The issue of the Islamic headscarf has been in the centre of the political debate whether it fits into the Western culture or not. Several member-states in the European Union have issued laws and regulations that impose restrictions on wearing the Islamic headscarf in the public sphere. Even some EU courts have ruled such restrictions imposed by member-states. Recently, this issue has been discussed in the context of the occupational life. In a dispute before the European Court of Justice, the ban was considered as legitimate. In this research, I analyse the judgment from a socio-legal perspective and analyse the intersectional identity of Mrs. Achbita who is a party in the dispute, considering that she belongs to the social category of veiled working Muslim women.

Novas formas de inserção da Ergonomia na comunidade empresarial são atualmente discutidas, e levando em conta, por exemplo, a necessidade de uma justificativa financeira para sua implementação. Pesquisas da área investigam soluções ergonômicas para problemas ocupacionais bem conhecidos, mas focam esse relacionamento sob uma perspectiva econômico-financeira. Neste contexto, o investimento necessário para colocar determinado projeto ergonômico em atividade pode ser calculado com certa facilidade. Entretanto, calcular sua relação de benefício-custo esperada é a maior dificuldade encontrada por pesquisas da área. A difícil tarefa de agrupar informações relevantes para identificar ou prever esses benefícios de projetos ergonômicos tem algumas barreiras. Uma das principais é a ausência de uma forma de organização lógica de informações para esta finalidade. O objetivo geral desta tese foi propor uma sistemática para apoiar a análise de benefício-custo de projetos ergonômicos. Para isso, uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica sobre o assunto foi realizada, bem como a utilização de empresas para estudos de caso e entrevistas com responsáveis por processos produtivos. As especificidades do objetivo, os procedimentos metodológicos e os resultados desta pesquisa foram organizados em seis artigos científicos passíveis de publicação e que compõem esta tese de doutorado. Existe entre eles um encadeamento lógico e sequencial guiado pelas questões de pesquisa e pelo objetivo principal. O desenvolvimento da tese encontrou características de pesquisas e modelos sobre projetos de Ergonomia com enfoque de benefício-custo. Tais características, associadas com os objetivos da tese, embasaram um modelo conceitual sobre a problemática. Buscando uma forma objetiva de utilização na prática em empresas foi desenvolvida a Sistemática de Apoio para Análise de Benefício-Custo de Projetos em Ergonomia (SAABEPE). Uma empresa do setor metal-mecânico foi utilizada para apresentar sua forma de aplicação e, principalmente, seus resultados. De modo geral, foi verificado que nem todas as informações necessárias para uma quantificação adequada dos benefícios da Ergonomia estão presentes nas empresas. Entretanto, seguindo as sugestões da sistemática, esse tipo de análise de projeto ergonômico é viável e poderia justificar o investimento necessário. / A new way for the inclusion of ergonomics in the business community is discussed, and takes into account the need for a financial justification for its implementation. Researchs in the area investigate ergonomic solutions for well known occupational problems in a financial perspective. The investment required to put in specific ergonomic design activity can be calculated in a relative easy way. However, calculating the financial benefits of ergonomics is one of the major difficulties encountered by research area. The difficult task to gather relevant information to identify or predict these benefits of ergonomic design has some barriers. One of the main barrier is absence of a logical organization of information for this purpose. The aim of this thesis is to propose a systematic model to support benefit-cost analysis of ergonomic projects. For this, a systematic review of scientific literature on the subject was held as well as companies for the use of case studies and interviews of responsabiles for production processes. The specifics of the goal, the procedures and results of this study were organized into six publishable scientific papers that comprise this thesis. There is among them a logical and sequential guided by research questions and the main goal. The development features found in the thesis research and models on projects with a focus on ergonomics economic and financial. These characteristics, combined with the objectives of the thesis, give basis to a conceptual model of the problem. Seeking a practical and objective use for this model a systematic model to support the benefit-costs analysis of ergonomics projects (SAABEPE) was developed. A large company in the metal-mechanic sector was used to submit your application form, and especially its results. Overall, it was found that not all information necessary for a proper quantification of the benefits of ergonomics are present in companies. However, following the suggestions of the systematic model, this type of ergonomic project analysis is feasible and could justify the necessary investment.

