With the development of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has evolved from a fatal disease to a chronic condition with increased risk for non-infectious comorbidities, including reduced bone density. Bone density is maintained through the coupled activities of osteoblast matrix deposition and osteoclast resorption; while uncoupling this process can result in bone loss and increased fracture risk. CD4+ T cells are critical in regulating the activity of these cells. Relevant to this thesis, studies have shown that HAART treated patients experience higher levels of immune activation; possibly contributing to the observed bone loss. If osteoimmune dysregulation does occur, there is a need to develop therapeutics that target this process, especially in the context of HIV infection. To evaluate osteoblast differentiation, we developed a high-throughput screening method to identify osteo-regulatory compounds. By screening over 5,000 compounds, we identified 18 that robustly induced osteoblast differentiation, using a mouse mesenchymal stem cell. We validated two of these compounds, rapamycin and FK-506, which are known immunosuppressants. Secondly, we addressed the role of activated CD4+T cells and HIV-infected T cells in osteogenesis. We found that supernatants from activated T cells potently inhibit osteoblast differentiation. However, when osteoblasts were co-cultured with HIV-infected T cells, differentiation was inhibited regardless of activation status, suggesting intrinsic differences between HIV infected and uninfected T cells. Finally, to prevent the inhibition of osteogenesis by activated T cells, we evaluated rapamycin, our pro-osteogenic and T cell activation antagonist, as well as the novel compound JQ1, an inflammatory inhibitor that targets bromodomain-containing proteins. Both rapamycin and JQ1 efficiently blocked the cytotoxic effects of supernatants from non-infected activated T cells on osteoblasts, whereas only rapamycin prevented inhibition in the co-culture model. In contrast, neither rapamycin nor JQ1 were able to prevent inhibition by HIV infected, activated T cells. This suggests that HIV exacerbates the negative effects of T cell activation on osteoblastogenesis. These data support a mechanism for HIV infection and T cell activation mediating bone loss.

Le rétinoblastome, un cancer pédiatrique de la rétine en développement, est la tumeur intraoculaire la plus fréquente chez l’enfant et représente environ 4 % de tous les cancers infantiles. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une maladie rare, l'hôpital Curie (centre de référence pour le rétinoblastome en France) accueille environ 50 à 60 nouveaux patients chaque année. Notre groupe a précédemment caractérisé deux sous-types de rétinoblastomes. Les tumeurs de type « cone-like » ou sous-type 1 sont plutôt différenciées et homogènes, présentent une surexpression des gènes liés aux cellules cônes (photorécepteurs) de la rétine, sont diagnostiquées cliniquement plus tôt et regroupent la majorité des formes héréditaires et bilatérales. Les tumeurs « mixed-type » ou sous-type 2, présentent une hétérogénéité intra-tumorale et une surexpression des gènes liés aux cellules des cônes et des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine, sont enrichies en patients unilatéraux qui sont diagnostiqués cliniquement à des âges plus avancés. Nous avons caractérisé le paysage moléculaire et génomique de 102 rétinoblastomes provenant de trois institutions : l'Institut Curie (France), l'Hôpital Garrahan (Argentine) et l'Hôpital Sant Joan de Déu (Espagne). Le développement d'une signature de méthylation par pyroséquençage pour la classification des échantillons nous a permis d'élargir nos échantillons classés, d'une première série de 72 à notre dernière série de 102 tumeurs. L'analyse du paysage mutationnel de notre série a révélé que les tumeurs du sous-type 2 avaient plus de mutations somatiques par échantillon que les tumeurs du sous-type 1. De plus les gènes BCOR et ARID1A étaient les deux seuls gènes mutés de manière récurrente, et identifiés uniquement dans le sous-type 2. En divisant notre cohorte de tumeurs en sous-type 1 et 2, la distribution des mutations le long de RB1 était significativement différente. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié une région de la protéine RB1 (dans le Domaine A) enrichie en mutations provenant des tumeurs du sous-type 2, avec très peu de mutations du sous-type 1. En plus, nous avons caractérisé deux événements récurrents de fusion chromosomique perturbant le gène DACH1. Les tumeurs de sous-type 2 sont caractérisées par une surexpression de TFF1, non exprimée dans la rétine normale. L'analyse par immunohistochimie de TFF1 dans des tumeurs localement invasives provenant de l'hôpital Garrahan a révélé la présence de cellules TFF1+ envahissant la région rétrolaminaire du nerf optique. Nous avons exploré un possible rôle oncogène de TFF1 dans le rétinoblastome lié à la survie cellulaire, à la migration cellulaire et à l'invasion cellulaire, qui n'a finalement