This study explored the relationship between a new self-report measure built from justification mechanisms of aggression (i.e., the basis of conditional reasoning; James, 1998) with a traditional explicit measure and an implicit conditional reasoning measure of aggression. The construct validity and generalizability of the new measure were investigated by using non-work related criteria (violent acts, traffic violations, alcohol use, competitiveness, and agreeableness) in an undergraduate student sample. Correlations and moderated hierarchical multiple regressions were used to assess the relationships between variables. The results support the literature in that both explicit and implicit components of personality need to be examined. In conclusion, the newly developed measure fills a gap in the literature by operationalizing aggression as reasons for behaving aggressively. It is similar to the explicit aggression measure in that it is a self-report; however, the moderate correlation between the two suggests that each is measuring slightly different aspects of aggression.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / Violence against women is a profound social problem which has received much attention from feminists, academics, activists, media, and also government. One such form of violence is interracial rape. In South Africa, little is known about interracial rape (rape across race groups). The main aim of this study is to examine students' perceptions of power, gender and race in interracial rape. This thesis also explores what White male and female students said, and what Black male and female students said about power, race and gender when examining interracial rape. This study is based within an interpretive-hermeneutical paradigm, using qualitative methodology. Data was collected in six focus groups, three of which were held at a historically Black university and three at a historically White university. Both men and women participated in these groups. The data was analysed thematically with the aid of a computerised software package, Atlasti. The analysed text identified dominant and minor themes. The main themes that emerged were as follows: 1) a power and domination theme, 2) a justification of rape theme, 3) a race, racism and apartheid theme. The results indicate that power plays an important role in interracial rape. Power underpins both gendered and racial oppression. In interracial rape, racial oppression becomes dominant and takes on more prominence than gender oppression. It is thus fore mostly perceived as a racial issue

Trois axes sont définis par la Commission Internationale de Radioprotection pour gouverner la radioprotection :la justification, l’optimisation et des règlementations quant aux limites de doses d’irradiation. Ce travail vise à vérifier l’adéquation des méthodes et des techniques appliquées à ces trois axes. Quatre articles originaux sont présentés à cet effet.Concernant la justification, nous avons comparé des situations cliniques présentes/absentes de deux guidelines ainsi que la pertinence des prescriptions :les guidelines établis par Euro-2000 et ceux actualisés proposés par la Société Européenne de Radiologie sous la forme d’une plateforme numérique appelée iGuide. Davantage de cas cliniques rencontrés en pratique courante sont repris dans iGuide par rapport aux Guidelines Euro-2000. Néanmoins, l’inadéquation des recommandations aux situations cliniques auxquelles les prescripteurs sont confrontés contribue à expliquer leur faible adhésion et limite leur contribution à la justification.Concernant l’optimisation, nous avons investigué une technique qui vise à réduire l’irradiation mammaire en tomodensitométrie (TDM) thoracique. Sa conception prévoit une augmentation de l’irradiation en dehors du tissu mammaire afin de maintenir la qualité d’image pulmonaire. Les angles établis sur base anthropomorphique sont inadéquats. Le système risque d’engendrer un excès d’irradiation. Un tel système doit être évalué avant sa mise en œuvre car il peut engendrer une augmentation plutôt qu’une réduction de l’irradiation.Concernant la régulation des limites de doses, deux travaux s’intéressent à leur variabilité en fonction de la taille des échantillons en TDM et en radiographie. En se conformant aux petits échantillons exigés dans les enquêtes périodiques, les résultats sont très variables. Les conditions exigées sont dès lors inadéquates pour proposer des optimisations de doses et il convient d’augmenter le nombre d’examens exigés dans ces enquêtes.En perspective, les guidelines doivent continuer à être améliorés afin d’en accroître l’adhésion des prescripteurs. Les nouvelles technologies qui visent à réduire l’irradiation doivent être validées avant d’être mises en œuvre. Les enquêtes périodiques des doses délivrées en TDM et en radiographie doivent être basées sur de plus grands nombres d’examens. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This essay examines the argument given by Richard Dawid (2013, 2019) for the viability of non-empirical assessment of scientific theories. Dawid's argument is supposed to show that trust in a scientific theory can be justified without any direct empirical testing of the theory. This view is fundamentally different from what will be called the classical paradigm of theory assessment. The classical paradigm holds that only empirical testing can justify belief in a theory. It is argued in this essay that Dawid's argument does not provide sufficient reasons for claiming that non-empirical assessment can be seen as a valid form of justification of scientific theories. However, it is further argued that non-empirical assessment still can play an important role when evaluating the status of a theory that cannot yet be tested empirically.

