Thesis (Ph. D.)--Concordia Theological Seminary, 2005. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-297).

This corpus study discusses the subjunctive construction in mandative sentences in East African and Indian English. Data taken from the East African ICE-EA corpus and the Indian Kolhapur corpus are compared to previous studies about American English and British English, mainly by Hundt (1998) and Johansson & Norheim (1988). Subjunctive, indicative and modal periphrastic constructions are identified and examined. The conclusion of this study is that the subjunctive construction in mandative sentences is more common in Indian and East African English than in British English.

No description available.

This study was planned to increase understanding of job satisfaction among faculty in middle size universities. The problem was job satisfaction and its association with selected demographic characteristics of faculty at Kenyatta University, second largest university in Nairobi. There was a response rate of 52.6 percent. All of the 300 faculty members with the rank of professor, associate professor, assistant professor, lecturer and teaching fellow participated in this research. Two instruments were used to collect data from the participating faculty. The first instrument was a demographic data sheet that solicited personal data from faculty. The second instrument was a standardized six dimensional survey instrument, the Job Descriptive Index (JDI). Both survey instruments were handed out in an envelope to all faculty by the researcher. The findings showed that most faculty were satisfied with their job in areas of co-workers and job in general. They seemed dissatisfied with the area of opportunities for promotion. The findings further demonstrated that most faculty were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with their present work, present pay, and supervision. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the selected demographic variables of age, professional rank, and nationality were associated with job satisfaction. Scheffé's Multiple Comparison test and Newman-Keuls procedure were used to analyze differences in satisfaction among groups. The results showed that professors and lecturers were significantly more satisfied with their coworkers than were the assistant professors. Faculty members' gender, marital status, years of experience, tenure status, academic degree and area of interest did not influence job satisfaction. It is recommended that future research to determine an appropriate system of promotions structure and faculty growth and development be initiated.

This study gives an historical account of foreign ownership of newspapers in Kenya. Since the establishment of the first newspaper in the early 1900s, to the modern publication of daily newspapers in Kenya, the press has been dominated by foreign owners, writers and advertisers. Before independence from Britain, foreign domination was expressed by the total disregard of the African by the newspapers. After independence, foreign domination continued as the government, dedicated to the free enterprise capitalist system, has not made any substantial effort to nationalize already established newspaper companies. In 1977 the first African-owned newspaper, a weekly was established. Today, there is no African-owned daily newspaper. All indications are that only the modernizing process will result in African ownership and control of newspapers.