A Tecnologia da Informação (TI) tem sido considerada ao longo dos anos como importante ferramenta para obtenção de vantagem competitiva, o que tem motivado as empresas investirem cada vez mais em tecnologia. Entretanto, o volume e a variedade destes investimentos exigem dos gestores novas ferramentas e técnicas para auxiliar no processo de justificativa e gestão da TI. Uma técnica tem sido apontada como uma das alternativas para identificar, analisar e gerenciar os investimentos em TI: a Gestão do Portfólio de TI (GPTI). De acordo, porém, com pesquisas recentes, continua sendo um conceito subdesenvolvido tanto na academia como no meio empresarial. Diferentes autores apontam que algumas organizações têm ciência da existência da GPTI, mas a minoria implementa essa técnica nas suas organizações. Assim, para mostrar que a GPTI pode auxiliar a gestão e justificativa dos investimentos em TI frente aos riscos e retornos, foi estabelecido o objetivo desta pesquisa: Analisar o uso da técnica GPTI no auxilio da justificativa e gestão dos investimentos em TI nas organizações. O método escolhido foram estudos de caso com cinco empresas brasileiras de diferentes setores econômicos; realizando entrevistas com os oito principais executivos de TI dessas organizações. Além disso, foi realizada, em um caso, uma análise quantitativa, utilizando a Teoria de Opções Reais (TOR) combinada com as dimensões da GPTI para avaliar os investimentos, levando em conta o seu o risco e o retorno; e para auxiliar os gestores nas decisões sobre investimentos em TI. Foram encontrados diferentes níveis de utilizações da GPTI nas empresas analisadas em relação a planejamento, controle e avaliação dos investimentos em TI. A GPTI estava sendo utilizada recentemente pelas empresas ou encontrava-se na fase de estruturação do portfólio de TI. Em relação à utilização da TOR, determinou-se que ela pode auxiliar os gestores de TI na análise dos investimentos nas diferentes dimensões da GPTI e possibilitar uma flexibilidade maior das decisões e um maior aproveitamento das oportunidades oferecidas pelo mercado ou devido às necessidades da empresa. A dissertação contribui para a área de TI, pois explorou e analisou um tema pouco estudado no Brasil, que é a GPTI. E também contribuiu para o conhecimento empresarial, fornecendo subsídios para os gestores realizarem benchmarking de portfólio de TI de empresas brasileiras e para oferecer uma maneira de auxiliar nas decisões sobre TI. / IT has lately been considered an important tool to gain competitive advantage, a fact that has triggered increasing investments in technology in the companies. However, the number and variety of investments require that managers use new tools and techniques to help justify and manage IT processes. A technique has been chosen as an alternative to identify, analyze, and manage investments in IT: Information Technology Portfolio Management (ITPM). Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that this concept has not been thoroughly developed neither in the academy nor in companies. Different authors point out that some organizations are aware of ITPM, but few use it in their business. Therefore, to show that ITPM can be of use in the justification and management of investments in IT, the following research aim as established: to analyze the use of ITPM as a tool to help justify and manage investments in IT in organizations. The methodology comprises five case studies of five Brazilian companies in different economic sectors; eight IT managers were interviewed in these companies. Besides, a quantitative analysis was carried out with one of the case studies by using the Real Options Theory (ROT) associated with ITPM in order to assess investment risk and return and to help managers take decisions regarding their investments in IT. Different ITPM levels were found in the companies under investigation concerning planning, control, and evaluation in investments in IT. Results show that ITPM has been used for a short time or is in the structuring phase of the IT portfolio. Regarding the use of ROT, I have concluded that it can help IT managers analyze investments in different ITPM dimensions and enable more flexibility in decision-making and better use of the market opportunities, according to the company's needs. This thesis brings some contributions to the IT area since it explores and analyzes a theme – ITPM – which has got little research in Brazil; besides, it contributes to managerial knowledge so that managers can benchmark IT portfolios in Brazilian companies, and help the decision-making process in IT, an area that has got increasing importance in the companies lately.