pas été mis en évidence in vitro. Le sous-type moléculaire 2 regroupe les tumeurs MYCN amplifiées et les tumeurs avec une activation de la voie de signalisation MYC et des gènes cibles de MYC. L'utilisation de JQ1 et OTX015 (inhibiteurs des protéines BET) a fortement réduit la viabilité in vitro de lignées cellulaires de rétinoblastomes représentatives du sous-type 2, avec une régulation négative significative du gène et de la protéine MYC/MYCN. Nos résultats préliminaires suggèrent une nouvelle piste thérapeutique par l'inhibition des protéines BET dans le rétinoblastome. Les modèles précliniques largement utilisés dans la recherche sur le rétinoblastome n'ont pas été caractérisés ou classés au niveau moléculaire. Nous avons utilisé la même approche que pour la classification des tumeurs primaires et avons constaté que la plupart des modèles cellulaires et PDX étudiés étaient classés dans le sous-type moléculaire 2 et partageaient des caractéristiques moléculaires, génomiques et protéiques trouvés dans les tumeurs primaires de ce sous-type moléculaire. En conclusion, nous avons pu caractériser de façon plus approfondie le sous-type 2 des rétinoblastomes, qui semble présenter un phénotype plus agressif et qui est le sous-type représenté dans les modèles précliniques analysés. / Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare pediatric cancer of the developing retina that represents the most common intraocular tumor in children, and accounts for about 4% of all childhood cancers. Although being a rare disease, the Curie Hospital (the referral center for retinoblastoma in France) treats about 50-60 new patients each year. Our group has previously characterized two retinoblastoma subtypes. The cone-like or subtype 1 tumors rather differentiated and homogenous, presenting an overexpression of genes related to cone photoreceptor retinal cells, clinically diagnosed earlier and grouping the majority of hereditary and bilateral forms. The mixed-type or subtype 2 tumors, displaying an intra-tumoral heterogeneity and showing overexpression of genes related to cone and retinal ganglion cells, are enriched in unilateral patients clinically diagnosed at older ages. The general goal of my thesis was to extend the molecular characterization of these subtype 2 retinoblastomas. We characterized the molecular and genomic landscape of retinoblastoma in a series of 102 primary tumors, integrating samples from three institutions: the Curie Institute (France), the Garrahan Hospital (Argentina) and Sant Joan de Déu Hospital (Spain). The development of a pyrosequencing-based tool for sample classification allowed us to enlarge our classed samples, from an initial series of 72, to our final series of 102 tumors. Analysis of the mutational landscape in our series revealed that tumors from the subtype 2 had significantly more somatic mutations per sample than tumors from the subtype 1. Besides RB1 gene, BCOR and ARID1A where the only two recurrently mutated genes, and identified only in the subtype 2. Distribution of mutations alongside the RB1 gene has so far been analyzed in terms of a single group of retinoblastomas. When splitting our cohort in subtype 1 and subtype 2 tumors, the distribution of mutations was significantly different. Besides, we identified a region of the RB1 protein (in Domain A) enriched in mutations from tumors of the subtype 2, and devoid of mutations of the subtype 1. Besides somatic mutations, we characterized two recurrent chromosomal fusion events disrupting DACH1. Subtype 2 tumors are characterized by an overexpression of TFF1, not expressed in the normal retina. Immunohistochemical analysis of TFF1 in locally invasive tumors coming from the Garrahan Hospital revealed the presence of TFF1+ cells invading the retrolaminar region of the optic nerve. We then explored a possible oncogenic role of TFF1 in retinoblastoma related to cell survival, cell migration and cell invasion, which was not fully uncovered. Molecular subtype 2 regroups the MYCN amplified tumors and tumors with MYC signaling pathway activation and upregulation of hallmark MYC target genes. The use of JQ1 and OTX015 (BET bromodomains inhibitors) strongly reduced the viability in vitro of retinoblastoma cell lines representatives of the subtype 2, together with a significant MYC/MYCN gene and protein downregulation. We provided preliminary results to explore a new therapeutic avenue of BET protein inhibition in retinoblastoma. Preclinical models widely used in retinoblastoma research has not been characterized or classified at the molecular level. We have used the same approach as for primary human tumor’s classification, and found that most cellular and PDX models studied classed in the molecular subtype 2 and shared many of the molecular, genomic and protein characteristics found in primary tumors of this molecular subtype. Taken together, we have performed a deeper characterization of subtype 2 retinoblastomas, which seems to represent a more aggressive phenotype, and is the represented subtype in the preclinical models analyzed.

