Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

4 ABSTRACT Characteristic high helmets in Daphnia cucullata, which increase resistance of Daphnia against various invertebrate predators, can be induced by chemical cues released by these invertebrates but also by small-scale turbulence. I evaluated the response of D. cucullata to both factors in several clones originating from two riverine pools differing in their predator regime. In a large pool, the dominant invertebrate predator is the cladoceran Leptodora kindtii, and the Daphnia population there shows a typical cyclomorphosis. In the second (small) pool, Daphnia do not produce helmets, despite the presence of the phantom midge larvae Chaoborus flavicans. I compared phenotypic changes of Daphnia cucullata clones from these pools to Chaoborus kairomones and to a small-scale turbulence in laboratory experiments. Kairomones induced significantly longer helmets in clones from both pools; however, only clones form the large pool reacted also to turbulence. As all daphnids in the experiments responded to chemical cues from Chaoborus, I assume that either the kairomone dose under natural conditions in the small pool is too low to induce helmets or the phenotypic response of the local population is mediated by other factors. On the other hand, the variation of response to small-scale turbulence suggests that...

Tortricid moths (Lepidoptera) are known for their outstanding olfaction capabilities that allow them to detect, process, and respond to chemical information emitted by host or non-host plants. Such an ability to filter out odors from the complex mixture to locate their host has allowed researchers and integrated pest management (IPM) practitioners to develop and implement semiochemically-based pest control strategies. The major goal of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, the response of male and female oriental fruit moth (OFM), codling moth (CM), redbanded leafroller (RBLR) and three lined leafroller (TLLR) to experimental kairomone lures in commercial apple orchards in Massachusetts. My results indicate that (1) addition of benzaldehyde to Megalure® or to TRE2266 significantly increased captures of OFM males but not of CM males, (2) benzaldehyde was a strong male attractant-it was as attractive as Megalure® to OFM males, and (3) TRE2266 attracted significantly more RBLR than any other lure and by adding benzaldehyde it became attractive to TLLR. These findings highlight the opportunity to work with benzaldehyde to develop more efficient semiochemical-based monitoring and control systems for tortricid moths.

This thesis describes the synthetic preparation of somecompounds, which can serve as chemical signals for use in thedevelopment of control methods for pest insects. The compoundssynthesised are of the isoprenoid type and of two kinds:carvone derivatives and germacranes. The derivatives of carvoneare based on modifications of this compound, by reactions ofeither its endocyclic or its exocyclic double bond. One type ofmodifications was accomplished by chemoselective additions ofthiophenol. The latter ones imply additions to the exocyclicdouble bond and seem to constitute general, previously rarelystudied reactions. In other modifications of its exocyclic side chain, carvoneafforded some sesqui- and diterpeniod natural products. Thefollowing compounds were synthesised in an enantioselectiveway: (-)-epi-delobanone, (-)-delobanone,(-)-7-hydroxy-3,10-prenylbisaboladien- 2-one (an insecticidalconstituent of Croton linearis) as well as its diastereomer andsome other compounds with similar structures. All of thesecompounds weretested for their antifeedant/feeding deterrentcapability against gnawing of the pine weevil, Hylobiusabietis. The germacranes prepared by means of enantioselective totalsyntheses are: (–)- 1(10),5-germacradien-4-ol and(–)-germacrene D. The former is a constituent of thedefence secretion (an allomone) from the larvae of the pinesawfly, and the needles of Scots pine. (–)-Germacrene D isa ubiquitous compound in nature. For example, it occurs in thepeels of apples and acts as one component of a lure (akairomone) to the apples, which attracts the codling moth,Cydia pomonella. The main problem in the total syntheses of the germacraneswas the formation of the unsaturated monocyclic 10-memberedring. This was achieved by intramolecular alkylation with asuitably functionalised/protected cyanohydrin derivative,which, after further elaboration, afforded a monocyclic10-membered enone, that was used in the syntheses of the twogermacranes mentioned above. In the initial steps in thesynthetic sequence the stereochemistry was established byalkylation of an amide enolate attached to a chiral auxiliary.This approach could most likely also readily furnish the(+)-enantiomers of these germacrenes (of the germacraneterpenoid class) using the opposite enantiomer of the chiralauxiliary in the initial steps. <b>Keywords</b>: isoprenoids, natural product synthesis,allelochemicals, kairomones, allomones, bisabolane terpenoids,Hylobius abietis, germacrane terpenoids, Neodiprion sertifer,stereoselective synthesis.