A presente tese analisa a maneira como a probabilidade influencia a formação da decisão sobre os fatos (contexto de descobrimento), bem como a motivação acerca dessas decisões (contexto justificativo). Mediante prévia análise da relevância da verdade no processo judicial, demonstra-se também que no terreno processual somente é possível falar em probabilidade, o que implica a ideia de um modelo probabilístico do juízo de fato, cujo núcleo é o módulo da escolha entre as alternativas possíveis. Portanto, são oferecidos critérios para a escolha das alternativas, os quais são denominados como diretrizes probatórias. De outro lado, a fim de que o convencimento do juiz a respeito dos fatos seja o mais racional possível, também é examinada a obrigatoriedade da motivação das decisões judiciais. Para tanto, é realizada abordagem à luz do Estado Constitucional e, ao final, demonstra-se que a probabilidade igualmente conforma o contexto justificativo, pois faz com que a motivação seja um discurso probatório racional. / This thesis examines how probability influences the fact-finding process (context of discovery) and the motivation about the trial of facts (context of justification). Considering the analysis of the relevance of truth in the judicial process, also in the procedural field only probability is taken into account, which implies the idea of a probabilistic model of factual judgment, whose core is the module of choice among the possible alternatives. Therefore, guidelines are offered for the choice of alternatives, which are called as evidentiary guidelines. On the other hand, in order to achieve the most rational conviction of the trier, mandatory legal motivation is also examined. The approach focuses on the Constitutional State and, in the end, is shown that the probability also conforms the context of justification, in order to make the legal motivation as a rational evidence speech.

This study explored how system-justification theory may explain the mixed psychological outcomes of women's self-sexualization. Specifically, it was hypothesized that gender-specific system justification would mediate the relationships between women's intentions regarding and enjoyment of self-sexualization and (a) endorsement of benevolent sexist attitudes; (b) environmental mastery; (c) general positive affect; and (d) general negative affect. Participants were 190 heterosexual-identified women over the age of 18, surveyed through college courses, social media, and email advertisement. Measures included the Sexualizing Behavior Scale (SBS; Nowatzki & Morry, 2009), the Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale (ESS; Liss, Erchull, & Ramsey, 2011), a gender-specific system justification scale (as modified and used by Jost and Kay, 2005), the Benevolent Sexism subscale of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996), the Environmental Mastery subscale from the Psychological Well-being Inventory (PWBI; Ryff, 1989), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form (PANAS-X; Watson & Clark, 1999). Self-esteem was also examined as an exploratory criterion variable, using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory (RSE; Rosenberg, 1965). Data were analyzed through path analysis, and results indicated a number of significant direct paths between variables; however, none of the indirect paths was significant, indicating lack of support for the general hypothesis that gender-specific system justification would mediate the links between self-sexualizing and the criterion variables of interest. Implications of this study include illuminating the role of societal context in shaping the function of marginalized individuals' behaviors, as well as advancing feminist scholarship by bridging the opposing views regarding women's self-sexualizing behaviors.

