Introdução: O transplante autólogo de células progenitoras hematopoéticas é indicado para tratamento de várias doenças neoplásicas e não-neoplásicas, tais como linfoma, mieloma múltiplo e doenças autoimunes. Para isso, é imprescindível coletar as células progenitoras hematopoéticas (CPHs), em geral mobilizadas para o sangue periférico, por meio de equipamentos de aférese e acesso venoso adequado, seja de veia periférica seja de veia central quando a primeira não for adequada. Usualmente, o acesso periférico se dá por veia da fossa cubital. Entretanto, a veia jugular externa também poderia ser uma opção em pacientes em que a veia cubital não proporcionar fluxo sanguíneo adequado, uma possibilidade ainda muito pouco explorada nesse contexto. Objetivos: Avaliar a viabilidade de coletar CPHs pela veia jugular externa em pacientes que não tem acesso por meio da veia da fossa cubital.Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional do tipo transversal, com coleta retrospectiva dos dados por meio da análise das fichas médicas arquivadas no Hemonúcleo do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. A amostra foi composta de 26 indivíduos, sendo que 13 (50%) dos participantes tiveram a punção da veia jugular externa e os outros 13 (50%) foram extraídos aleatoriamente do conjunto de 913 pacientes que tiveram a punção da veia da fossa cubital para equilíbrio numérico das amostras, no período de 2007 a 2014. Resultados: Dos 26 participantes do estudo, 19 (76,9%) foram do sexo masculino e 7 (23,1%) do sexo feminino. Entre as doenças, o mieloma foi a mais prevalente, não houve diferença quanto ao diagnóstico entre os dois grupos fossa cubital e jugular. As médias de células CD34+ coletadas no grupo fossa cubital e no grupo jugular foram de 10,0 x 106/kg e 5,1 x 106/kg, respectivamente (p=0,20). As volemias processadas foram de 4,2 e 4,4 para os grupos fossa cubital de jugular (p=0,12). O fluxo médio de aspiração do sangue foi de 69±17 mL/minuto e 62±17 mL/minuto (p=0,29). Conclusão: Há viabilidade da coleta de CPH por via jugular externa / Introduction: Autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation is indicated for the treatment of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, such as lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and autoimmune diseases. For this, it is essential to collect the hematopoietic progenitor cells (CPHs), usually mobilized into the peripheral blood, by means of apheresis devices and adequate venous access, either peripheral vein or central vein when the former is not adequate. Usually, the peripheral access is by the ulnar fossavein. However, the external jugular vein could also be an option in patients where the ulnar vein does not provide adequate blood flow, a possibility still very little explored in this context. Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of collecting CPHs through the external jugular vein in patients who do not have access through the ulnar fossa vein. Methods: It is an observational cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection through the analysis of the medical records filed at the Barretos Cancer Hospital. The sample consisted of 26 individuals; 13 (50%) of the participants had external jugular vein puncture and the other 13 (50%) were randomly extracted from a set of 913 patients who had ulnar fossa vein puncture to numerical equilibrium of the samples from 2007 to 2014. Results: Of the 26 participants in the study, 19 (76.9%) were male and 7 (23.1%) were female. Among the diseases, myeloma was the most prevalent; there was no difference in diagnosis between the two groups of ulnar and jugular fossa. The mean CD34 + cells collected in the cubital fossa group and in the jugular group were 10.0 x 106/kg and 5.1 x 106/kg, respectively (p=0.20). The blood volumes processed were 4.2 and 4.4 for the jugular fossa group (p=0.12). The mean blood aspiration flow was 69 ± 17 mL/min and 62 ± 17 mL/min (p=0.29). Conclusion: there is viability of the collection of CPHs by external jugular vein

Introdução: O transplante autólogo de células progenitoras hematopoéticas é indicado para tratamento de várias doenças neoplásicas e não-neoplásicas, tais como linfoma, mieloma múltiplo e doenças autoimunes. Para isso, é imprescindível coletar as células progenitoras hematopoéticas (CPHs), em geral mobilizadas para o sangue periférico, por meio de equipamentos de aférese e acesso venoso adequado, seja de veia periférica seja de veia central quando a primeira não for adequada. Usualmente, o acesso periférico se dá por veia da fossa cubital. Entretanto, a veia jugular externa também poderia ser uma opção em pacientes em que a veia cubital não proporcionar fluxo sanguíneo adequado, uma possibilidade ainda muito pouco explorada nesse contexto. Objetivos: Avaliar a viabilidade de coletar CPHs pela veia jugular externa em pacientes que não tem acesso por meio da veia da fossa cubital.Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional do tipo transversal, com coleta retrospectiva dos dados por meio da análise das fichas médicas arquivadas no Hemonúcleo do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. A amostra foi composta de 26 indivíduos, sendo que 13 (50%) dos participantes tiveram a punção da veia jugular externa e os outros 13 (50%) foram extraídos aleatoriamente do conjunto de 913 pacientes que tiveram a punção da veia da fossa cubital para equilíbrio numérico das amostras, no período de 2007 a 2014. Resultados: Dos 26 participantes do estudo, 19 (76,9%) foram do sexo masculino e 7 (23,1%) do sexo feminino. Entre as doenças, o mieloma foi a mais prevalente, não houve diferença quanto ao diagnóstico entre os dois grupos fossa cubital e jugular. As médias de células CD34+ coletadas no grupo fossa cubital e no grupo jugular foram de 10,0 x 106/kg e 5,1 x 106/kg, respectivamente (p=0,20). As volemias processadas foram de 4,2 e 4,4 para os grupos fossa cubital de jugular (p=0,12). O fluxo médio de aspiração do sangue foi de 69±17 mL/minuto e 62±17 mL/minuto (p=0,29). Conclusão: Há viabilidade da coleta de CPH por via jugular externa / Introduction: Autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation is indicated for the treatment of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, such as lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and autoimmune diseases. For this, it is essential to collect the hematopoietic progenitor cells (CPHs), usually mobilized into the peripheral blood, by means of apheresis devices and adequate venous access, either peripheral vein or central vein when the former is not adequate. Usually, the peripheral access is by the ulnar fossavein. However, the external jugular vein could also be an option in patients where the ulnar vein does not provide adequate blood flow, a possibility still very little explored in this context. Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of collecting CPHs through the external jugular vein in patients who do not have access through the ulnar fossa vein. Methods: It is an observational cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection through the analysis of the medical records filed at the Barretos Cancer Hospital. The sample consisted of 26 individuals; 13 (50%) of the participants had external jugular vein puncture and the other 13 (50%) were randomly extracted from a set of 913 patients who had ulnar fossa vein puncture to numerical equilibrium of the samples from 2007 to 2014. Results: Of the 26 participants in the study, 19 (76.9%) were male and 7 (23.1%) were female. Among the diseases, myeloma was the most prevalent; there was no difference in diagnosis between the two groups of ulnar and jugular fossa. The mean CD34 + cells collected in the cubital fossa group and in the jugular group were 10.0 x 106/kg and 5.1 x 106/kg, respectively (p=0.20). The blood volumes processed were 4.2 and 4.4 for the jugular fossa group (p=0.12). The mean blood aspiration flow was 69 ± 17 mL/min and 62 ± 17 mL/min (p=0.29). Conclusion: there is viability of the collection of CPHs by external jugular vein

The aim of this project is to develop and perform a first evaluation of a software, based on the active contour, which automatically computes the cross-section area of the internal jugular veins through a sequence of 90 ultrasound images. The software is intended to be useful in future research in the field of intra cranial pressure and its associated diseases. The biomechanics of the internal jugular veins and its relationship to the intra cranial pressure is studied with ultrasound. It generates data in the form of ultrasound sequences shot in seven different body positions, supine to upright. Vein movements in cross section over the cardiac cycle are recorded for all body positions. From these films, it is interesting to know how the cross-section area varies over the cardiac cycle and between body positions, in order to estimate the pressure. The software created was semi-automatic, where the operator loads each individual sequence and sets the initial contour on the first frame. It was evaluated in a test by comparing its computed areas with manually estimated areas.  The test showed that the software was able to track and compute the area with a satisfactory accuracy for a variety of sequences. It is also faster and more consistent than manual measurements. The most difficult sequences to track were small vessels with narrow geometries, fast moving walls, and blurry edges. Further development is required to correct a few bugs in the algorithm. Also, the improved algorithm should be evaluated on a larger sample of sequences before using it in research.