<p>This thesis describes the synthetic preparation of somecompounds, which can serve as chemical signals for use in thedevelopment of control methods for pest insects. The compoundssynthesised are of the isoprenoid type and of two kinds:carvone derivatives and germacranes. The derivatives of carvoneare based on modifications of this compound, by reactions ofeither its endocyclic or its exocyclic double bond. One type ofmodifications was accomplished by chemoselective additions ofthiophenol. The latter ones imply additions to the exocyclicdouble bond and seem to constitute general, previously rarelystudied reactions.</p><p>In other modifications of its exocyclic side chain, carvoneafforded some sesqui- and diterpeniod natural products. Thefollowing compounds were synthesised in an enantioselectiveway: (-)-epi-delobanone, (-)-delobanone,(-)-7-hydroxy-3,10-prenylbisaboladien- 2-one (an insecticidalconstituent of Croton linearis) as well as its diastereomer andsome other compounds with similar structures. All of thesecompounds weretested for their antifeedant/feeding deterrentcapability against gnawing of the pine weevil, Hylobiusabietis.</p><p>The germacranes prepared by means of enantioselective totalsyntheses are: (–)- 1(10),5-germacradien-4-ol and(–)-germacrene D. The former is a constituent of thedefence secretion (an allomone) from the larvae of the pinesawfly, and the needles of Scots pine. (–)-Germacrene D isa ubiquitous compound in nature. For example, it occurs in thepeels of apples and acts as one component of a lure (akairomone) to the apples, which attracts the codling moth,Cydia pomonella.</p><p>The main problem in the total syntheses of the germacraneswas the formation of the unsaturated monocyclic 10-memberedring. This was achieved by intramolecular alkylation with asuitably functionalised/protected cyanohydrin derivative,which, after further elaboration, afforded a monocyclic10-membered enone, that was used in the syntheses of the twogermacranes mentioned above. In the initial steps in thesynthetic sequence the stereochemistry was established byalkylation of an amide enolate attached to a chiral auxiliary.This approach could most likely also readily furnish the(+)-enantiomers of these germacrenes (of the germacraneterpenoid class) using the opposite enantiomer of the chiralauxiliary in the initial steps.</p><p><b>Keywords</b>: isoprenoids, natural product synthesis,allelochemicals, kairomones, allomones, bisabolane terpenoids,Hylobius abietis, germacrane terpenoids, Neodiprion sertifer,stereoselective synthesis.</p>