This thesis concerns two main questions: What is intuition? And can it be a source of knowledge or justification? In addressing these questions, it advances several ongoing philosophical debates, and does so in two main ways: firstly, by formulating a general account of the nature of intuitive judgement that establishes common ground amongst the often disparate views of scholars working on intuition (or intuitions) in psychology, linguistics, philosophy and various other disciplines; and, secondly, by developing a new epistemological position that combines scepticism about the evidential value of intuition with a new account of philosophical skill. The general account of the nature of intuitive judgement mainly consists in drawing a distinction between intuitive judgement and intuitive appearance which is analogous to a distinction that can be drawn between perceptual judgement and perceptual appearance. It is argued that a common type of paradox entails the distinction for the non-perceptual case; it is then demonstrated how various related notions, such as intuitive belief, intuitive thinking and intuition as a cognitive faculty, can be derived from the notion of intuitive judgement. The epistemological account receives additional support from a new theory regarding the objects of intuition, according to which the analogy between intuition and perception holds specifically for what is sometimes called 'aspect perception': it is argued that some intuitive appearances are partially constituted by an appearance of meaning and that, consequently, the analysis of intuitive judgement must distinguish between two types of object, an intentional object (typically, a thought) and a causal one (typically, an expression of thought). It is further argued that the focus on evidential value that has been prevalent in the philosophical literature is too restrictive. By contrast with the prevalent view, it is demonstrated that intuition plays a significant role in human thinking, including in philosophical and scientific enquiry, independently of whether intuition is of great or only of minimal evidential value.

[pt] A tese tem como objeto o nexo entre a doutrina da justificação e o sacramento do batismo na obra de wolfhart pannenberg e suas repercussões para o diálogo ecumênico. A doutrina da justificação representa um dos testemunhos do Novo Testamento a respeito da salvação oferecida por Deus em Cristo e sua importância como critério para o discurso e a prática eclesial foi evidenciada pela reforma luterana. Contudo, a teologia católica e aquela protestante desenvolveram concepções distintas da obra da justificação, o que foi motivo de incompreensões e condenações recíprocas. Wolfhart Pannenberg, teólogo luterano do século XX, apresenta a doutrina da justificação a partir do diálogo entre as confissões. Sem esconder os contrastes que existem entre a posição católica e a luterana, ele procura compreender as posições de ambas no quadro mais amplo de uma renovada pesquisa bíblica e a partir da intencionalidade dos enunciados doutrinais. Assim, percebe-se claramente que os desdobramentos distintos que essa doutrina assumiu no interior das duas teologias não são motivo de condenações ou separação das igrejas. Elemento chave para a compreensão da doutrina da justificação em W. Pannenberg é o modo como ele a entende em referência ao sacramento do batismo. A presente pesquisa deseja evidenciar essa relação como corolário do projeto sistemático de Pannenberg, mediado pelo seu modo de entender a dinâmica da fé, bem como demonstrar suas fecundas conseqüências para o diálogo ecumênico e a prática das igrejas. Para isso, explicitará o conceito de fé na obra do autor, demonstrando, então, o que significa para ele a expressão justiça da fé e de que modo essa se coliga com a união do fiel com Cristo, sacramentalmente realizada pelo batismo. Por fim, evidenciará que a valorização do elemento sacramental no discurso sobre a justificação, por parte desse autor luterano, corrige unilateralidades que se sedimentaram na tradição teológica protestante e oferece novas perspectivas para repensar algumas práticas pastorais e ecumênicas da igreja católica. / [en] The doctrine of the justification represents one of the testimonies of the New Testament regarding the salvation which God has offered in Christ. Its importance for the ecclesiastical speech and practice was evidenced in the Lutheran Reformation. However, catholic theology and the protestant one have developed distinct conceptions concerning the theology of justification, something that caused reciprocal misunderstanding and condemnations. Wolfhart Pannenberg, XX century lutheran theologian, presents the doctrine of the justification from the dialogue between those Confessions. Without hiding the contrasts that exist between catholic and lutheran perspectives, he searches the comprehension of both positions through a deep biblical research and from the intention of the doctrinal statements. Thus, one perceives clearly the distinct unfoldings that this doctrine assumed within both theologies should not constitute a reason for condemnations or separation among the churches. The key element for the understanding of the doctrine of the justification in W. Pannenberg´s is the way he understands it in reference to the sacrament of the baptism. The goal of the present research is to evidence this relation as a corollary of Pannenberg´s systematic project, through his way of understanding the dynamics of the faith, as well as demonstrating its fruitful consequences to the ecumenical dialogue and the practice of the churches. We intend to convey the concept of faith in the author´s work as well as demonstrate what he means for the expression justice of the faith and the way it connects to the union of the faithful with Christ, sacramentally carried on through baptism. Finally, we are to evidence that the valuation of the sacramental element in the speech on the justification, on the part of this lutheran author, corrects those unilateral positions which had been settled in the protestant theological tradition and offer new perspectives to rethink some ecumenical and pastoral actions of the Catholic Church.

