In the recent years, majority of African countries have been faced by conflicts during election periods. Some of the electoral related conflicts escalated into violence, and they have been transformed or managed. While other electoral related conflicts have just been prevented during the election periods but remain latent conflicts that would escalate triggered by future elections. This study focuses specifically on electoral conflicts in Kenya and its conflict management perspective from 2002-2013. To transform and manage the conflict, peacebuilding initiatives have been integrated in the study. The prime actors in Kenya electoral conflict includes the; the ruling party coalition, the leading opposition coalition and ethnic groupings affiliated to the ruling party and opposition. Other peripheral actors include: the Independent, Electoral and Boundary Commission (IEBC), the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the judiciary. Triangulation (the combination of two or more methods of collecting and analysing data) has been adopted both in data collection and analysis. Focus group interviews, selected individual interviews, and literature reviews were used to collect data, while research findings were analysed systematically using the constructivist grounded theory. Moreover, the liberal peace theory, Institutionalisation before Liberalisation (IBL) and findings from other researchers like (Elder, Stigant and Claes 2014:1-20), and the Afrobarometer research findings (Kivuva 2015) have been used to authenticate the research findings. Research findings indicates that claims of election rigging, numerous institutional failures, negative ethnicity and economic disparity, among other factors heighten the fear and anxiety that escalates during elections. Towards achieving peacebuilding and sustainable peace, the following reforms were undertaken: constitutional changes and reviews, electoral body reform, judicial reform, pursuit of transitional justice, extensive range of local initiatives reforms and police reforms. However, findings in the study also reveal that despite the latter reforms, peacebuilding measures have been short-term, temporal, and not fully successful, leaving behind a latent conflict that could be triggered again with future electoral conflicts. Besides that, negotiation, dialogue and mediation played a role in restoring trust and confidence in the democratic structures after escalated elections. We also recommend that multi-ethnic composition for electoral coalitions should also be adopted as a means to mitigate ethnic triggered conflicts.

The purpose of this study was to develop motivational strategies for motivating public sector workers in Kenya. To achieve this objective the following procedure was followed: • An examination of the public service was undertaken and the following factors were considered: The history of the public service; Past government reform programmes; The problem of corruption; Future government reform programmes; and The motivational climate in the service. iv • A literature survey was conducted on the approaches used by organisations in motivating employees. The findings were used to develop a motivational strategy model. On the basis of the strategies in the model, a questionnaire was developed for the empirical research study. • The empirical study was undertaken to examine the level of motivation in the public service and to identify the motivational strategies currently used in the public service in Kenya. The study also sought to determine the extent to which public sector managers agreed or disagreed that the motivational strategies developed by the study would be effective in motivating employees in their organisations. The results of the empirical study were incorporated into the integrated motivational strategy model presented in chapter six. The study established that the level of motivation among the public sector workers was extremely low. According to the research findings, 87 per cent of the respondents indicated that the level of motivation of employees in their organisation was low while 13 per cent indicated that it was high. It was also established that the climate in the public service was not conducive for motivating employees: the indicators were lack of job security; very low salaries; limited training and development opportunities; lack of career development programmes and lack of adequate working tools and equipment. It was further established that the government could no longer afford to make any substantial increases in salaries to the workers because the wage bill was extremely high at the level of 9.6 per cent of the GDP. It was observed that any further increases in salaries would v have a negative impact on the economy of the country. In view of the above, this study becomes extremely relevant as it suggests ways of enhancing the levels of motivation in the public service to improve service delivery in the public sector without allocation of vast financial resources. The study strongly recommends the application of the integrated motivational strategy model in its entirety; to enhance the level of employee’s motivation and work performance and achieve efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery. The study also recommends that further research be carried out to determine the effects of corruption on employee motivation and ways of eliminating the vice in the public service.

The purpose of the study was to develop strategies for maintaining discipline among learners in secondary schools in Kenya in the post-caning era. More specifically, the objectives of this study were to: - Examine disciplinary strategies that are revealed in the relevant literature that will assist the Kenyan public secondary schools manage student discipline in the post-caning area; - Examnine the exsisting approaches to discipline that are being adopted by secondary schools in Kenya in the post-caning era; - Develop strategies for managing student discipline in public secondary schools in Kenya in the post-caning era.