Since the discovery of DNA packaging into chromatin, and McClintock's (1951) work on position-effect variegation providing evidence of non-mendelian inheritance, the principal of a genome maintaining 'on' and 'off' states has been widely adopted. However, the underlying mechanisms that regulate these dynamic chromatin states and their effect on disease are still poorly understood. DNA methylation and histone trimethylation at H3K9 and H4K20 are the core hallmarks of the heterochromatic constitutively 'off' state. Constitutive heterochromatin is predominantly comprised of repetitive satellite containing pericentromeric regions and telomeres and in mouse heterochromatin clusters into large chromocenters. These regions are cytologically more compact and generally transcriptionally silent across embryonic and differentiated mouse cell types. However, in addition to increased genomic instability, mouse tumour cells sustain increased satellite expression suggesting constitutive heterochromatin is disrupted. Therefore how constitutive heterochromatin is maintained has important implications for genome regulation and disease, and remains poorly understood. While satellite DNA sequences are not evolutionarily conserved, pericentromeric and telomeric heterochromatin occurs across species. Heterochromatin formation is therefore independent of the underlying DNA sequence, supporting the hypothesis that epigenetic components can regulate chromatin structure. DNA methylation is generally thought to be associated with transcriptional silencing and chromatin compaction. However, Gilbert et al (2007) showed that the complete loss of DNA methylation did not affect the compaction at heterochromatin or global genome compaction. The role of H3K9me3 in regulating heterochromatin has also been an area of keen interest. H3K9me3 patterns are established by suppressor of variegation 3-9 homologues and provide the binding site for heterochromatic protein 1 [HP1] which can in turn recruit Suv39h1. This Suv3-9h-HP1-H3K9 axis enables its propagation throughout heterochromatin. Peters et al (2001) demonstrated that in mice loss of suv39 homologues 1 and 2 caused a loss of H3K9me3 at constitutive heterochromatic domains. These Suv39h null mice demonstrated decreased genome stability, and an increased prevalence of oncogenesis. However cytological chromocenters are still present in the absence of H3K9me3. Therefore the function of H3K9me3 as a causative agent in heterochromatin formation is still debated. Broadly the aim was to investigate the phenotypic role of heterochromatic epigenetic components in cancer progression, and address whether H3K9me3 effects large scale chromatin structure. To identify heterochromatic gene silencing components, an inhibitor screen was performed in an artificial silenced reporter system. The reporter fluorophore was silenced by the presence of centromeric arrays from yeast/bacterial artificial chromosomes and human alpha satellite repeats enriched for H3K9me3. To address the function of the de-silencing components identified in cancer, the fitness of colon cancer cells [HCT116] was investigated before and after the development of resistance to the MEK inhibitor trametinib. The most intriguing result was that BET protein inhibition resulted in derepression of the reporter construct and trametinib resistant HCT116 cells were more sensitive to BET inhibitors, while subsequent investigation showed HP1 protein levels were altered. Analysis of publically available datasets of tumour drug resistance, showed elevated BET protein binding at HP1 promoters in resistant cell lines suggesting an indirect role in gene silencing. To investigate the consequence of H3K9me3 loss on chromatin structure, mouse embryonic stem cells that lacked both Suv39 homologues were used. Microccocal nuclease digestion and sucrose sedimentation demonstrated a global decompaction of large-scale chromatin fibres whilst re-expression of suv39h1 rescued H3K9me3 at chromocenters and global chromatin decompaction. Loss of Suv39h also increased chromatin associated RNA levels that were also rescued by Suv39h1 re-expression. This suggests that H3K9me3 has a role chromatin fibre compaction globally as well as at constitutive heterochromatin, potentially mediated by chromatin associated RNA. To conclude, multiple components were identified that are involved in transcriptional silencing. Evaluating their function in tumour progression demonstrated a possible role of BET proteins in the development of MEKi resistance that may be mediated through HP1 proteins. H3K9me3 and its binding partner HP1 affect global chromatin compaction. The global decompaction after Suv39h loss correlates with an increase in chromatin associated RNA, suggesting a possible mechanism for changes in chromatin compaction beyond H3K9me3.

