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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Effect of cocaine exposure on K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 expression in rat

Liou, Sih-min 26 December 2011 (has links)
Cocaine (CA) exposure during pregnancy causes long-lasting negative effects on fetal brain development and eventually results in motor dysfunction or changes in learning and memory performance. £^-amino-butyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain and undergo a switch from excitatory to inhibitory during early postnatal period. The excitatory/inhibitory switch is resulted in the relative temporal expression of K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2). GABA is the neurotransmitter in the rat was born from excitement to inhibition and until the growth of thirty days have completely inhibitory. Here we test the effect of CA prenatal exposure on the expression of KCC2 in prefrontal cortex (recognition), hippocampus (memory), VTA (reward) and nucleus accumbens (reward). Protein expression profile of control or prenatal CA treated groups were evaluated by western blot in 2 days interval from postnatal day (PND) 8 to 30. The expression of KCC2 was time-dependently enhanced from PND 8 and reaches its maximal expression around PND 18 in prenatal CA exposure groups. The time-dependent profile of KCC2 expression in prefrontal cortex and NAc was significantly delayed in prenatal CA exposure group. We then correlate the KCC2 expression and the cocaine sensitivity by locomotor activity assay. We found group A shows a higher sensitivity to cocaine than group B in control rats. Surprisingly, group A of prenatal cocaine reduce the sensitive to cocaine to a similar extend like group B in control rats, suggesting prenatal exposure of cocaine might enhance the KCC2 expression. Furthermore, age range of A group (PND 22~27) and B group (PND 29~34) to repeated cocaine exposure resulted in up-regulation of KCC2 expression in B group earlier than A group. We found that the KCC2 expressions of repeated cocaine exposure in B group were higher than A group. In other words, in the B group, the inhibitory effect of GABA was significant and the locomotor activity was relatively slow. Therefore, the A group was more easy be cocaine addiction than B group. We next explore the signaling mechanism underlying cocaine exposure-induced KCC2 expression inhibition. Brain slices were incubated with cocaine with or without dopamine receptor antagonists and KCC2 expression was evaluated by western blot. Either SCH23390 (dopamine D1-receptor inhibitor) or eticlopride (dopamine D2-receptor inhibitor) significantly hamper the inhibition of KCC2 expression by cocaine in normal slices. However, only D2 antagonist eticlopride but not SCH23390 is effective reverse cocaine-induced KCC2 expression inhibition. Overall, results from our current studies provide a further insight into the molecular mechanism of cocaine-induced synaptic modification.
2

Caractéristiques cardiométaboliques d’une souris inactivée pour le cotransporteur potassium-chlorure de type 3

