Habilitationsschrift--Göttingen. / Bibliographical footnotes.

Thesis (M.A.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 2005. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-190).

Thesis (M.A.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 2005. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-190).

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans de nombreux domaines où il existe des risques pour l'homme, comme la médecine, le nucléaire ou l'avionique, il est nécessaire de passer par une phase de certification visant à garantir le bon fonctionnement d'un système ou d'un produit. La certification se fait en fonction de documents normatifs qui expriment les exigences de justifications auxquelles le produit et le processus de développement doivent se conformer. Un audit de certification consiste alors à produire une documentation attestant la conformité avec ce cadre réglementaire.Pour faire face à ce besoin de justifications visant à assurer la conformité avec les normes en vigueur et la complétude des justifications apportées, il faut dès lors être capable de cibler les exigences de justification à revendiquer pour un projet et produire les justifications durant le développement du projet. Dans ce contexte, éliciter les exigences de justifications à partir des normes et produire les justifications nécessaires et suffisantes sont des enjeux pour assurer le respect des normes et éviter la sur-justification.Dans ces travaux nous cherchons à structurer les exigences de justification pour ensuite aider à la production des justifications associées tout en restant attentif à la confiance que l'on peut placer en elles. Pour relever ces défis, nous avons défini une sémantique formelle pour une modélisation existante des justifications : les Diagrammes de Justification. A partir de cette sémantique, nous avons pu définir un ensemble d'opérations permettant de contrôler le cycle de vie des justifications pour assurer la conformité des justifications au regard des exigences de justification. Par ce formalisme, nous avons également pu guider, voire automatiser dans certains cas, la production des justifications et la vérification de la conformité.Ces contributions ont été appliquées dans le contexte des technologies médicales pour l'entreprise AXONIC, porteuse de ces travaux. Ceci a permis de i) éliciter les exigences de justification des normes médicales et pratiques internes de l'entreprise, ii) produire automatiquement les justifications associées à la norme IEC 62304 pour le logiciel en médical, iii) automatiser la vérification et validation des justifications ainsi que la production de documents utilisables lors d'audit. / In many areas where it exists human risks, such as medicine, nuclear or avionics, it is necessary to go through a certification stage to ensure the proper functioning of a system or product. Certification is based on normative documents that express the justification requirements to which the product and the development process must conform. A certification audit then consists of producing documentation certifying compliance with this regulatory framework.To cope with this need for justifications to ensure compliance with the standards in force and the completeness of the justifications provided, it must therefore be able to target the justification requirements to be claimed for a project and produce justifications during the development of the project. In this context, eliciting the justification requirements from the standards and producing the necessary and sufficient justifications are issues to ensure compliance with standards and avoid over-justification.In these works we seek to structure the justification requirements and then help to produce the associated justifications while remaining attentive to the confidence that can be placed in them. To address these challenges, we have defined a formal semantics for an existing model of justifications: Justification Diagrams. From this semantics, we have been able to define a set of operations to control the life cycle of the justifications to ensure that the justifications regarding the justification requirements. Through this semantics, we have also been able to guide, and even automate in some cases, the production of justifications and the verification of conformance.These contributions were applied in the context of medical technologies for the company AXONIC, the bearer of this work. This made it possible to i) elicitate the justification requirements of the medical standards and company's internal practicals, ii) automatically produce the justifications associated with the IEC 62304 standard for medical software, iii) automate the verification and validation of the justifications as well as the production of documents that can be used during the audit.

This dissertation contends that in spite of the increasing trajectory toward a more corporate, covenantal understanding of justification within Pauline scholarship since the emergence of the New Perspective on Paul, there still remains significant evidence that justification, at its core, is concerned with the individual before God in need of grace, who is counted righteous apart from any human works. Chapter 1 provides a history of research that traces this corporate trajectory within modern scholarship, as well as noting some of the responses to it. Chapter 2 examines the case for the presence of Jewish legalism at Paul's time of writing, to which he responds with his doctrine of justification by faith. Though E. P. Sanders successfully showed that legalism did not define second-temple Judaism, his work does not rule out the possibility of legalism within elements of the religion during the lifetime of Paul. This legalism would be more subtle than in pre-Sanders caricatures of Judaism, and is intricately tied to ethnocentrism, since the works in question were often those such as circumcision, which separated Jews from Gentiles--hence, ethnocentric legalism. Chapters 3 and 4 apply a framework that does not rule out legalism to three key justification texts (Gal 2:16; Rom 3:20; Rom 4:1-8). In these passages, Paul alludes to or cites a psalm text, each of which highlights an underlying anthropological approach to justification that denies the place of works, which was also timeless, though now fully revealed in the death and resurrection of Jesus. Chapter 5 examines evidence in other places in Paul, including some of the disputed letters, that undergirds the idea that fundamental to justification and Pauline soteriology in general is a distinction between grace (through faith) and works. Chapter 6 seeks to align the present argument with more corporate concerns in Pauline soteriology through exegesis of two passages that are often considered to be linchpin texts for the New Perspective (Rom 3:27-30; Eph 2:14-18). Chapter 7 provides a summary of the argument, as well as implications of the present study, with further reflection on what it means for future work on the subject.