<p>Poverty and inequality are deeply entrenched in Kenya, with the country being one of the most unequal countries in the world. To eradicate poverty and inequality, enhance the achievement of social justice, fast-track human development, as well as to entrench participatory democracy<br /> and a culture of justification in governance, Kenya has, for the first time, entrenched justiciable socio-economic rights (SERs) in its 2010 Constitution. In this thesis, I undertake a critical analysis of the prospects for the implementation and enforcement of the entrenched SERs as well as the probable challenges that Kenya may face in their realisation. In this endeavour, the thesis develops a theoretical and interpretive approach for the realisation of these entrenched SERs. It entails an expansive analysis of the nature, scope, content and extent of the SERs entrenched in the 2010 Kenyan Constitution, and especially the place of international human rights obligations contained in customs and ratified international human rights treaties due to the provisions of the 2010 Constitution which espouse the direct application of international law in Kenya&rsquo / s domestic legal system. It is submitted in this thesis that in order to improve the socio-economic conditions of the poor, vulnerable and marginalised groups in Kenya, there is a need for their socio-economic as well as political empowerment to enable them to effectively take part in societal decision-making in both the public and private spheres with regard to resource (re)distribution. The theory of dialogical constitutionalism, based on the constitutionally entrenched principle of popular participation in governance and public decision-making, is aimed at the realisation of both political and socio-economic empowerment of these groups. Even though the theory of dialogical constitutionalism underscores the importance of litigation in the achievement of the transformative aspirations of the 2010 Kenyan Constitution contained in the entrenched SERs, it acknowledges that litigation is not the panacea of SER enforcement, and that other political and advocacy strategies play an important role in the emancipation of the socio-economically deprived groups in society. The thesis thus advocates a multi-pronged strategy which espouses the equal participation of all sectors of society in a collaborative and cooperative deliberative effort aimed at the full realisation of the entrenched SERs. To accompany the above theoretical framework for the interpretation and implementation of the entrenched SERs, the thesis further proposes a transformative and integrated approach which combines the progressive aspects of the minimum core approachand the reasonableness approach. This is an approach of purposive interpretion which, in the first instance, envisages the courts undertaking a strict and searching scrutiny of the SER implementation framework developed by the political institutions of the State to ensure that sufficient provision has been made for the basic necessities of the most poor and vulnerable groups in society, basically the espousal of a minimum core content approach. The approach entails the requirement that should the SER implementation framework fail to provide this basic minimum to vulnerable groups, and the political institutions do not provide a substantive justification as to the failure, then the courts should find the relevant SER implementation<br /> framework per se unreasonable and thus invalid. However, should the implementation framework provide sufficiently for the basic essentials for vulnerable groups, the courts should then proceed to review it using the reasonableness standards that have been developed by the<br /> South African Constitutional Court. The rationale for this searching analysis is the acknowledgement that if the needs and interests of the most indigent and marginalised in society are not catered for, the entire corpus of rights in the Bill of Rights becomes redundant. The thesis then undertakes a case study of two rights, the right to food and the right to housing, using the theoretical and interpretive approaches developed in the previous chapters of the thesis. On food security, the thesis finds that Kenya is a food insecure country with a declining food production capacity. This is basically due to a lack of subsidy to farmers, global warming leading to intermittent rainfall, lack of investment in sustainable agriculture as well as a fragmented and contradictory legislative and policy agenda. In response to this situation, the thesis proposes the adoption of a livelihoods approach to food security in Kenya, based on the constitutionally entrenched right to food and other supporting rights. This approach advocates the enhancement of the food entitlements of the different sectors of the Kenyan society to ensure their access to adequate and nutritious food, be it through self-production or through the market. On the right to housing, the thesis finds that housing plays a crucial role in ensuring that people are able to have a holistic, dignified and valuable existence. However, Kenya faces a dire housing situation, with the majority of Kenyans, both in rural and urban areas lacking adequate shelter and sanitary conditions, evidenced by the large informal settlements in urban areas and the squatter phenomenon in rural areas. With the entrenchment of a justiciable right to adequate housing in the 2010 Constitution, the study finds that several legislative and policy reforms are underway to improve the housing situation, with efforts being made to draft theLandlord and Tenant Bill 2007, the Housing Bill 2011, the Evictions and Resettlement Guidelines and the Evictions and Resettlement Procedures Bill, 2012, among others. The thesis proposes that these legal reforms must be undertaken within an environment of cooperative and<br /> collaborative strategic partnership involving all sectors of society so as to ensure that the housing concerns as well as interests of all are catered for.</p>

