This thesis centres on a member of the rural elite, Suzuki Bokushi (1770-1842) of Echigo, and his social environment in Tokugawa Japan (1603-1868). Through a case study of the interaction between one individual’s life and his social conditions, the thesis participates in the ongoing scholarly reassessment of Tokugawa society, which had an apparently rigid political and social structure, yet many features that suggest a prototype of modernity. Bokushi’s life was multifaceted. He was a village administrator, landlord, pawnbroker, poet, painter, and great communicator, with a nation-wide correspondence network that crossed various social classes. His remote location and humble lifestyle notwithstanding, he was eventually able to publish a book about his region, Japan’s ‘snow country’. This thesis argues that Bokushi’s life epitomises both the potentiality and the restrictions of his historical moment for a well-placed member of the rural elite. An examination of Bokushi’s life and texts certainly challenges residual notions of the rigidity of social boundaries between the urban and the rural, between social statuses, and between cultural and intellectual communities. But Bokushi’s own actions and attitudes also show the force of conservative social values in provincial life. His activities were also still restrained by the external environment in terms of geographical remoteness, infrastructural limitation, political restrictions, cultural norms and the exigencies of human relationships. Bokushi’s life shows that in his day, Tokugawa social frameworks were being shaken and reshaped by people’s new attempts to cross conventional boundaries, within, however, a range of freedom that had both external and internal limits.

From the middle of the seventeenth century until 1853, the Japanese shogunal government virtually isolated Japan from the rest of the world. Only the Chinese and the Dutch were allowed to maintain a trading post in the harbour of Nagasaki. All dealings with the Dutch traders were subject to strict controls, and the interpreters that were trained to liaise with them had to swear a blood oath to secrecy. Nevertheless, information regarding the scientific and technological advances that were made in the West during this period managed to penetrate this barrier, and eventually grew, to some extent with official sanction, into a popular branch of scholarship known as rengeku, literally 'Dutch learning'. Since nearly all of the academic knowledge that reached Japan from the West arrived in written Dutch, the Dutch language became the language of science in Japan during this period, and a necessary subject of study for allrangaku scholars. This thesis is the first study in English that examines the development of the study of the Dutch language in Japan during the period through an analysis of the textbooks and dictionaries that were produced in Japan. The works selected for this study are those considered to be representative of, or significant to, the development of the study of Dutch and attendant increase of awareness of Western linguistic concepts, many of which were imposed, for better or worse, on the Japanese language. Other, less influential documents, are occasionally also discussed, to demonstrate the false trails and misunderstandings that can emerge when a foreign language is presented to students without the benefit of demonstrated current and practical usage. Initially Dutch language study was restricted to the development of skills among the Dutch interpreters in Nagasaki, who compiled word lists for personal use. These lists developed from primitive and limited glossaries into relatively sophisticated Chinesestyle lexicons and finally evolved into the large-scale Haruma dictionaries of the early nineteenth century. Early attempts at understanding the structures of the Dutch language, both by interpreters and academics, failed to provide practical insights. An important i breakthrough was achieved when retired interpreter Shizuki Tadao (1760-1806) began to produce translations of Nederduytsche Spraakkonst('Dutch Grammar') by William Sewel, and applied Western linguistic concepts to the Japanese language. This new understanding gave rise to a consistent structural approach to the study of Dutch, as a result of which language study became more consistent and translations more sophisticated. Although the end of national isolation in the middle of the nineteenth century meant that the study of Dutch was soon abandoned in favour of other European languages, many words in the Japanese language, particularly in relation to science and technology, are of Dutch origin. More importantly, many of the principles and terminology the Japanese use to define the structures of their language stem from the insights into Western linguistics gained during those final decades of the period of national isolation.