Yes / To determine whether or not jugular venous reflux (JVR) is associated with structural brain parenchyma changes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). 16 AD patients (mean (SD): 81.9 (5.8) years), 33 MCI patients (mean (SD): 81.4 (6.1) years) and 18 healthy elderly controls (mean (SD): 81.5 (3.4) years) underwent duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging scans to quantify structural brain parenchyma changes. Normalized whole brain (WB), gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes were collected, together with CSF volume. JVR was strongly associated with increased normalized WB (p = 0.014) and GM (p = 0.002) volumes across all three subject groups. There was a trend towards increased WB and GM volumes, which was accompanied by decreased CSF volume, in the JVR-positive subjects in both the MCI and AD groups. When the MCI and AD subjects were aggregated together significant increases were observed in both normalized WB (p = 0.009) and GM (p = 0.003) volumes for the JVR-positive group. No corresponding increases were observed for the JVR-positive subjects in the control group. Through receiver operating characteristic analysis of the brain volumetric data it was possible to discriminate between the JVR-positive and negative AD subjects with reasonable accuracy (sensitivity = 71.4%; specificity = 88.9%; p = 0.007). JVR is associated with intracranial structural changes in MCI and AD patients, which result in increased WB and GM volumes. The neuropathology of this unexpected and counterintuitive finding requires further investigation, but may suggest that JVR retrogradely transmits venous hypertension into the brain and leads to brain tissues swelling due to vasogenic edema.

A preservação da veia jugular interna, como modificação do esvaziamento cervical radical, envolve controvérsia no planejamento terapêutico das metástases regionais de pacientes com carcinomas epidermóides de vias aerodigestivas superiores. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da preservação da veia jugular interna na eficácia do tratamento das metástases regionais de casos selecionados de carcinomas epidermóides de cabeça e pescoço, submetidos a esvaziamento cervical radical. Para tanto, analisamos, retrospectivamente, 311 pacientes portadores de carcinomas epidermóides de boca, orofaringe, laringe ou hipofaringe, submetidos a tratamento baseado em cirurgia, que envolveu esvaziamento cervical radical com ou sem preservação da veia jugular interna em pelo menos um dos lados do pescoço, todos com metástases cervicais comprovadas por exame anatomopatológico. Dos 311 esvaziamentos cervicais radicais ipsilaterais ao tumor primário, houve preservação da veia jugular interna em 109 (35%). Recidiva regional ipsilateral ao tumor primário foi detectada em 18 pacientes (5,8%), sendo em 14 (4,5%) inicialmente submetidos a esvaziamento cervical radical sem preservação da veia jugular interna e em 4 (1,3%) tratados com esvaziamento cervical radical com preservação da veia jugular interna. A recidiva regional ipsilateral ao tumor primário não teve relação significativa com a preservação da veia jugular interna (p=0,313), o estádio T (p= 0,364) ou N (p= 0,963), a realização de radioterapia adjuvante (p=0,701), o número de linfonodos positivos no produto da peça operatória (p=0,886) e a invasão capsular linfonodal pela metástase (p=0,802). O tamanho do linfonodo comprometido pela doença, quando maior ou igual a 3 cm, foi a única variável que se demonstrou estatisticamente significante em relação à recidiva regional (p=0,04). A taxa de sobrevida global do estudo foi de 57% em 2 anos e 35% em 5 anos. Levando em conta a preservação ou não da veia jugular interna, a sobrevida foi de 46% e 29% em 5 anos, respectivamente (p=0,02). Concluímos que a preservação da veia jugular interna, como modificação do esvaziamento cervical radical, no tratamento de carcinomas epidermóides de boca, orofaringe, hipofaringe ou laringe, foi segura, independentemente do estádio N, sem interferir no controle regional, assim como nas taxas de sobrevida desse grupo de pacientes. / There is great controversy about preservation of the internal jugular vein as a modification of the radical neck dissection, in planning the therapy of regional metastases in patients with epidermoid carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of preserving the internal jugular vein on the efficacy of treating regional metastasis in selected cases of epidermoid carcinomas of the head and neck, submitted to radical neck dissection. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis was made of 311 patients with epidermoid carcinomas of the mouth, oropharynx, larynx or hypopharynx, submitted to surgery-based treatment that involved radical neck dissection, with or without preservation of the internal jugular vein in at least one of the sides of the neck, all with cervical metastases proven by anatomic-pathologic considerations. Of the 311 radical neck dissection ipsilateral to the primary tumor, the internal jugular vein was preserved in 109 (35%) cases. Regional recurrence ipsilateral to the primary tumor was detected in 18 patients (5.8%), with 14 (4.5%) initially being submitted to radical neck dissection without preserving the internal jugular vein and 4 (1.3%) being treated with radical neck dissection with preservation of the internal jugular vein. Regional recurrence ipsilateral to the primary tumor was not significantly related to preservation of the internal jugular vein (p=0.313), the T (p= 0.364) or N (p= 0.963) stage, adjuvant radiotherapy (p=0.701), the number of positive lymph nodes in the operative tissue product (p=0,886) and capsular lymph nodal invasion by tumoral metastases (p=0.802). The size of the lymph node compromised by disease, when greater than or equal to 3 cm, was the only variable that showed statistical significance for regional recurrence (p=0.04). The overall survival rate in the study was 57% in 2 years and 35% in 5 years. Taking into consideration either the preservation of the internal jugular vein or not, survival was 46% and 29% in 5 years, respectively (p=0.02). It was concluded that preserving the internal jugular vein, as a modification of radical neck dissection in the treatment of epidermoid carcinomas of the mouth, oropharynx, larynx or hypopharynx was safe, irrespective of the N stage, without interfering in regional control and in the survival rates of this group of patients.

A preservação da veia jugular interna, como modificação do esvaziamento cervical radical, envolve controvérsia no planejamento terapêutico das metástases regionais de pacientes com carcinomas epidermóides de vias aerodigestivas superiores. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da preservação da veia jugular interna na eficácia do tratamento das metástases regionais de casos selecionados de carcinomas epidermóides de cabeça e pescoço, submetidos a esvaziamento cervical radical. Para tanto, analisamos, retrospectivamente, 311 pacientes portadores de carcinomas epidermóides de boca, orofaringe, laringe ou hipofaringe, submetidos a tratamento baseado em cirurgia, que envolveu esvaziamento cervical radical com ou sem preservação da veia jugular interna em pelo menos um dos lados do pescoço, todos com metástases cervicais comprovadas por exame anatomopatológico. Dos 311 esvaziamentos cervicais radicais ipsilaterais ao tumor primário, houve preservação da veia jugular interna em 109 (35%). Recidiva regional ipsilateral ao tumor primário foi detectada em 18 pacientes (5,8%), sendo em 14 (4,5%) inicialmente submetidos a esvaziamento cervical radical sem preservação da veia jugular interna e em 4 (1,3%) tratados com esvaziamento cervical radical com preservação da veia jugular interna. A recidiva regional ipsilateral ao tumor primário não teve relação significativa com a preservação da veia jugular interna (p=0,313), o estádio T (p= 0,364) ou N (p= 0,963), a realização de radioterapia adjuvante (p=0,701), o número de linfonodos positivos no produto da peça operatória (p=0,886) e a invasão capsular linfonodal pela metástase (p=0,802). O tamanho do linfonodo comprometido pela doença, quando maior ou igual a 3 cm, foi a única variável que se demonstrou estatisticamente significante em relação à recidiva regional (p=0,04). A taxa de sobrevida global do estudo foi de 57% em 2 anos e 35% em 5 anos. Levando em conta a preservação ou não da veia jugular interna, a sobrevida foi de 46% e 29% em 5 anos, respectivamente (p=0,02). Concluímos que a preservação da veia jugular interna, como modificação do esvaziamento cervical radical, no tratamento de carcinomas epidermóides de boca, orofaringe, hipofaringe ou laringe, foi segura, independentemente do estádio N, sem interferir no controle regional, assim como nas taxas de sobrevida desse grupo de pacientes. / There is great controversy about preservation of the internal jugular vein as a modification of the radical neck dissection, in planning the therapy of regional metastases in patients with epidermoid carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of preserving the internal jugular vein on the efficacy of treating regional metastasis in selected cases of epidermoid carcinomas of the head and neck, submitted to radical neck dissection. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis was made of 311 patients with epidermoid carcinomas of the mouth, oropharynx, larynx or hypopharynx, submitted to surgery-based treatment that involved radical neck dissection, with or without preservation of the internal jugular vein in at least one of the sides of the neck, all with cervical metastases proven by anatomic-pathologic considerations. Of the 311 radical neck dissection ipsilateral to the primary tumor, the internal jugular vein was preserved in 109 (35%) cases. Regional recurrence ipsilateral to the primary tumor was detected in 18 patients (5.8%), with 14 (4.5%) initially being submitted to radical neck dissection without preserving the internal jugular vein and 4 (1.3%) being treated with radical neck dissection with preservation of the internal jugular vein. Regional recurrence ipsilateral to the primary tumor was not significantly related to preservation of the internal jugular vein (p=0.313), the T (p= 0.364) or N (p= 0.963) stage, adjuvant radiotherapy (p=0.701), the number of positive lymph nodes in the operative tissue product (p=0,886) and capsular lymph nodal invasion by tumoral metastases (p=0.802). The size of the lymph node compromised by disease, when greater than or equal to 3 cm, was the only variable that showed statistical significance for regional recurrence (p=0.04). The overall survival rate in the study was 57% in 2 years and 35% in 5 years. Taking into consideration either the preservation of the internal jugular vein or not, survival was 46% and 29% in 5 years, respectively (p=0.02). It was concluded that preserving the internal jugular vein, as a modification of radical neck dissection in the treatment of epidermoid carcinomas of the mouth, oropharynx, larynx or hypopharynx was safe, irrespective of the N stage, without interfering in regional control and in the survival rates of this group of patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: Durante o esvaziamento cervical, além do tecido linfático, algumas estruturas não-linfáticas do pescoço estão sob risco de lesões ou são ressecadas, dentre as quais se encontra a veia jugular interna. Esta é diretamente relacionada com a drenagem venosa e linfática da face e do pescoço e, sua ressecção, pode ocasionar congestão venosa, edema de face e laríngeo, distúrbios visuais e edema cerebral. Há várias técnicas para avaliar o edema, todavia, não há relatos de uma técnica objetiva que possa ser utilizada na região da cervicofacial. Esse estudo teve por objetivo mensurar o edema em pontos específicos localizados na face e no pescoço em indivíduos submetidos a esvaziamento cervical com ou sem ressecção da veia jugular interna. MÉTODOS: Esse estudo utiliza um método objetivo de mensuração do edema na face e no pescoço de indivíduos no pré e no pós-operatório de esvaziamento cervical unilateral ou bilateral com ou sem ressecção da veia jugular interna, por doença maligna na região da cabeça e pescoço e sem tratamento prévio no pescoço, através do medidor da constante dielétrica da pele e da gordura subcutânea em quatro momentos: pré-operatório, 3º, 10º e 30º dia de pós-operatório, em pacientes tratados no Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital A. C. Camargo. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 51 pacientes, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (68,6%) com idade média de 55,7 anos (mediana de 54 anos). Observou-se que a constante dielétrica do tecido não se apresentou estatisticamente diferente entre os pacientes com e sem ressecção da veia jugular interna, entretanto, nos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical unilateral houve edema significativo entre o pré e o pós-operatório tanto naqueles com preservação como naqueles com ressecção da veia, assim como nos bilaterais com preservação da mesma, afetando em ambos os grupos a qualidade de vida em geral e em relação à aparência. Verificou-se também que o edema parece ser inevitável após o procedimento, pois o mesmo foi evidenciado de forma significativa nos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical radical, radical modificado e seletivo. CONCLUSÕES: Não há diferença significativa em relação ao edema cervicofacial após o esvaziamento cervical entre os pacientes com e sem ressecção da veia jugular interna, entretanto, há diferença entre o pré e o pós-operatório em cada grupo independente da preservação ou não da veia, sendo os