A descondensação da cromatina exerce um papel central nas diversas etapas do processo de carcinogênese abrindo o genoma para a ação de fatores de transcrição, exercendo papel na progressão e resistência tumoral. Bromodomínios e proteínas com terminal extra, como o BRD4, são leitores epigenéticos que regulam a expressão gênica e, portanto, também estão envolvidos na patogênese do câncer. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar o efeito da inibição do BRD4 no carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço (CECP). Para esse propósito, foi utilizado JQ1, inibidor de BRD4, em concentração de 1uM, nas linhagens de carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço HN6, HN12 e HN13. Foi analisado os níveis de BRD4, H4 acetilada e SIRT1 fosforilado através de reações de imunofluorecência e p16ink4 por imunohistoquímica. Foi realizado western blot para checar os níveis de p53 e p53 acetilado. Ensaio de formação de colônias e câmera de invasão foram realizados para testar o efeito do inibidor na proliferação e invasão celular. Através da citometria de fluxo foi analisado o efeito da apoptose com a marcação de caspase-3 clivada, do ciclo celular através da reação por iodeto de propídio e ainda da população de células tronco tumorais pela análise de ALDH e CD44. Por fim, foi realizado modelo xenográfico subcutâneo para analisar o efeito do JQ1. Os resultados mostraram diminuição significativa da expressão de BRD4 e H4ac após tratamento com JQ1. As linhagens celulares mostraram redução na capacidade de invasão e de formação de colônias quando submetidas ao JQ1. Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao número de células caspase-3 clivada positivas. Por outro lado, foi encontrado um maior número de células na fase G1 do ciclo celular após o uso do inibidor estudado. As células tratadas com JQ1 mostraram menor expressão de p-SIRT1 o que levou a uma diminuição da acetilação do p53 e um aumento na expressão de p16ink4. Paralelamente, foi encontrado uma diminuição na população de células positivas para ALDH e CD44. Houve diminuição do crescimento do tumor no modelo xenográfico tratado com JQ1 quando comparado ao veículo. Nos tecidos derivados do ensaio in vivo, houve uma diminuição nos marcadores p16ink4, pSIRT1 além de acúmulo de H2AX. Conclui-se que o uso de JQ1 resulta na disrupção do crescimento do CECP associado a ativação de senescência, indução de dano de DNA além de reduzir a população de células tronco tumorais. Esses novos achados indicam que o BRD4 é um importante modificador epigenético nos CECP sendo um viável alvo terapêutico. / Chromatin descondensation plays a central step in the various stages of the carcinogenesis process opening the genome for transcription factors playing a role in tumor progress and resistance. Bromodomains and extra terminal family, as BRD4, are epigenetics readers that regulate gene expression thus they are also involved in cancer pathogenesis. The objective of this project was studied the effect of BRD4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For this purpose, JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, was used in 1uM concentration, in HN6, HN12 and HN13 head and neck carcinoma cell lines. The levels of BRD4, acetylates h4 and phosphorylated SIRT1 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and p16ink4 labeling by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was performed to check the levels of p53 and acetylated p53. Colony assay and invasion chamber were performed to test the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and invasion. The effect of apoptosis with the cleaved caspase-3 labeling, the cell cycle by propidium iodide and of the population of tumor stem cells by the analysis of ALDH and CD44 was analyzed through flow cytometry. Finally, a subcutaneous xerographic model was performed to analyze the effect of JQ1. A significant decrease in the expression of BRD4 and H4ac was found after application of JQ1. The cell lines results showed a reduction in the capacity of invasion and also formation of colonies when submitted to JQ1. No differences were found in relation to the number of cells caspase-3 cleaved positives. On the other hand, a large number of cells were found in G1 arrest of cell cycle after use of the BRD4 inhibitor studied. Cells treated with JQ1 showed lower expression of p-SIRT1 which led to a decrease in p53 acetylation and an increase in p16ink4 expression. In parallel, a decrease of ALDH and CD44 positive cells population was found. A decrease in tumor growth was discovered when treated by JQ1 if compared to the vehicle. In tissues samples derived from the in vivo assay, there was a decrease in p16ink4, pSIRT1 markers in addition to -H2Ax accumulation. In conclusion JQ1 causes HNSSC tumor growth disruption associated a senescence activation, DNA damage and a reduce number of cancer stem cells. These new findings indicate that BRD4 is an important genetic modifier in HNSSC and is a viable therapeutic target.