Under the influence of the Christian ecumenical movement, there has been a tendancy to reread the Western theological tradition through the lens of the Eastern idea of deification. The studies of the theology of John Calvin, who is a leading figure in the Reformation tradition, cannot avoid such a tendency, either. Not a few scholars have affirmed Calvin's doctrine of deification, in a way, akin to the Eastern doctrine of deification, by rereading him from the perspective of the Eastern Orthodoxy. However, with the objection to this interpretation by those who deny the presence of the idea of deification in Calvin, the question of deification in Calvin's theology has been a grave issue of an ongoing debate among Calvin scholars. The current debate on the question of deification in Calvin shows that the following three issues form the frame of reference for reasoning the question: Calvin's understanding of the communication of properties between Christ's two natures in the hypostatic union, the nature of his notion of union with Christ, and his idea of the nature of the salvific gift. The observations of Calvin's ideas about the three issues render incapacitate any attempt to find the idea of deification as participation in the intrinsic divine life in his theology. Calvin's rejection of the direct communication of properties from Christ's divinity to His humanity renders impossible the deification of Christ's humanity, which is marked as the basis of our deification by the interpreters who endorse his doctrine of deification as in the Eastern Orthodox tradition. Calvin's idea of the spiritual and personal union with Christ, in which the ontological distinctiveness between Christ and us is guaranteed, disapproves the idea that the intrinsic divine life flows to us through the channel of Christ's humanity in our union with Him. Therefore it can be reasonably concluded that as far as deification is construed as the believers' participation in the intrinsic divine life, mediated by Christ's humanity in their union with Christ, it is hard to hold that Calvin teaches deification. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Dogmatics and Christian Ethics / PhD / Unrestricted

MAAS / Centre for African Studies / The letter to the Romans congregation played an important role in defining theologies and doctrines in the early Church history period. The Church fathers and early reformers read this letter and other epistles meticulously to understand Paul’s theology and mission. Martin Luther’s reading of this letter, in particular verses 4 and 8, has always been referred to as the culmination of Luther’s theology. Luther’s theological statements on the Law and Gospel discourse became central in this case. Faith debates and discussions are critical in most communities. This research aims to look at how local congregations read Romans 1:17 especially focusing on the Tumelo and Tshiamiso biblical expressions. The key questions are: Are local community readings the same as those of Luther and other biblical scholars? Are context-dynamics of local community biblical readers essential in determining their reading of Romans 1:17? These two questions form the basis for this research study. The Marapyane local Lutheran community will be used as the research site. The research study will take into consideration current theories and approaches of biblical interpretation especially the works of the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal School of Theology Ujamaa Biblical Studies Project. Some of the theoretical views will include the works of Gerald West, Itumeleng Mosala and Justin Ukpong. Contextual Bible study methodologies and instruments will be used in understanding how local communities read issues of Tumelo and Tshiamiso in this case. / NRF

Sexism tends to be a culturally accepted form of prejudice. I propose the relatively strong trivialization of societal sexism stems from the unique benefits that men receive from the gender status hierarchy, compared to other types of group-based hierarchies. Three studies examined why people, men in particular, trivialize or justify gender bias in relation to other types of group-based biases. Study 1 was a correlational study that examined whether participants downplay the existence and social harm of gender bias in relation to racial, religious, and sexual orientation bias, moderated by participant gender. Participants reported stronger trivialization and denial of gender bias, compared to other three types of bias. Study 2 experimentally tested whether White men’s justifications for gender bias, in relation to racial bias, stems from the dyadic benefits men receive in interpersonal relationships with women. White men high in proximal benefits reported stronger essentialist justifications in the gender bias, compared to the racial bias condition. Study 3 examined whether heterosexual men, compared to heterosexual women and gay men, endorse stronger justifications for gender bias, compared to sexual orientation bias. Heterosexual men endorsed stronger essentialist justifications in the gender bias, compared to the sexual orientation bias condition. Implications of these findings are discussed.

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<p>Challenges to or criticisms of existing social arrangements often result in individuals bolstering the status quo rather than becoming inspired to consider avenues for improvement - a phenomenon known as system justification. However, it is not yet known whether characteristics of the individual challenging the system might magnify (or alleviate) system-defensive responding. New entrance into a system might be one such characteristic to heighten defensiveness because new entrants likely have had fewer opportunities to prove their commitment to the system’s values. Thus, I conducted three initial studies to develop experimental paradigms testing whether recommendations for change are particularly repudiated when advocated by newcomers. Study 1 examined responses to proposals by a freshman congressperson (vs. senior or control) to change an obscure U.S. policy (<i>N </i>= 540). Study 2 examined responses to a proposal by a new employee (vs. senior or control) to change a workplace policy (<i>N </i>= 515), and Study 3 investigated student responses to a proposal by a junior transfer student (vs. junior continuing student) to change a proudly-held university policy (<i>N </i>= 309). Together, findings across these three paradigms suggest mixed evidence that both newcomers themselves, and their policy ideas, are derogated more than are full members when advocating change, particularly among individuals higher on dispositional system justification. Future, sufficiently-powered research should continue to examine impacts of proposer’s membership status on resistance to system change in order to provide insight into the actors most likely to successfully advocate for social progress. </p>

This thesis compares how Christian thinkers John Chrysostom (349-407 CE) and Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560 CE) understood the theological concept of justification as found in Paul’s epistle to the Romans, and how their respective intellectual environments influenced their understandings of justification. Through detailed analysis of how Chrysostom and Melanchthon defined the theological concepts underlying their views of justification, it is demonstrated that, while their descriptions of justification often seem amicable, these apparent similarities are superficial. Their primary disagreement rests in their understandings of righteousness, which, for Chrysostom, was the outcome of a synergistic process wherein the faithful Christian gradually became, in actuality, more righteous by cooperating with the will and grace of God. Furthermore, Chrysostom viewed righteousness as a distinct stages in one’s struggle for salvation that followed one’s justification. Melanchthon rejected the notion that human beings themselves could become righteous, instead positing that faithful Christians are justified and simultaneously declared righteous by God based solely on their trust in the saving power of Christ’s atoning death.