pontos mais afetados a região mandibular e do pescoço / INTRODUCTION: During neck dissection, besides the lymphatic tissue, some non-lymphatic structures of the neck are at injury risk or are resected, such as the internal jugular vein. This is directly related to venous and lymphatic drainage of face and neck, and, thus, resection may cause venous congestion, facial and laryngeal edema, visual disturbances and cerebral edema. There are several techniques to evaluate the edema; however, there are no reports of a particular technique that can be used in the facial region. This study aimed to quantify edema in specific points sited at the face and neck of patients who underwent neck dissection with or without resection of the internal jugular vein. METHODS: These study uses an objective method of facial and neck edema measurement of patients at pre and postoperative of unilateral or bilateral neck dissection with or without internal jugular vein resection, for malignancies at the head and neck level and with no previous neck treatment, through a device that assess the skin dielectric constant and subcutaneous fat in four stages: preoperative, 3rd, 10th and 30th postoperative days, in patients treated at the A. C. Camargo Hospital Head and Neck Department, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: There were 51 patients prospectively evaluated; mostly males (68.6%) with mean age of 55.7 years (median of 54 years). It was verified that differences on tissue dielectric constant were not statistically different between patients with and without internal jugular vein resection; however, in patients undergone unilateral neck dissection there was significant edema between pre and postoperative both in those with preserved vein as in those with resection, as well as in bilateral with vein preservation, affecting the general quality of life and the one related to appearance in both groups. It was also found that edema seems to be unavoidable after the procedure, as it was evidenced significantly in patients undergoing radical neck dissection, modified radical and selective. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was observed in face and neck edema after neck dissection in patients with or without internal jugular vein resection, however, there is difference between pre and postoperative in each group regardless of the preservation or not of the vein, where the most affected points are mandible and neck

INTRODUÇÃO: Durante o esvaziamento cervical, além do tecido linfático, algumas estruturas não-linfáticas do pescoço estão sob risco de lesões ou são ressecadas, dentre as quais se encontra a veia jugular interna. Esta é diretamente relacionada com a drenagem venosa e linfática da face e do pescoço e, sua ressecção, pode ocasionar congestão venosa, edema de face e laríngeo, distúrbios visuais e edema cerebral. Há várias técnicas para avaliar o edema, todavia, não há relatos de uma técnica objetiva que possa ser utilizada na região da cervicofacial. Esse estudo teve por objetivo mensurar o edema em pontos específicos localizados na face e no pescoço em indivíduos submetidos a esvaziamento cervical com ou sem ressecção da veia jugular interna. MÉTODOS: Esse estudo utiliza um método objetivo de mensuração do edema na face e no pescoço de indivíduos no pré e no pós-operatório de esvaziamento cervical unilateral ou bilateral com ou sem ressecção da veia jugular interna, por doença maligna na região da cabeça e pescoço e sem tratamento prévio no pescoço, através do medidor da constante dielétrica da pele e da gordura subcutânea em quatro momentos: pré-operatório, 3º, 10º e 30º dia de pós-operatório, em pacientes tratados no Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital A. C. Camargo. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 51 pacientes, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (68,6%) com idade média de 55,7 anos (mediana de 54 anos). Observou-se que a constante dielétrica do tecido não se apresentou estatisticamente diferente entre os pacientes com e sem ressecção da veia jugular interna, entretanto, nos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical unilateral houve edema significativo entre o pré e o pós-operatório tanto naqueles com preservação como naqueles com ressecção da veia, assim como nos bilaterais com preservação da mesma, afetando em ambos os grupos a qualidade de vida em geral e em relação à aparência. Verificou-se também que o edema parece ser inevitável após o procedimento, pois o mesmo foi evidenciado de forma significativa nos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical radical, radical modificado e seletivo. CONCLUSÕES: Não há diferença significativa em relação ao edema cervicofacial após o esvaziamento cervical entre os pacientes com e sem ressecção da veia jugular interna, entretanto, há diferença entre o pré e o pós-operatório em cada grupo independente da preservação ou não da veia, sendo os pontos mais afetados a região mandibular e do pescoço / INTRODUCTION: During neck dissection, besides the lymphatic tissue, some non-lymphatic structures of the neck are at injury risk or are resected, such as the internal jugular vein. This is directly related to venous and lymphatic drainage of face and neck, and, thus, resection may cause venous congestion, facial and laryngeal edema, visual disturbances and cerebral edema. There are several techniques to evaluate the edema; however, there are no reports of a particular technique that can be used in the facial region. This study aimed to quantify edema in specific points sited at the face and neck of patients who underwent neck dissection with or without resection of the internal jugular vein. METHODS: These study uses an objective method of facial and neck edema measurement of patients at pre and postoperative of unilateral or bilateral neck dissection with or without internal jugular vein resection, for malignancies at the head and neck level and with no previous neck treatment, through a device that assess the skin dielectric constant and subcutaneous fat in four stages: preoperative, 3rd, 10th and 30th postoperative days, in patients treated at the A. C. Camargo Hospital Head and Neck Department, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: There were 51 patients prospectively evaluated; mostly males (68.6%) with mean age of 55.7 years (median of 54 years). It was verified that differences on tissue dielectric constant were not statistically different between patients with and without internal jugular vein resection; however, in patients undergone unilateral neck dissection there was significant edema between pre and postoperative both in those with preserved vein as in those with resection, as well as in bilateral with vein preservation, affecting the general quality of life and the one related to appearance in both groups. It was also found that edema seems to be unavoidable after the procedure, as it was evidenced significantly in patients undergoing radical neck dissection, modified radical and selective. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was observed in face and neck edema after neck dissection in patients with or without internal jugular vein resection, however, there is difference between pre and postoperative in each group regardless of the preservation or not of the vein, where the most affected points are mandible and neck

yes / To determine whether jugular venous reflux (JVR) is associated with cerebral white matter changes (WMCs) in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), we studied 12 AD patients 24 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and 17 elderly age- and gender-matched controls. Duplex ultrasonography and 1.5T MRI scanning was applied to quantify cerebral WMCs [T2 white matter (WM) lesion and dirty-appearing-white-matter (DAWM)]. Subjects with severe JVR had more frequently hypertension (p = 0.044), more severe WMC, including increased total (p = 0.047) and periventricular DAWM volumes (p = 0.008), and a trend for increased cerebrospinal fluid volumes (p = 0.067) compared with the other groups. A significantly decreased (65.8%) periventricular DAWM volume (p = 0.01) in the JVR-positive AD individuals compared with their JVR-negative counterparts was detected. There was a trend for increased periventricular and subcortical T2 WMC lesion volumes in the JVR-positive AD individuals compared with their JVR-negative counterparts (p = 0.073). This phenomenon was not observed in either the control or MCI groups. In multiple regression analysis, the increased periventricular WMC lesion volume and decreased DAWM volume resulted in 85.7% sensitivity and 80% specificity for distinguishing between JVR-positive and JVR-negative AD patients. These JVR-WMC association patterns were not seen in the control and MCI groups. Therefore, this pilot study suggests that there may be an association between JVR and WMCs in AD patients, implying that cerebral venous outflow impairment might play a role in the dynamics of WMCs formation in AD patients, particularly in the periventricular regions. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm and validate our findings.