Host recognition behaviour of two braconid larval parasitoids Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes was studied using suitable stemborer hosts [i.e. Busseola fusca for C. sesamiae, and Chilo partellus for C. flavipes] and one non-host [Eldana saccharina]. The wasps displayed similar sequences of behavioural steps when locating their hosts largely depending on their antennae for host recognition and both antennae and tarsi for final host acceptance and oviposition. Tactile and contact chemoreception stimuli from the hosts seem to play a major role in oviposition decision by the parasitoids. In addition, the external morphology and distribution pattern of sensilla present on antennae, tarsi and ovipositor of the parasitoids were examined by scanning electron and optic microscopy after staining with silver nitrate. Three sensillar types were identified on the distal antennomeres: (i) non-porous sensilla trichoidea most probably involved in mechanoreception, (ii) uniporous sensilla chaetica likely to be gustatory and, (iii) multiporous sensilla placodea likely to be olfactory. The tarsi possess a few sensilla chaetica which could be gustatory while the manubrium is likely to be used in detection of vibrations. The distal end of the ovipositor bears numerous multiporous dome-shaped sensilla. Additionally, the ability of the wasps to discriminate between contact cues was studied. When host larvae were washed in distilled water the wasps did not insert their ovipositors. However, ovipositor insertion resumed when washed host or non-host larvae were painted with water extracts of their respective host larvae. The water extracts of the suitable hosts were more attractive to the wasps than those of non-hosts. Similarly, the frass is important in host recognition during short-range examination as those of respective hosts are more intensely antennated than of non-hosts. The parasitoids were able to discriminate the regurgitant of E. saccharina by not antennating the cotton wool ball of this host; while the regurgitant of B. fusca and C. partellus appeared not useful in discriminating between the two species for both parasitoid species. Further analysis suggests the presence of a protein(s) component(s) in the regurgitant possibly responsible for host recognition and oviposition by C. flavipes. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Host recognition behaviour of two braconid larval parasitoids Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes was studied using suitable stemborer hosts [i.e. Busseola fusca for C. sesamiae, and Chilo partellus for C. flavipes] and one non-host [Eldana saccharina]. The wasps displayed similar sequences of behavioural steps when locating their hosts largely depending on their antennae for host recognition and both antennae and tarsi for final host acceptance and oviposition. Tactile and contact chemoreception stimuli from the hosts seem to play a major role in oviposition decision by the parasitoids. In addition, the external morphology and distribution pattern of sensilla present on antennae, tarsi and ovipositor of the parasitoids were examined by scanning electron and optic microscopy after staining with silver nitrate. Three sensillar types were identified on the distal antennomeres: (i) non-porous sensilla trichoidea most probably involved in mechanoreception, (ii) uniporous sensilla chaetica likely to be gustatory and, (iii) multiporous sensilla placodea likely to be olfactory. The tarsi possess a few sensilla chaetica which could be gustatory while the manubrium is likely to be used in detection of vibrations. The distal end of the ovipositor bears numerous multiporous dome-shaped sensilla. Additionally, the ability of the wasps to discriminate between contact cues was studied. When host larvae were washed in distilled water the wasps did not insert their ovipositors. However, ovipositor insertion resumed when washed host or non-host larvae were painted with water extracts of their respective host larvae. The water extracts of the suitable hosts were more attractive to the wasps than those of non-hosts. Similarly, the frass is important in host recognition during short-range examination as those of respective hosts are more intensely antennated than of non-hosts. The parasitoids were able to discriminate the regurgitant of E. saccharina by not antennating the cotton wool ball of this host; while the regurgitant of B. fusca and C. partellus appeared not useful in discriminating between the two species for both parasitoid species. Further analysis suggests the presence of a protein(s) component(s) in the regurgitant possibly responsible for host recognition and oviposition by C. flavipes. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Les insectes parasitoïdes effectuent leur développement aux dépens d'un autre organisme, un hôte. La qualité des hôtes va directement influencer le développement et la survie des parasitoïdes. Le nombre de descendants produits par les femelles dépend donc de leur capacité à localiser les hôtes et à déterminer leur qualité. Aussi, lorsqu'elles sont en situation de compétition et que les hôtes en question se trouvent être en quantité limitée, elles devront adapter leurs stratégies de ponte de manière à maximiser leur succès reproducteur. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les stratégies de ponte des femelles d'une espèce de parasitoïde solitaire, Anisopteromalus calandrae en situation de compétition intraspécifique. Chez les espèces solitaires, en partie à cause de combats larvaires mortels, un seul adulte pourra émerger d'un hôte donné, et ce, quel que soit le nombre d'oeufs initialement pondus. Nous nous sommes intéressés à ces combats en étudiant les facteurs biotiques pouvant affecter leur issue. Chez cette espèce, les larves femelles sont de meilleures compétitrices que ne le sont les mâles. Plus l'intervalle de temps entre deux pontes augmente, plus le deuxième individu pondu risque de se faire éliminer. Ainsi, chez cette espèce, les femelles sont capables de distinguer les différentes catégories d'hôtes auxquelles elles sont confrontées. Premièrement, le choix entre hôtes parasités et non parasités dépend de la stratégie de la femelle, à savoir si elle les utilise pour la ponte ou pour se nourrir. Cette stratégie est elle-même modulée par son état physiologique (âge, réserves nutritives...). Deuxièmement, lorsque les femelles sont confrontées à des hôtes déjà parasités, elles pondent préférentiellement sur ceux récemment parasités, hôtes sur lesquels leurs descendants ont la plus grande probabilité de survivre. L'origine de cette discrimination est dûe à l'évolution du profil cuticulaire de l'hôte au cours du temps après parasitisme. De plus, lorsque les oeufs présents sur les hôtes parasités ont atteint un certain stade de développement, les femelles sont capables de reconnaitre leur sexe. Elles vont ainsi avoir tendance à pondre plus de mâles lorsque des oeufs femelles sont déjà pondus. Toutefois, elles évitent de les pondre directement sur des hôtes déjà parasités par un oeuf femelle, les mâles ayant peu de chances de remporter le combat. L'aspect adaptatif de ces stratégies ainsi que les mécanismes sous-jacents sont discutés.