<p>Poverty and inequality are deeply entrenched in Kenya, with the country being one of the most unequal countries in the world. To eradicate poverty and inequality, enhance the achievement of social justice, fast-track human development, as well as to entrench participatory democracy<br /> and a culture of justification in governance, Kenya has, for the first time, entrenched justiciable socio-economic rights (SERs) in its 2010 Constitution. In this thesis, I undertake a critical analysis of the prospects for the implementation and enforcement of the entrenched SERs as well as the probable challenges that Kenya may face in their realisation. In this endeavour, the thesis develops a theoretical and interpretive approach for the realisation of these entrenched SERs. It entails an expansive analysis of the nature, scope, content and extent of the SERs entrenched in the 2010 Kenyan Constitution, and especially the place of international human rights obligations contained in customs and ratified international human rights treaties due to the provisions of the 2010 Constitution which espouse the direct application of international law in Kenya&rsquo / s domestic legal system. It is submitted in this thesis that in order to improve the socio-economic conditions of the poor, vulnerable and marginalised groups in Kenya, there is a need for their socio-economic as well as political empowerment to enable them to effectively take part in societal decision-making in both the public and private spheres with regard to resource (re)distribution. The theory of dialogical constitutionalism, based on the constitutionally entrenched principle of popular participation in governance and public decision-making, is aimed at the realisation of both political and socio-economic empowerment of these groups. Even though the theory of dialogical constitutionalism underscores the importance of litigation in the achievement of the transformative aspirations of the 2010 Kenyan Constitution contained in the entrenched SERs, it acknowledges that litigation is not the panacea of SER enforcement, and that other political and advocacy strategies play an important role in the emancipation of the socio-economically deprived groups in society. The thesis thus advocates a multi-pronged strategy which espouses the equal participation of all sectors of society in a collaborative and cooperative deliberative effort aimed at the full realisation of the entrenched SERs. To accompany the above theoretical framework for the interpretation and implementation of the entrenched SERs, the thesis further proposes a transformative and integrated approach which combines the progressive aspects of the minimum core approachand the reasonableness approach. This is an approach of purposive interpretion which, in the first instance, envisages the courts undertaking a strict and searching scrutiny of the SER implementation framework developed by the political institutions of the State to ensure that sufficient provision has been made for the basic necessities of the most poor and vulnerable groups in society, basically the espousal of a minimum core content approach. The approach entails the requirement that should the SER implementation framework fail to provide this basic minimum to vulnerable groups, and the political institutions do not provide a substantive justification as to the failure, then the courts should find the relevant SER implementation<br /> framework per se unreasonable and thus invalid. However, should the implementation framework provide sufficiently for the basic essentials for vulnerable groups, the courts should then proceed to review it using the reasonableness standards that have been developed by the<br /> South African Constitutional Court. The rationale for this searching analysis is the acknowledgement that if the needs and interests of the most indigent and marginalised in society are not catered for, the entire corpus of rights in the Bill of Rights becomes redundant. The thesis then undertakes a case study of two rights, the right to food and the right to housing, using the theoretical and interpretive approaches developed in the previous chapters of the thesis. On food security, the thesis finds that Kenya is a food insecure country with a declining food production capacity. This is basically due to a lack of subsidy to farmers, global warming leading to intermittent rainfall, lack of investment in sustainable agriculture as well as a fragmented and contradictory legislative and policy agenda. In response to this situation, the thesis proposes the adoption of a livelihoods approach to food security in Kenya, based on the constitutionally entrenched right to food and other supporting rights. This approach advocates the enhancement of the food entitlements of the different sectors of the Kenyan society to ensure their access to adequate and nutritious food, be it through self-production or through the market. On the right to housing, the thesis finds that housing plays a crucial role in ensuring that people are able to have a holistic, dignified and valuable existence. However, Kenya faces a dire housing situation, with the majority of Kenyans, both in rural and urban areas lacking adequate shelter and sanitary conditions, evidenced by the large informal settlements in urban areas and the squatter phenomenon in rural areas. With the entrenchment of a justiciable right to adequate housing in the 2010 Constitution, the study finds that several legislative and policy reforms are underway to improve the housing situation, with efforts being made to draft theLandlord and Tenant Bill 2007, the Housing Bill 2011, the Evictions and Resettlement Guidelines and the Evictions and Resettlement Procedures Bill, 2012, among others. The thesis proposes that these legal reforms must be undertaken within an environment of cooperative and<br /> collaborative strategic partnership involving all sectors of society so as to ensure that the housing concerns as well as interests of all are catered for.</p>

Cette étude de la littérature kenyane, qui concerne principalement des auteurs féminins, a comme postulat que les écrivaines du Kenya, bien que prolifiques, ont été pendant très longtemps négligées par la critique littéraire et souvent étudiées dans le cadre de la littérature feminine du soi-disant “tiers monde.” Leur spécificité était ainsi occultée. Cette étude entreprend de remédier à cette situation en faisant une analyse détaillée de quelques romans représentatifs tout en utilisant le genre romanesque comme document social reflétant la position de la femme dans la société kenyane. Le roman, qui est ici le document principal, est donc examiné en tant qu’outil culturel. Etant donné le nombre élevé de romans écrits par des auteures kenyanes, cette étude utilise une méthodologie orientée vers des cas, sélectionnant les romans les plus représentatifs de la littérature féminine kenyane. Ces textes recouvrent une longue période allant des premières publications romanesques dans les années 60, juste après l’indépendance du Kenya, jusqu’au début du millénaire.Les théories utilisées dans cette analyse émanent des études postcoloniales, des “cultural studies,” et des études de genre. Cette étude fournit donc un survol détaillé du roman féminin kenyan, qui ambitionne de susciter des études semblables sur les écrivaines du Kenya mais également d’autres pays de l’Afrique de l’Est et, de manière plus large, du continent africain. / This study of Kenyan literature, which focuses specifically on female writers, is based on the premise that female writers, though prolific, have for a long time been neglected by literary critics, and even when focused upon, are lumped together with other so-called ‘Third world’ female writers. Thus, the idiosyncrasies in their particular works are very often overlooked. This study seeks to correct this by undertaking an in-depth study of each of the novels explored, while at the same time using each of them to undertake a study of the Kenyan society with particular attention to the situation of the woman as depicted in the texts. The novel, which is here the primary source, is examined as a cultural tool. Given the large number of novels that have been written by Kenyan women writers, this study uses a case-oriented methodology to select a few novels that are used as representative samples for Kenyan writing by women. The texts selecte! d cover a long time period; published from the mid-sixties just after Kenya’s independence, to the outset of the present millennium. The study is guided by theories that are drawn from postcolonial studies, cultural studies, and gender studies. It is our hope that this study gives a comprehensive state of the art survey on the Kenyan novel, with a specific focus on the state of the Kenyan woman, thus clearing the way for similar studies to be carried out on women writers not only in Kenya, but in the other countries in the East African region and the African continent at large.