Einleitung: Die Vena jugularis interna (VJI) gilt als das wichtigste Gefäß der zerebralen Drainage. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise darauf, dass das vertebrale Venensystem in Abhängigkeit von der Körperposition, an der zerebralen venösen Drainage beteiligt ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll die Bedeutung der VJI und des vertebralen Venensystems für die zerebralvenöse Drainage in unterschiedlichen Körperpositionen untersucht werden. Methode: Bei 23 gesunden Probanden wurde der Blutfluss in den VJI und den Vv. vertebrales (VV) duplexsonographisch bestimmt. Dazu wurde die Person auf einem Kipptisch gelagert. Die Messungen wurden in den Positionen -15° (Kopftieflage), 0° (horizontal), 15°, 30°, 45°, und 90° (Stehen) durchgeführt. Der arterielle zerebrale Blutfluss (CBFA) wurde in den Positionen 0° und 45° bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Der Blutfluss der VJI ging von 810 ? 360 ml/min in Kopftieflage (-15°) auf 70 ? 100 ml/min im Stehen zurück. Gleichzeitig stieg der Blutfluss VV von 20 ? 15 ml/min in Kopftieflage auf 210 ? 120 ml/min im Stehen an. Der CBFA betrug 800 ? 153 ml/min in der 0°-Position und 720 ? 105 ml/min in der 45°-Position. Diskussion: Es konnte eine deutliche Lageabhängigkeit der zerebralvenösen Drainage nachgewiesen werden. Es zeigte sich, dass die zentrale Bedeutung der VJI für die zerebrale venöse Drainage auf die liegende Position beschränkt ist. Im Stehen verläuft die zerebrale venöse Drainage weitgehend über das vertebrale Venensystem. / Background: The internal jugular veins (IJV) are considered to be the main outflow of cerebral venous blood. However, there is evidence that the vertebral venous system also forms part of the cerebral venous outflow, depending on the position of the body. This paper asseses the hemodynamic consequences of postural changes in cerebral venous drainage by color-coded duplex sonography. Methods: Volume-blood-flow-measurements were conducted in 23 healthy volunteers in supine position on a tilt table. Both IJV and VV were studied in -15° (head-down tilt), 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 90° (upright position) tilt. Arterial cerebral blood flow (CBFA) was measured in 0° and 45°-position. Results: Bloodflow in the IJV dropped from 810 ? 360 ml/min in the head-down-position (-15°) to 70 ? 100 ml/min at 90°. Simultaneously blood flow in the VV increased from 20 ? 15 ml/min in -15°-position to 210 ? 120 ml/min in the 90°-position. Discussion: The results show, that the cerebral blood drainage pathways depend heavily on the inclination of the body. The role of the IJV as the main drainage pathway of the cerebral blood appears to be confined to the supine position. In the erect position, the vertebral venous system was found to be the major outflow pathway in humans.