This dissertation traces the metaphysical underpinnings of the Protestant Reformation through a close reading of the work of the Protestant reformer Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1562). It is premised on the assumption that all theological reasoning is metaphysical insofar as it simultaneously depends on and conveys a vision of how God and the world relate. This opens the possibility to analyse the implied metaphysics of theological work. The study focuses on four areas of Peter Martyr Vermigli’s work: divine and human agency, grace and justification, the Eucharist, and political theology. It analyses Vermigli’s thought by enquiring what structures of being and causality it displays in each of these areas. The key research question is whether Vermigli’s theology implicitly construes ‘being’ as a neutral category, univocally applying to God’s being as well as created being, or whether it conceives of Divine being as transcendent and pre-eminent, with all other being participating in it. Divine and human causation is moreover construed differently in other of these ontological alternatives. The main argument of this dissertation is that the metaphysical framework sustaining Peter Martyr Vermigli’s thought is complex. When examined in terms of its structures of being and causality, Vermigli’s theology simultaneously inhabits two different metaphysical frameworks, one based on ontological participation and the other on the univocity of being. If Vermigli is representative of the Reformation more broadly – an argument which is made based on recent developments in Calvin and Luther scholarship – then this finding is significant for the hermeneutics of the Protestant reformation in two ways. First, it nuances the Reformation’s role in the genesis of modernity, vis-à-vis certain commentators’ suggestion of a causal link between Reformation thought and modernity, while predicating the latter on a univocal ontology. Secondly, the history and development of Protestantism may be better understood by considering possible long-term effects of the metaphysical complexity at the heart of Reformation thought.

A Tecnologia da Informação (TI) tem sido considerada ao longo dos anos como importante ferramenta para obtenção de vantagem competitiva, o que tem motivado as empresas investirem cada vez mais em tecnologia. Entretanto, o volume e a variedade destes investimentos exigem dos gestores novas ferramentas e técnicas para auxiliar no processo de justificativa e gestão da TI. Uma técnica tem sido apontada como uma das alternativas para identificar, analisar e gerenciar os investimentos em TI: a Gestão do Portfólio de TI (GPTI). De acordo, porém, com pesquisas recentes, continua sendo um conceito subdesenvolvido tanto na academia como no meio empresarial. Diferentes autores apontam que algumas organizações têm ciência da existência da GPTI, mas a minoria implementa essa técnica nas suas organizações. Assim, para mostrar que a GPTI pode auxiliar a gestão e justificativa dos investimentos em TI frente aos riscos e retornos, foi estabelecido o objetivo desta pesquisa: Analisar o uso da técnica GPTI no auxilio da justificativa e gestão dos investimentos em TI nas organizações. O método escolhido foram estudos de caso com cinco empresas brasileiras de diferentes setores econômicos; realizando entrevistas com os oito principais executivos de TI dessas organizações. Além disso, foi realizada, em um caso, uma análise quantitativa, utilizando a Teoria de Opções Reais (TOR) combinada com as dimensões da GPTI para avaliar os investimentos, levando em conta o seu o risco e o retorno; e para auxiliar os gestores nas decisões sobre investimentos em TI. Foram encontrados diferentes níveis de utilizações da GPTI nas empresas analisadas em relação a planejamento, controle e avaliação dos investimentos em TI. A GPTI estava sendo utilizada recentemente pelas empresas ou encontrava-se na fase de estruturação do portfólio de TI. Em relação à utilização da TOR, determinou-se que ela pode auxiliar os gestores de TI na análise dos investimentos nas diferentes dimensões da GPTI e possibilitar uma flexibilidade maior das decisões e um maior aproveitamento das oportunidades oferecidas pelo mercado ou devido às necessidades da empresa. A dissertação contribui para a área de TI, pois explorou e analisou um tema pouco estudado no Brasil, que é a GPTI. E também contribuiu para o conhecimento empresarial, fornecendo subsídios para os gestores realizarem benchmarking de portfólio de TI de empresas brasileiras e para oferecer uma maneira de auxiliar nas decisões sobre TI. / IT has lately been considered an important tool to gain competitive advantage, a fact that has triggered increasing investments in technology in the companies. However, the number and variety of investments require that managers use new tools and techniques to help justify and manage IT processes. A technique has been chosen as an alternative to identify, analyze, and manage investments in IT: Information Technology Portfolio Management (ITPM). Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that this concept has not been thoroughly developed neither in the academy nor in companies. Different authors point out that some organizations are aware of ITPM, but few use it in their business. Therefore, to show that ITPM can be of use in the justification and management of investments in IT, the following research aim as established: to analyze the use of ITPM as a tool to help justify and manage investments in IT in organizations. The methodology comprises five case studies of five Brazilian companies in different economic sectors; eight IT managers were interviewed in these companies. Besides, a quantitative analysis was carried out with one of the case studies by using the Real Options Theory (ROT) associated with ITPM in order to assess investment risk and return and to help managers take decisions regarding their investments in IT. Different ITPM levels were found in the companies under investigation concerning planning, control, and evaluation in investments in IT. Results show that ITPM has been used for a short time or is in the structuring phase of the IT portfolio. Regarding the use of ROT, I have concluded that it can help IT managers analyze investments in different ITPM dimensions and enable more flexibility in decision-making and better use of the market opportunities, according to the company's needs. This thesis brings some contributions to the IT area since it explores and analyzes a theme – ITPM – which has got little research in Brazil; besides, it contributes to managerial knowledge so that managers can benchmark IT portfolios in Brazilian companies, and help the decision-making process in IT, an area that has got increasing importance in the companies lately.

This dissertation seeks to answer the following question: how did the doctrine of justification fare one hundred years after Paul's death (c. AD 165)? The thesis argued is that Paul's view of justification by faith is present in the second century, which particularly challenges T. F. Torrance's long-held notion that the Apostolic Fathers abandoned this doctrine. Chapter 1 provides an overview for the study. Groundwork is laid by providing a history of research on the reception of Paul in the second century as well as a section examining the important works on justification in the Fathers. Chapter 2 examines justification in 1 Clement. Looking primarily at chapter 32, it is argued that Clement held to justification by faith alone apart from works, despite the frequent claim that he held to works righteousness. Chapter 3 analyzes the seven letters of Ignatius. Although he only makes one pertinent reference to justification, Ignatius does have much to say against Judaism, which reveals a good deal about his view of justification. Chapter 4 covers the oft-tread ground of justification in the Epistle to Diognetus. The ninth chapter of Diognetus contains the clearest expression of justification in the second century. Chapter 5 surveys the Odes of Solomon. This overlooked songbook has a wealth of soteriological motifs, including mentions of justification. In at least three Odes there appears to be a dependence on Paul for the Odist's view of justification, and at times, imputation. Chapter 6 explores justification in Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho. Trypho informs Justin that he must keep the whole law in order to be saved. Justin, in turn, looks to the Old Testament, particularly to Abraham, as proof that justification comes by faith and not by adherence to the law. The five authors examined demonstrate greater theological continuity between the first and second centuries than has often been recognized. Paul's doctrine of justification by faith was not replaced with works righteousness in the following century. Justification fared well one hundred years after the Apostle's death.