A descondensação da cromatina exerce um papel central nas diversas etapas do processo de carcinogênese abrindo o genoma para a ação de fatores de transcrição, exercendo papel na progressão e resistência tumoral. Bromodomínios e proteínas com terminal extra, como o BRD4, são leitores epigenéticos que regulam a expressão gênica e, portanto, também estão envolvidos na patogênese do câncer. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar o efeito da inibição do BRD4 no carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço (CECP). Para esse propósito, foi utilizado JQ1, inibidor de BRD4, em concentração de 1uM, nas linhagens de carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço HN6, HN12 e HN13. Foi analisado os níveis de BRD4, H4 acetilada e SIRT1 fosforilado através de reações de imunofluorecência e p16ink4 por imunohistoquímica. Foi realizado western blot para checar os níveis de p53 e p53 acetilado. Ensaio de formação de colônias e câmera de invasão foram realizados para testar o efeito do inibidor na proliferação e invasão celular. Através da citometria de fluxo foi analisado o efeito da apoptose com a marcação de caspase-3 clivada, do ciclo celular através da reação por iodeto de propídio e ainda da população de células tronco tumorais pela análise de ALDH e CD44. Por fim, foi realizado modelo xenográfico subcutâneo para analisar o efeito do JQ1. Os resultados mostraram diminuição significativa da expressão de BRD4 e H4ac após tratamento com JQ1. As linhagens celulares mostraram redução na capacidade de invasão e de formação de colônias quando submetidas ao JQ1. Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao número de células caspase-3 clivada positivas. Por outro lado, foi encontrado um maior número de células na fase G1 do ciclo celular após o uso do inibidor estudado. As células tratadas com JQ1 mostraram menor expressão de p-SIRT1 o que levou a uma diminuição da acetilação do p53 e um aumento na expressão de p16ink4. Paralelamente, foi encontrado uma diminuição na população de células positivas para ALDH e CD44. Houve diminuição do crescimento do tumor no modelo xenográfico tratado com JQ1 quando comparado ao veículo. Nos tecidos derivados do ensaio in vivo, houve uma diminuição nos marcadores p16ink4, pSIRT1 além de acúmulo de H2AX. Conclui-se que o uso de JQ1 resulta na disrupção do crescimento do CECP associado a ativação de senescência, indução de dano de DNA além de reduzir a população de células tronco tumorais. Esses novos achados indicam que o BRD4 é um importante modificador epigenético nos CECP sendo um viável alvo terapêutico. / Chromatin descondensation plays a central step in the various stages of the carcinogenesis process opening the genome for transcription factors playing a role in tumor progress and resistance. Bromodomains and extra terminal family, as BRD4, are epigenetics readers that regulate gene expression thus they are also involved in cancer pathogenesis. The objective of this project was studied the effect of BRD4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For this purpose, JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, was used in 1uM concentration, in HN6, HN12 and HN13 head and neck carcinoma cell lines. The levels of BRD4, acetylates h4 and phosphorylated SIRT1 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and p16ink4 labeling by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was performed to check the levels of p53 and acetylated p53. Colony assay and invasion chamber were performed to test the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and invasion. The effect of apoptosis with the cleaved caspase-3 labeling, the cell cycle by propidium iodide and of the population of tumor stem cells by the analysis of ALDH and CD44 was analyzed through flow cytometry. Finally, a subcutaneous xerographic model was performed to analyze the effect of JQ1. A significant decrease in the expression of BRD4 and H4ac was found after application of JQ1. The cell lines results showed a reduction in the capacity of invasion and also formation of colonies when submitted to JQ1. No differences were found in relation to the number of cells caspase-3 cleaved positives. On the other hand, a large number of cells were found in G1 arrest of cell cycle after use of the BRD4 inhibitor studied. Cells treated with JQ1 showed lower expression of p-SIRT1 which led to a decrease in p53 acetylation and an increase in p16ink4 expression. In parallel, a decrease of ALDH and CD44 positive cells population was found. A decrease in tumor growth was discovered when treated by JQ1 if compared to the vehicle. In tissues samples derived from the in vivo assay, there was a decrease in p16ink4, pSIRT1 markers in addition to -H2Ax accumulation. In conclusion JQ1 causes HNSSC tumor growth disruption associated a senescence activation, DNA damage and a reduce number of cancer stem cells. These new findings indicate that BRD4 is an important genetic modifier in HNSSC and is a viable therapeutic target.