This study is a socio-rhetorical approach to the Pauline theology of reconciliation in 2 Corinthians. Scholars generally focus their attention on where καταλλάσσω and καταλλαγή terminology appears in discussing Paul’s theology of reconciliation. This has led to some scholars reducing Paul’s theology of reconciliation to simply referring to God being reconciled to men and vice versa, while other scholars tend to focus on reconciliation between human beings, almost to the exclusion of reconciliation between God and men. The current research argues that reconciliation with God is intrinsically linked to reconciliation between people in the church. Chapter One of this study looks at areas of disagreement amongst scholars concerning Paul’s theology of reconciliation. Chapter Two reviews the current state of research on Paul and his theology of reconciliation, while Chapter Three discusses the question of the Socio-historical use of the καταλλάσσειν and διαλλάσσειν terminology in the New Testament, and its uniqueness in Paul. In Chapter Four both the literary and historical contexts of Paul’s teachings on reconciliation in 2 Corinthians are explored. In Chapter Five the exegesis of 2 Corinthians 5:11-6:10 is performed and the implications for reconciliation are spelled out. / MA (New Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study is a socio-rhetorical approach to the Pauline theology of reconciliation in 2 Corinthians. Scholars generally focus their attention on where καταλλάσσω and καταλλαγή terminology appears in discussing Paul’s theology of reconciliation. This has led to some scholars reducing Paul’s theology of reconciliation to simply referring to God being reconciled to men and vice versa, while other scholars tend to focus on reconciliation between human beings, almost to the exclusion of reconciliation between God and men. The current research argues that reconciliation with God is intrinsically linked to reconciliation between people in the church. Chapter One of this study looks at areas of disagreement amongst scholars concerning Paul’s theology of reconciliation. Chapter Two reviews the current state of research on Paul and his theology of reconciliation, while Chapter Three discusses the question of the Socio-historical use of the καταλλάσσειν and διαλλάσσειν terminology in the New Testament, and its uniqueness in Paul. In Chapter Four both the literary and historical contexts of Paul’s teachings on reconciliation in 2 Corinthians are explored. In Chapter Five the exegesis of 2 Corinthians 5:11-6:10 is performed and the implications for reconciliation are spelled out. / MA (New Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

“Contributory intent” refers to the situation where, besides the defendant being at fault and causing harm to the plaintiff, the plaintiff also intentionally causes harm to him- or herself. “Contributory intent” can have the effect of either excluding the defendant’s liability (on the ground that the plaintiff's voluntary assumption of risk or intent completely cancels the defendant's negligence and therefore liability), or limiting the defendant’s liability (where both parties intentionally cause the plaintiff's loss thereby resulting in the reduction of the defendant’s liability). Under our law the "contributory intent" of the plaintiff, can either serve as a complete defence in terms of common law or it can serve to limit the defendant's liability in terms of the Apportionment of Damages Act 34 of 1956. The “Apportionment of Loss Bill 2003” which has been prepared to replace the current Act provides for the applicability of “contributory intent” as a defence limiting liability, but it is yet to be promulgated. / Criminal and Procedural Law

Beaucoup d'applications des méthodes formelles reposent sur la génération de formules en logique du premier ordre et la preuve de leur satisfiabilité par rapport à une théorie en arrière-plan, qui est souvent obtenu par mélange de plusieurs théories. Dans la littérature, cette forme de satisfiabilité est appelée Satisfiabilité Modulo Théories (SMT). Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse à la conception de procédures de décision pour les problèmes SMT, en intégrant des techniques de saturation basées sur la réécriture pour des théories finiment axiomatisées et des techniques de combinaison pour des unions de théories. La première contribution de cette thèse est une reconstruction raisonnée, dans un cadre uniforme, des méthodes de combinaison proposées par Nelson-Oppen, Shostak et d'autres. Ceci est le point de départ pour de nouvelles investigations. Nous introduisons ensuite le concept de canoniseur étendu et dérivons un résultat de modularité pour une nouvelle classe de théories, ce qui contraste avec l'absence de modularité pour la classe de théories considérée par Shostak. La deuxième contribution concerne le problème de la combinaison de procédures basées sur la réécriture en utilisant la méthode de Nelson-Oppen. Nous utilisons la méta-saturation pour développer des techniques de preuve automatique permettant de tester les conditions pour la combinabilité de telles procédures. Lorsque la méta-saturation termine pour une théorie, le résultat obtenu permet de raisonner sur la combinabilité pour cette théorie d'une procédure de satisfiabilité basée sur la réécriture. La troisième contribution de cette thèse est liée à l'intégration des procédures de décision dans les solveurs SMT. Nous considérons le problème de rajouter aux procédures de décision la capacité de construire des justifications en cas d'insatisfiabilité, sans dégradation des performances, en nous focalisant sur la construction modulaire de telles justifications pour une théorie combinée. Pour ce faire, nous étendons la méthode de combinaison de Nelson-Oppen de manière à construire de façon modulaire des justisfications d'insatisfiabilité pour des unions de théories. Nous étudions également comment les justifications obtenues peuvent être reliées à une forme appropriée de minimalité.