<p>The Autumn gum moth, <em>Mnesampela privata </em>(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is an endemic Australian moth whose larvae feed upon species of <em>Eucalyptus.</em> The moths favorite host plants are <em>E. globulus </em>and<em> E. nitens</em> which are the most important species used in commercial plantations of the Australian pulpwood industry. The autumn gum moth has become one of the most significant outbreak insects of eucalyptus plantations throughout Australia. As a consequence great financial losses to the forest industry occur. Today insecticides such as pyrethroids are used for control of eucalyptus defoliators as <em>M. privata</em>.</p><p>The carrot psyllid, <em>Trioza apicalis </em>(Homoptera: Psylloidea), is one of the major pests of carrot (<em>Daucus carota</em>) in northern Europe. The psyllid causes curling of the carrot leafs and reduction of plant growth. Today the carrot crops are protected with the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin, which is toxic to aquatic organisms and is, from 2010, prohibited for use in Sweden by the Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate.</p><p>An alternative to insecticides is to protect the seedlings with semiochemicals, a chemical substance or mixture of them that carries a message. This thesis describes the identification and the syntheses of semiochemicals from the above mentioned insect species.</p><p>From analysis of abdominal tip extracts of <em>M. privata</em> females from Tasmania a blend of (3<em>Z</em>,6<em>Z</em>,9<em>Z</em>)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene and (3<em>Z,6Z,9Z</em>)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene was identified as the sex pheromone of this species. The identification of the C₁₉- and C₂₁-trienes was confirmed by synthesis.</p><p>In the analysis of carrot leaf extracts we found a compound, α-<em>cis</em>-bergamotene, that induces antennal response in the carrot psyllid. This is just the beginning of the studies of trying to manipulate this psyllid with semiochemicals instead of insecticides.</p>

The Autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is an endemic Australian moth whose larvae feed upon species of Eucalyptus. The moths favorite host plants are E. globulus and E. nitens which are the most important species used in commercial plantations of the Australian pulpwood industry. The autumn gum moth has become one of the most significant outbreak insects of eucalyptus plantations throughout Australia. As a consequence great financial losses to the forest industry occur. Today insecticides such as pyrethroids are used for control of eucalyptus defoliators as M. privata. The carrot psyllid, Trioza apicalis (Homoptera: Psylloidea), is one of the major pests of carrot (Daucus carota) in northern Europe. The psyllid causes curling of the carrot leafs and reduction of plant growth. Today the carrot crops are protected with the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin, which is toxic to aquatic organisms and is, from 2010, prohibited for use in Sweden by the Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate. An alternative to insecticides is to protect the seedlings with semiochemicals, a chemical substance or mixture of them that carries a message. This thesis describes the identification and the syntheses of semiochemicals from the above mentioned insect species. From analysis of abdominal tip extracts of M. privata females from Tasmania a blend of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene and (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene was identified as the sex pheromone of this species. The identification of the C19- and C21-trienes was confirmed by synthesis. In the analysis of carrot leaf extracts we found a compound, α-cis-bergamotene, that induces antennal response in the carrot psyllid. This is just the beginning of the studies of trying to manipulate this psyllid with semiochemicals instead of insecticides.