A descondensação da cromatina exerce um papel central nas diversas etapas do processo de carcinogênese abrindo o genoma para a ação de fatores de transcrição, exercendo papel na progressão e resistência tumoral. Bromodomínios e proteínas com terminal extra, como o BRD4, são leitores epigenéticos que regulam a expressão gênica e, portanto, também estão envolvidos na patogênese do câncer. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar o efeito da inibição do BRD4 no carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço (CECP). Para esse propósito, foi utilizado JQ1, inibidor de BRD4, em concentração de 1uM, nas linhagens de carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço HN6, HN12 e HN13. Foi analisado os níveis de BRD4, H4 acetilada e SIRT1 fosforilado através de reações de imunofluorecência e p16ink4 por imunohistoquímica. Foi realizado western blot para checar os níveis de p53 e p53 acetilado. Ensaio de formação de colônias e câmera de invasão foram realizados para testar o efeito do inibidor na proliferação e invasão celular. Através da citometria de fluxo foi analisado o efeito da apoptose com a marcação de caspase-3 clivada, do ciclo celular através da reação por iodeto de propídio e ainda da população de células tronco tumorais pela análise de ALDH e CD44. Por fim, foi realizado modelo xenográfico subcutâneo para analisar o efeito do JQ1. Os resultados mostraram diminuição significativa da expressão de BRD4 e H4ac após tratamento com JQ1. As linhagens celulares mostraram redução na capacidade de invasão e de formação de colônias quando submetidas ao JQ1. Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao número de células caspase-3 clivada positivas. Por outro lado, foi encontrado um maior número de células na fase G1 do ciclo celular após o uso do inibidor estudado. As células tratadas com JQ1 mostraram menor expressão de p-SIRT1 o que levou a uma diminuição da acetilação do p53 e um aumento na expressão de p16ink4. Paralelamente, foi encontrado uma diminuição na população de células positivas para ALDH e CD44. Houve diminuição do crescimento do tumor no modelo xenográfico tratado com JQ1 quando comparado ao veículo. Nos tecidos derivados do ensaio in vivo, houve uma diminuição nos marcadores p16ink4, pSIRT1 além de acúmulo de H2AX. Conclui-se que o uso de JQ1 resulta na disrupção do crescimento do CECP associado a ativação de senescência, indução de dano de DNA além de reduzir a população de células tronco tumorais. Esses novos achados indicam que o BRD4 é um importante modificador epigenético nos CECP sendo um viável alvo terapêutico. / Chromatin descondensation plays a central step in the various stages of the carcinogenesis process opening the genome for transcription factors playing a role in tumor progress and resistance. Bromodomains and extra terminal family, as BRD4, are epigenetics readers that regulate gene expression thus they are also involved in cancer pathogenesis. The objective of this project was studied the effect of BRD4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For this purpose, JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, was used in 1uM concentration, in HN6, HN12 and HN13 head and neck carcinoma cell lines. The levels of BRD4, acetylates h4 and phosphorylated SIRT1 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and p16ink4 labeling by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was performed to check the levels of p53 and acetylated p53. Colony assay and invasion chamber were performed to test the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and invasion. The effect of apoptosis with the cleaved caspase-3 labeling, the cell cycle by propidium iodide and of the population of tumor stem cells by the analysis of ALDH and CD44 was analyzed through flow cytometry. Finally, a subcutaneous xerographic model was performed to analyze the effect of JQ1. A significant decrease in the expression of BRD4 and H4ac was found after application of JQ1. The cell lines results showed a reduction in the capacity of invasion and also formation of colonies when submitted to JQ1. No differences were found in relation to the number of cells caspase-3 cleaved positives. On the other hand, a large number of cells were found in G1 arrest of cell cycle after use of the BRD4 inhibitor studied. Cells treated with JQ1 showed lower expression of p-SIRT1 which led to a decrease in p53 acetylation and an increase in p16ink4 expression. In parallel, a decrease of ALDH and CD44 positive cells population was found. A decrease in tumor growth was discovered when treated by JQ1 if compared to the vehicle. In tissues samples derived from the in vivo assay, there was a decrease in p16ink4, pSIRT1 markers in addition to -H2Ax accumulation. In conclusion JQ1 causes HNSSC tumor growth disruption associated a senescence activation, DNA damage and a reduce number of cancer stem cells. These new findings indicate that BRD4 is an important genetic modifier in HNSSC and is a viable therapeutic target.

No description available.