad and wide-ranging democracy promotion. It argues that this modification can be attributed to several material and ideational drivers. In material terms, the end of the Cold War and the ensuing decline of bipolarity in the international system in combination with the 9/11 terrorist attacks of 2001 were pivotal events in neoconservatism’s evolution. The former removed the primary constraint on the use of American power overseas, while the latter demonstrated, as far as neoconservatives were concerned, the cost to the US of inaction and restraint abroad. Ideationally, the advent of Francis Fukuyama’s ‘End of History’ thesis, an embrace of liberal democratic peace theory, and a religious ‘turn’ in neoconservative thought, all contributed to the development of a neoconservative foreign policy much more sympathetic to ideas of democracy promotion and humanitarian intervention.

The main aim of this study is to utilize a Jk-integral based computational method in order to calculate crack tip parameters for orthotropic functionally graded materials (FGMs). The crack is subjected to mixed mode thermal loading. Mixed mode thermal fracture analysis requires the calculation of mode-I and mode-II stress intensity factors (KI ,KII ). In addition to stress intensity factors, energy release rate and T-stress are calculated by means of Jk-integral. Jk-integral is defined as a line integral over a vanishingly small curve. Since it is difficult to deal with a line integral on a vanishing curve , Jk-integral is converted to a domain independent form containing area and line integrals by the help of plane thermoelasticity constitutive relations. Steady-state temperature distribution profiles in FGMs and the components of the Jk-integral are computed by means of the finite element method. In both thermal and structural analyses, finite element models that possess graded isoparametric elements are created in the general purpose finite element analysis software ANSYS. In the formulation of Jk-integral, all required engineering material properties are assumed to possess continuous spatial variations through the functionally graded medium. The numerical results are compared to the results obtained from Displacement Correlation Technique (DCT). The domain independence of Jk-integral is also demonstrated. The results obtained in this study show the effects of crack location and material property gradation profiles on stress intensity factors, energy release rate and T-stress.