Garneau, Alexandre 11 1900 (has links)
La polyneuropathie sensitivomotrice héréditaire (PNSMH) est une maladie rare qui entraîne un ralentissement du développement moteur et mental, une déficience sensitivomotrice et des syndromes neuropsychiatriques, et qui s’accompagne souvent d’une agénésie du corps calleux. Par ailleurs, plusieurs évaluations rapportent une petite stature ou une masse corporelle anormalement basse chez les patients. La PNSMH est causée par des mutations perte de fonction du cotransporteur K⁺-Cl⁻ de type 3 (KCC3). Des évaluations cliniques détaillées et la caractérisation de souris inactivées pour Kcc3 (Kcc3ᴷᴼ) ont permis d’établir qu’un défaut d’export K⁺-Cl⁻ cause les atteintes neurologiques anatomiques et fonctionnelles dans la maladie. Chez les souris Kcc3ᴷᴼ, des manifestations extraneurologiques ont également été relevées : masse corporelle réduite, pression artérielle (PA) élevée, polydipsie et polyurie. Puisque la physiopathologie des désordres extraneurologiques découlant de la perte de fonction de KCC3 reste incomplètement décrite, mes travaux avaient pour objectif d’en comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents en utilisant un modèle Kcc3ᴷᴼ. Une caractérisation initiale de notre lignée de souris Kcc3ᴷᴼ constitutive et systémique a montré des anomalies vasculaires et cardiaques accompagnant une élévation de PA diastolique. Cette lignée affichait également une polydipsie et une polyurie isoosmotique, de même qu’une réduction de masse corporelle et d’adiposité sans réduction d’apport alimentaire. Une caractérisation métabolique détaillée de notre modèle a ensuite permis de révéler des réductions de masse grasse et de masse maigre. Cette minceur résulte sûrement en partie des augmentations d’activité locomotrice et de dépense énergétique mesurées. Une nette amélioration de la tolérance au glucose a aussi été trouvée, ainsi que des concentrations réduites de triacylglycérols plasmatiques. Enfin, nous avons noté que notre modèle est résistant à l’obésité induite par une diète hyperlipidique et affiche une élévation concomitante de l’expression d’enzymes lipogéniques et lipolytiques dans le gras viscéral, engendrant potentiellement une dissipation calorique. En revisitant la fonction cardiovasculaire dans notre modèle par des méthodes de pointe, nous n’avons pas observé de changement de PA ni de différence de réactivité artériolaire en conditions basales, mais nous avons noté une élévation de distensibilité artériolaire passive. Chez notre modèle, nous n’avons pas non plus remarqué de sensibilité particulière de la PA au sel alimentaire, mais une excrétion urinaire fortement accrue de solutés sous diète hypersodée ainsi qu’une préférence marquée pour le sel. Ces observations sont compatibles avec un défaut de réabsorption hydrosodée par le rein pouvant d’ailleurs prévenir les élévations de PA. En somme, nos travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre les atteintes cardiométaboliques qui accompagnent le tableau neurologique d’un modèle murin de PNSMH. Nous avons notamment relevé des bénéfices inattendus dans le métabolisme glucidique et lipidique suivant l’inactivation de Kcc3. Nous soupçonnons également que l’absence de KCC3 dans le rein engendre une fuite ionique urinaire s’accentuant sous diète hypersodée et pouvant influencer la PA en limitant l’expansion volémique. Nos observations d’anomalies pléiotropiques liées à l’inactivation de Kcc3 font de ce gène une nouvelle cible pharmacologique potentielle et justifient la nécessité d’étudier l’anatomophysiologie cardiométabolique des patients atteints de PNSMH de façon plus approfondie. / Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) is a rare disease that leads to delayed motor and mental development, loss of sensory and motor function and neuropsychiatric syndromes, and that is often accompanied by partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum. Additionally, several cases of short stature or low body weight have been reported in patients. HMSN is caused by loss-of-function mutations in K⁺-Cl⁻ cotransporter type 3 (KCC3). Detailed clinical reports and characterizations of mice inactivated for Kcc3 (Kcc3ᴷᴼ) have allowed to establish that defective K⁺-Cl⁻ export causes the anatomical and functional neurologic impairments in the disease. In Kcc3ᴷᴼ mice, extra-neurological abnormalities have also been noted: lower body weight, high blood pressure (BP), polydipsia and polyuria. Because the pathophysiology of extra-neurological traits arising from KCC3 loss of function remains incompletely described, my work aimed at understanding the mechanisms at play using a Kcc3ᴷᴼ model. An initial characterization of a constitutive and systemic Kcc3ᴷᴼ mouse line showed vascular and cardiac abnormalities along with a rise in diastolic BP. This model also showed polydipsia and iso-osmolar polyuria along with reduced body weight and adiposity but no decrease in food intake. A detailed metabolic characterization of our model further revealed reductions in fat and lean body masses. This leanness results certainly in part from increased locomotor activity and energy expenditure as measured. A marked improvement in glucose tolerance was also found in addition to lower plasmatic triglyceride concentrations. Lastly, we also demonstrated that our model is resistant to high-fat-diet-induced obesity and shows concomitant increase in expression of both lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes in visceral fat, thereby potentially generating caloric dissipation. When revisiting the cardiovascular function of our model with cutting-edge methods, we measured normal BP and arteriolar reactivity in baseline conditions. However, we noted an increase in passive arteriolar distensibility. In our model, we did not notice sensitivity of BP to dietary salt but found a marked increase in urinary solute excretion under high-salt diet and a strong preference for salt. These observations are consistent with a defect in hydromineral reabsorption by the nephron that may prevent BP from rising. In short, our work allowed to better understand the cardiometabolic characteristics that accompany the neurologic portrait of an HMSN mouse model. In particular, we noted unexpected benefits in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism upon Kcc3 inactivation. We also suspect that KCC3 ablation in the kidney leads to urinary hydromineral wasting that can be more salient under dietary salt loading and can influence BP by blunting extracellular volume expansion. The pleiotropic abnormalities arising from Kcc3 inactivation identify this gene as a new potential pharmacological target and argue for improving efforts at describing the cardiometabolic features of patients with HMSN.

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