The purpose of this study is to examine the presentation of masculinity in selected popular works. The novels under discussion include: Henry ole Kulet’s To Become a Man (1972), Yusuf Dawood’s One Life Too Many (1991), Peter Kimani’s Before the Rooster Crows (2002) and David Maillu’s Man from Machakos (2010). The writers are representative of a diversity of Kenyan ethnicities: Dawood (Asian-African), while the rest comprise Kenyan men of black descent though different ethnicities. The study attempts to interrogate the various strands of masculinity in Kenyan society as presented in the selected works. The study also seeks to investigate how different men negotiate/manifest their masculinity in different settings. It also interrogates factors and trends that shape and influence masculine behaviour in the selected texts. The study also explores the ramifications of various manifestations of masculinity on the family. The study adopts masculinities theory as the theoretical framework. The theory is applied in the interpretation of issues that relate to this study. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt et Phil. (Theory of literature)

The low grades that students score in some statistical units in Kenyan universities is of great concern and has evoked research interest in the teaching of some of the units and the students’ learning of the statistical content. The aim of the study was to investigate the difficulties undergraduate students experience in the learning of bivariate normal distribution in a Kenyan university. The research also aimed to answer the following research questions on the difficulties undergraduate students encounter in the learning of bivariate normal distribution. The first research question was based on the reasons why students find learning of bivariate normal distribution difficult and the second research question was to find the reasons why students experience such difficulties in learning bivariate normal distribution. The target population for this study included lecturers teaching statistics in the university, and second- and third- year students enrolled or who have previously completed the probability and statistics III unit, where the bivariate normal distribution content is covered. In selecting students for the study, the simple random sampling technique was employed while convenient sampling was used to select lecturers who participated in the study. A mixed methods design was adopted for this study where both quantitative and qualitative data was collected. A total of 175 students and six lecturers participated in this research study. All students who participated in the study did a bivariate normal distribution test (Appendix 1) designed by the researcher and then filled in a questionnaire (Appendix 2). The lecturers who participated in the study filled in an open-ended questionnaire (Appendix 3). The results showed that undergraduate students have difficulties in learning bivariate normal distribution. This is because most of them could neither state the bivariate normal distribution nor solve any of the application questions on the content. The students find it difficult to learn and comprehend the bivariate normal distribution equation with its many parameters and constants of the two random independent variables. The results also showed that students could not state the normal distribution equation nor could they solve questions on the normal distribution, which forms the foundational knowledge required for effective learning of the bivariate normal distribution content. ii Based on the results, the study recommended that emphasis should be placed on the basic and foundational knowledge of the normal distribution content and its applications before teaching bivariate normal distribution in probability and statistics III. In addition, it is recommended that all students should be involved in the learning of basic content to enable them to understand all parameters and constants in the equations and their applications. The study also recommends that lecturers revise the foundational knowledge and content related to the bivariate normal distribution before introducing and teaching the bivariate normal distribution content. This study also recommends that the university should consider a change of curriculum by teaching the bivariate normal distribution, as an introductory course to the unit under the multivariate distributions in statistics, in third year of the students’ studies. ; ; / Mathematics Education / M. Sc. (Mathematics Education)