Development and all issues that pertain to it, has been a hot topic since the turn of the century. Governments have set up programs and agendas that they would like to follow to implement development in areas such as social, education, health and environment. Traditionally developing of communities has always been a government’s mandate. Corporate society established that to live in harmony with its neighbours, it was better to plough back into the community. That said it was paramount to see how the both development and CSI/R can be intertwined reasons behind this qualitative research were to establish if the Kenya Pipeline Company CSI initiatives can be used to promote development. The research methodology used was interviews, distribution of questionnaire and document review. These methods were settled on since they allowed the researcher to gain more knowledge and a greater understanding of the data collected and in it’s the natural setting. Kenya Pipeline Company’s CSI/R policy is not quite in place and development could be pegged to the ethnic group or geographical region that the Managing Director comes from. Stakeholders do not quite contribute and are seldom involved in the decision making process. The first benefactors are the communities that fall by the way- leave of the pipeline moving out. A conclusive policy document needs to be put in place to curb the powers given to a single individual and to be able to involve the various stakeholders so as to ensure sustainable development initiatives.

This study presents the growth, yield and the silvicultural management of Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus patula and Pinus radiata, the three most important timber species growing in the Kenya highlands. The study Is based on 163, 176 and 164 permanent sample plots for the three species respectively. The stand dominant height development was predicted as a function of stand age and site index, defined as dominant height at reference age of 15 years. The Chapman-Richard's growth function was used for C. lusitanica and P. radiata while a linear quadratic equation was used to describe dominant height development for P. patula by geographical regions. Height development for the two pine species was found to be significantly different (up to age 20 years) in the Shamba and grassland establishment sites. Stand basal area before thinning was predicted as a function of stand age, dominant height and number of stems using a Weibull-type growth equation. In thinned stands basal area was predicted through a basal area increment nonlinear equation. For P. radiata, basal area increment was predicted as a function of basal area at the beginning of the growth period (1 year) and age. For C. lusitanica and P. patula, a third term-stand density index, defined as the percent ratio of average spacing between trees to stand dominant height was included. The Weibull probability density function was used to characterize stand diameter distribution with the Weibull parameters predicted as a function of stand parameters. Stand volumes were determined from tree volume equations for the respective species while the mean DBH of stems removed in thinnings was predicted from mean stand DBH before thinning and weight of thinning. Using the above functions, a growth and yield simulation model EXOTICS was constructed. Written in FORTRAN IV G-level which is compatible with IBM System/360 and System/370, EXOTICS is an interactive whole-stand/distance independent model with an added capability for providing diameter distribution (by 3 cm diameter classes) to give final main stand yield by size classes. The model is intended to facilitate silvicultural management of the three species in the Kenya highlands. On validation, EXOTICS was found to have no bias within the range of validation data, and 95% confidence limits of 16%, 20% and 17% for C. lusitanica, P. patula and P. radiata respectively. Using EXOTICS, the current silvicultural management schedules in Kenya were studied. The thinning regimes were found to have marked effects on the current annual volume increment. It was therefore concluded that at the present level of silvicultural management, Moller's theory that thinning has no appreciable effects on total volume yield does not hold for the three species in Kenya. The current thinning policy aimed at production of large-sized sawlog crop in as short a rotation as possible at the expense of some loss in total yield is discussed and found to have been overtaken by events. A policy based on the concept of maximum volume production is advocated. A thinning experiment (using C. lusitanica) demonstrated that total merchantable volume could be increased by between 5 and 10% (using 20% thinning intensity) depending on site quality class. Within the range of stockings maintained in plantations in Kenya, thinning intensity was found to be the most important consideration, with stocking before thinning having very little effect on both mean annual volume increment and total merchantable volume yield up to age 40 years. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Self-reliance in wood products is one of the major objectives of Kenya's forest policy; stated as the management of forest resources for the adequate provision of the needs of the country in timber and other forest products to meet the community's requirements, and where possible provide for exports. The implications of such a policy are such that strategies formulated, programmes designed and practices employed in production of wood resources and wood-based products should be geared towards the anticipated needs of the intermediate consumers, which in turn are only responding to the needs of the final consumers - the society. It is argued here that such production strategies, programmes and practices cannot be formulated and pursued to satisfactorily fulfill the policy objectives, without first identifying and understanding the needs of the specific target markets. Among factors identified as necessary in understanding the target markets are market structure, size, location and dynamics of consumption pattern-determining parameters such as time, demographic and economic factors. Using production and consumption data, primarily for the period 1960-1975, quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze and describe the various markets of wood products, as the basis of forecasting the probable future market trends. On the basis of current management and consumption trends, forecast estimates indicate possible internal wood supply deficits during, and beyond, the period 1996-2000 AD. Current and projected market trends indicate a progressive shift from mechanical wood industries and products, mainly sawnwood, towards fibre-based reconstituted wood products - fibreboards, particleboards and paper products. This projected development would tend to favour greater attention by forest management to the potentials of not only natural forests but species diversification of man-made forests. The fibre-based industries can satisfactorily utilize small-sized logs, hence shorter rotations, and a wide range of species composition since some of the products do not exhibit individually specific wood characteristics. Plantation-species diversity, in addition to avoiding the risks of possible loss in case of an epidemic, has the advantages of comparative climatic and zonal suitability in establishment. Trends indicate that fuelwood is, and for some time will continue to be the single major component of wood consumption, rising from about 15 million M³ (rw) by 1975 to about 30 million M³ (rw) per year by 2000 AD; yet forest management seems to have no supply strategy for this product. A major identified deficiency in forestry production-utilization-marketing as a system has been insufficient coordination in wood production management decisions with different industries' development programmes and anticipated market trends, and their requirements. Probable future wood supply-demand balances were comparatively estimated on the basis of potential supplies from current and planned wood production programmes and the projected markets. From the view point of wood production management decisions, medium and long-term market forecasts can be considered more meaningful than short-term needs, since the latter will have to draw from maturing stocks, while current and planned forest establishment programmes are the basis of future medium and long-term supplies. For this reason, emphasis has been laid on the medium and long-term forecasts, up to 50 years from now, or 1 to 2 production rotations. This analysis indicates that while management has placed emphasis on plantation forestry for industrial wood supplies, the strategy, despite its merits, is biased in favour of predominantly two exotic softwood species groups, comprising of cypress and pines despite the feasibility of producing wood supplies from potentially commercial and marketable indigenous species (mainly hardwoods) and other exotic hardwoods. While natural forests constitute about 92 percent and plantations 8 percent of Kenya's forests, little management effort has been directed at commercial wood production from the former, whose annual supplies average 20 percent of total industrial wood harvested. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of indigenous woods in natural forests indicates great commercial potential of these indigenous resources. There is a need for a shift from exclusive reliance on silvicultural considerations and wood production per se as the main criteria for production management, to a set of criteria that gives sufficient consideration emphasis on utilization and marketing requirements. Greater co-ordination between foresters, industries and marketers is required in the areas of research, development decisions, information gathering and dissemination, and wood resources allocation and sales to facilitate Production Planning for the target market needs. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

Recent literature has shown a close correlation between economic prosperity and the intensity of energy use in a country. In this study, an investigation to determine the extent of evolution of the concept of sustainability in the energy industry to realise the aim of Kenya Vision 2030 development blueprint is presented. In this study, journals, government reports, statutes and policies dating back to the end of the eighteenth century were reviewed to establish the research gap. Interviewing of key stakeholders in the energy industry a survey of rural, peri-urban and urban households on energy use and supply in the country and a geographical information system were methods used for data analysis. The study findings revealed that; the current energy policies are a legacy of colonial policies which benefit the urban and commercial centres along the railway line; the current policies are skewed to promoting electricity and petroleum sectors in energy industry and; biomass is the main source of fuel for rural and peri-urban households and, increased household energy demand has a negative impact on environment. In light of these findings, the practice of energy use and policies have to evolve significantly so that the aim of the Vision 2030 has to be realised. Therefore, this study is an innovative, analytical and methodological approach to sustainable energy use and policy assessment for developing countries. The study also makes contribution to the body of knowledge in the field of sustainable energy use and policies for developing countries by literature publication.

No description available.