The end of the Second World War and Japan’s surrender are the established paradigm for understanding postwar Japanese society. The formulation of the new Constitution and the establishment of the postwar democracy mark a major historical turnaround for Japan. Since he debuted as a writer in 1958, Ōe Kenzaburō’s (1935 - ) published literary works are closely related to the postwar history of Japan. Ōe has been an outspoken supporter of the pacifist Constitution and “postwar democracy.” Ōe’s stories about the war are characterized by a realistic depiction at the same time as always narrating his stories in an imaginary world. In his works the past history and the future are intricately combined in the depiction of contemporary society. By doing so, Ōe creates an ambiguous image of contemporary Japan. Ōe’s main question in his early works is the achievement of shutaisei both in postwar Japanese society and Japanese literature. The main protagonists as well as the author protest against the emperor-centered history. They attempt to illustrate another history from their own viewpoint.

In this thesis I primarily studied the influence of foreign policy on the development of relations between Japanese political parties and the military in the interwar period. I studied the way in which political parties and military affected each other and which factors influenced the distribution of power on Japanese political scene. Furthermore I tried to show how these relations contributed to the rise of power of political parties and to their subsequent downfall, and how they affected the militarization of Japanese state and it's consequent course towards World War II. Therefore I focused the thesis on 1921 - 1936 period, in which the key events that formed the shape of Japanese state, at least until the end of World War II, took place.

Mo Yajun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-130). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Part I: --- "Remapping Shanghai, Remapping Hongkou" --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter I. --- Reconfiguration of the urban space in modern Shanghai --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1 --- “Tri-cities´ة´ة in Shanghai: urban space in transformation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- "A divided city, a hybrid society" --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter II. --- How special was Hongkou district in Shanghai? --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Where was ""Hongkou""?" --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- "American Settlement: “the Cinderella among the settlements""" --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- From waterways to waterfronts --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Bridges and roads --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- New frontiers for new comers --- p.19 / Chapter Part II: --- Structuring of the Japanese Community in Hongkou District --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter III. --- The latecomers to Shanghai --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Why not an exclusive Japanese Concession? --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Population growth after 1895 --- p.25 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Choose Shanghai, choose Hongkou" --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- """Why go to Shanghai?""" --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- """Why choose Hongkou?""" --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter IV. --- The administration structure and the power system --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1 --- Japanese Consulate in Shanghai --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2 --- JRA': a 'self-governing' body run by the elites --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- Public services and communal duties --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The JRA-run schools and their school system in Shanghai --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Japanese company in SVC --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Public health service --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Other services --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter V. --- "´بLittle Japan', a self-contained community" --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1 --- ´بKaishaha´ةvs. ´بDochakuha´ة --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2 --- A society formed by small traders --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3 --- Make Hongkou a Japan town --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Japanese streets' & ´بLittle Tokyo' --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Japanese lives in Hongkou --- p.71 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- ´بNagasaki ken-Shanghai shi´ة --- p.74 / Chapter Part III: --- Compromises and Conflicts --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter VI. --- Conflicts with compromises --- p.76 / Chapter 6.1 --- Japanese community and the Shanghai Municipal Council --- p.76 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Representatives in Council --- p.77 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Japanese participation in the SMP and other services in the SMC --- p.78 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Japanese wanted more voice in the SMC --- p.81 / Chapter 6.2 --- The anti-Japanese boycotts and Japanese community --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The boycott as an economic tool --- p.83 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The hostilities and the Japanese reaction --- p.86 / Chapter 6.3 --- Conflicts with compromises --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter VII. --- Shanghai 1932: An era ended --- p.92 / Conclusion --- p.99 / Notes --- p.102 / Appendices / Chapter Appendices A --- Glossaries --- p.148 / Chapter Appendices B --- Bibliography --- p.151 / List of Tables / Table / Chapter 1. --- “Hongkou´ح in different Gazetteers of Shanghai County --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- "The Japanese Population in Shanghai, 1889-1909" --- p.27 / Chapter 3. --- "The Development of Japanese Population in Shanghai, 1912-1931" --- p.28 / Chapter 4. --- "Japanese Firms in Shanghai, in First Decade of Meiji Era" --- p.32 / Chapter 5. --- "The Geographical Origins of the Japanese Merchants in Shanghai, 1894" --- p.34 / Chapter 6. --- The Proportion of Japanese in Shanghai (1889-1892) --- p.38 / Chapter 7. --- The Members of JRA Administrative Committee in 1915 and 1922 --- p.48 / Chapter 8. --- The Enrollment of Japanese Primary Schools in Shanghai (1911-1932) --- p.52 / Chapter 9. --- The Japanese Schools run by the JRA --- p.55 / Chapter 10. --- The Proportions of Japanese Population in Different Professions in the Early 1910s --- p.60 / Chapter 11. --- The Different Status of “Kaishaha´ح and “Dochakuha´ح --- p.62 / Chapter 12. --- The Election Result of the Residents' Council of the JRA (1925，1929) --- p.63 / Chapter 13. --- The New Registered Japanese Commercial Firms in Shanghai (1918-1932) --- p.65 / Chapter 14. --- The Japanese population resided in Outer Hongkou Area --- p.70 / Chapter 15. --- "Japanese Small Businesses Opened inside the ""Japanese Streets Area"" (1924)" --- p.72 / List of Figures / Figure / Chapter 1. --- Shanghai Japanese Clubs (1903-1908) --- p.44 / Chapter 2. --- The Structure of Japanese Residents' Association --- p.47

Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-239). / Electronic reproduction. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xv, 239 leaves, bound ill., map 29 cm

The planned language Esperanto achieved popularity in early twentieth century Japan, inspiring a national movement which was the largest outside Europe. Esperanto was designed to facilitate greater international and inter-cultural communication and understanding; the history of the language in Japan reveals a rich tradition of internationalism in Japan, stretching from the beginnings of the movement, in the wake of the Russo-Japanese war, through the end of the Pacific war, when, for a brief period, organised Esperanto in Japan ceased. Building upon existing studies of internationalism amongst elite opinion makers in Japan, this history of Esperanto reveals unexpected examples of internationalism amongst the broader Japanese public, a number of competing conceptions of the international world, and their realisation through a range of transnational activities. Esperanto was at once an intellectual phenomenon, and a language which could be put into immediate and concrete practice. The diversity of social groups and intellectual positions within the Japanese Esperanto community reveals internationalism and cosmopolitanism, not as well defined, static concepts, but as broad spaces in which different ideas of the world and the community of mankind could be debated. What linked the various different groups and individuals drawn into the Japanese Esperanto movement was a shared desire to make contact with, and help to reform, the world beyond Japan's borders, as well as a shared realisation of the vital role of language in making this contact possible. From radical socialists to conservative academics, and from Japanese diplomats at the League of Nations to members of rural communities in the deep north of Japan, although their politics often differed, Japanese Esperantists came together to participate in the re-imagining of the modern world; in doing so they became part of a transnational community, one which reveals insights into both modern Japanese history, and the nature of internationalism.

"May 2003". / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Department of English, 2004. / Bibliography: p. 301-332. / Introduction -- The significance of Miyazawa Kenji's ideals in (post) modern Japanese children's literature -- Re-presenting Miyazawa Kenji's tales: cultural coding and discourse analysis -- Tale of "Wildcat and the acorns" (Donguri to Yamaneko): self and subjectivity in the characters and haecceitas in the organic world -- Beyond dualism in "Snow crossing" (Yukiwatan) -- Kenji's "Dekunobõ ideal in "Gõshu the cellist" (Serohiki no Gõshu) and "Kenjũ's park" (Kenjũ kõenrin) -- Beyond the realm of Asura in "The twin stars" (Futago no hoshi) and "Wild pear (Yamanashi) -- The material and immaterial in "The restaurant of many orders (Chũmon no õi ryõriten) -- Conclusion. / This thesis investigates ideologies in contemporary picture books of Miyazawa Kenji's tales from the perspective of the acculturation of children in (post)modern Japan. Miyazawa Kenji (1896-1933) was writing in the early 20'" century, yet he is currently the most prolifically published literary figure in picture book form and these pictorialisations are widely promulgated to children and throughout cultural and educational institutions in Japan. Given Kenji's prominence as a devoutly Buddhist author with a unique position within Japanese literature, the thesis operates on the premise that the picture books are working, inter aha, to decode or encode the inherent Buddhist ideologies of self, identity and subjectivity and that the picture book re-versions are attempting to be 'authentic' to these. (Unlike many other works adapted for picture books, Kenji's original words are left intact.) Such selflother interactions are important to the construction of identity because childhood itself is an ideological construction premised on assumptions about what it means to be a child and what it means to 'be'; in other words, "such fictions are premised on culturally specific ideologies of identity" (McCallum, 1999: 263). Picture books, with their two forms of narrative discourse, pictures and words, are more ideologically powerful than words alone because the pictures also carry attitudes and therefore doubly inscribe both the explicit and implicit ideologies inherent in the words. -- By utilising Miyazawa Kenji's non-humanist Buddhist ideologies as a basis, this investigation compares how different artists are (re-)inscribing these ideals in the most frequently pidorialised versions of his children's tales. It is primarily an investigation into how the artistic responses re-situate or respond to ideologies of self and subjectivity inherent in a select corpus of focused pre-existing texts. Ultimately, the thesis shows how different pictures can shape story and how the implied reader is interpellated into certain subject positions and viewpoints from which to read the texts. This involves an intertextual approach which explores how art and culture interact to imply significance. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / iv, 332, [31] p. ill. (some col.)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz_Carlos_Coelho_Feijo_Dissertacao.pdf: 11471069 bytes, checksum: bd4bbc8369f8449f10591dd22c250e07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-06 / Relatively recent in Brazil, the manga won fans of all ages and genres through titles like Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, Rurouni Kenshin, One Piece and others. Many of its stories have historical background or reference parts of Japanese history, especially of samurai and shinobi (ninja), which has awakened the interest of Brazilian readers, hitherto accustomed to Western stories that mostly were purely fictional. All this notoriety gained by manga in the West drew the attention of Western scholars, among which we mention Sonia Bibe Luyten (2000); Paul Gravett (2006) and Robin Brenner (2007), leading them to conduct research ranging from appearance manga of the role played by them in Japanese culture today. Taking this into consideration, this study aimed at evaluating how three mangaká (Chrono Nanae, Watsuki Nobuhiro and Sorachi Hideaki) make use of their works to convey to his readers his view on certain events in the Meiji Restoration, whether through narrative or the representation of historical characters inserted into his plots / Relativamente recentes no Brasil, os mangás conquistaram fãs de diversas idades e gêneros através de títulos como Dragon Ball e Dragon Ball Z, Samurai X, One Piece entre outros. Muitas de suas histórias possuem fundo histórico ou fazem referência a partes da história japonesa, principalmente os de samurais e shinobis (ninjas), o que acabou despertando o interesse de leitores brasileiros, acostumados até então com histórias ocidentais que em sua grande maioria eram puramente ficcionais. Toda esta notoriedade adquirida pelos mangás no Ocidente chamou a atenção de estudiosos ocidentais, dentre os quais citam-se Sonia Bibe Luyten (2000); Paul Gravett (2006) e Robin Brenner (2007), levando-os a realizarem pesquisas que vão do surgimento dos mangás ao papel exercido por eles na cultura japonesa atual. Levando isto em consideração, este estudo tem por finalidade observar como três mangakás (Nanae Chrono, Hideaki Sorachi e Nobuhiro Watsuki) se utilizam de suas obras para transmitir a seus leitores a sua visão sobre determinados eventos ocorridos na Restauração Meiji, seja através da narrativa ou da representação de personagens históricas inseridas em suas tramas

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