Resumo: O Sistema de Processo de Certificação de Kimberley foi instituído pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) no ano 2000. O Brasil que ocupa a nona posição no ranking dos paises produtores de diamantes, aderiu a esse acordo internacional que tem servido como um mecanismo de certificação de origem geográfica de diamantes brutos destinados à exportação e importação. Considerando-se a extrema importância na determinação da procedência dos diamantes brutos. Foi desenvolvida a presente pesquisa visando caracterizar lotes representativos de diamantes da província kimberlítica de Juína (MT), e dos distritos de Cacoal (RO), Espigão Dþoeste (RO) e Diamantina (MG), utilizando técnicas de fluorescência, espectroscopia infravermelha, fotoluminescência (PL), ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) e Raman, além de estudos de morfologia, texturas de superfícies e granulometria. Os dados obtidos, através da análise estatística de populações das quatro áreas diamantíferas estudadas mostraram predomínio de diamantes de cor marrom em Juína, e de pedras incolores nos distritos do Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste e Diamantina. A província de Juína destaca-se pela presença de fragmentos irregulares e raríssimos cristais dodecaedros e octaedros, enquanto nos distritos de Diamantina e de Espigão Dþoeste predominam diamantes com hábito dodecaedro. O comportamento ao infravermelho mostrou, na província kimberlítica de Juína uma proporção elevada de diamantes tipo IIa (15%), diamantes tipo IaB (20%) e diamantes tipo IaAB (65%) apresentando este último, alto estado de agregação do nitrogênio. Os diamantes dos distritos de Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste e Diamantina enquadram-se na classificação do tipo IaAB, variando seu estado de agregação de nitrogênio. Observados sob luz ultravioleta, os diamantes estudados mostraram diferenças nas cores de fluorescência,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In 2000 the United Nations established the Kimberley Process Certification System in order to avoid illegal diamond trading, especially those from the African continent Brazil, which holds the ninth position in the diamonds trading ranking has joined such international agreement that helps as a geographic origin certification mechanism for exporting and importing. Considering the importance in determining the unpolished diamonds origin, the present study have been developed with the aim objective to describe representative diamond amounts or lots from the Kimberlitic Province of Juína (MT), Cacoal (RO) and Espigao Df oeste (RO) and Diamantina (MG) districts. Using spectroscopy techniques, infrared, photoluminescence, electronic paramagnetic resonance and Raman have been used. In addition, other techniques and procedures such as morphology 1 surface roughness and granulometry were applied. Statistical population analysis of four studied diamond bearing areas indicated several particular characteristics. Where some colors highly predominate in a determined region. Brownish colored diamonds are predominant in Juína provence and colorless crystals are present in Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste and Diamantina districts. The irregular habit is predominant in Juina Provence but rarely dodecahedral and octahedral crystals were found. In Diamantina and Espigao Dþoeste. Diamonds with dodecahedral habits are predominant. In the Juina kimberlitic province the infrared analysis have shown a high amount of type IIa (15%), type Iab (20%) and type IaAB (65%) diamonds, the last type bearing high nitrogen aggregation. Cacoal, Espigão Dfoeste and Diamantina diamonds were classified as IaAB type showing variations in the nitrogen aggregate state. Ultraviolet analysis showed different fluorescence colors for each province caused by variable rare-earth elements concentrations... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: Sebastião Gomes de Carvalho / Coorientador: Yara Galvão Gobato / Banca: Antenor Zanardo / Banca: Washington Barbosa Leite / Banca: Ihosvany Camps Rodríguez / Banca: Leila Cristina Perdoncini / Doutor

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme was born out of international security concerns triggered by rebel groups that were using the proceeds of rough diamonds to fund conflict. Rebel groups used rough diamonds, acquired through gross human rights abuses, to fund conflicts aimed at overthrowing legitimate governments. The situation was particularly calamitous and ruinous in Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In response to this situation a unique coalition of governments, civil society groups and stakeholders in the diamond industry, came together with the support of the United Nations and established a scheme to separate illicitly acquired diamonds from legally traded diamonds. The historical situation at the time allowed the KPCS to define conflict diamonds as "rough diamonds used by rebel movements or their allies to finance conflict aimed at undermining legitimate governments". However, the exploitation of Marange diamonds in Zimbabwe shows that the use of the proceeds of so-called conflict in diamonds is not limited to rebel movements aiming to wield power but such conflict can be political, economic and military in nature. In Zimbabwe, there was a link between human rights abuses and the ZANU PF led government. ZANU PF financed terror using Marange diamonds. There was international dissatisfaction with the way the KPCS scheme certified Marange diamonds. The USA maintained sanctions on Zimbabwe and Global Witness withdrew from the scheme in protest over the refusal of the scheme to evolve. On the other hand, some participant countries applauded the scheme for its work in certifying Marange diamonds. This study evaluates the efficacy of the scheme in curbing conflict diamonds brought into legal trade by legitimate governments. The study concludes that there is need for reform in the KPCS to successfully separate conflict diamonds from clean diamonds in the face of changing forms of conflict. In meeting its objective, the KPCS applies an exclusion mechanism where participants of the scheme do not trade with non-participants. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules prohibit discrimination amongst participants and the KPCS clearly violated this rule. Scholars have debated human rights exceptions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). There is strong legal support for the idea that the KPCS is justified under GATT article XX and XI. The KPCS is presently operating under a waiver granted from by the WTO under article IX (3) and (4). Another challenge the scheme faces is the legal nature of the scheme. Scholars do not agree on whether to classify the scheme as hard law or soft law. There is a need for clarity on the legal nature of the scheme. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme was born out of international security concerns triggered by rebel groups that were using the proceeds of rough diamonds to fund conflict. Rebel groups used rough diamonds, acquired through gross human rights abuses, to fund conflicts aimed at overthrowing legitimate governments. The situation was particularly calamitous and ruinous in Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In response to this situation a unique coalition of governments, civil society groups and stakeholders in the diamond industry, came together with the support of the United Nations and established a scheme to separate illicitly acquired diamonds from legally traded diamonds. The historical situation at the time allowed the KPCS to define conflict diamonds as "rough diamonds used by rebel movements or their allies to finance conflict aimed at undermining legitimate governments". However, the exploitation of Marange diamonds in Zimbabwe shows that the use of the proceeds of so-called conflict in diamonds is not limited to rebel movements aiming to wield power but such conflict can be political, economic and military in nature. In Zimbabwe, there was a link between human rights abuses and the ZANU PF led government. ZANU PF financed terror using Marange diamonds. There was international dissatisfaction with the way the KPCS scheme certified Marange diamonds. The USA maintained sanctions on Zimbabwe and Global Witness withdrew from the scheme in protest over the refusal of the scheme to evolve. On the other hand, some participant countries applauded the scheme for its work in certifying Marange diamonds. This study evaluates the efficacy of the scheme in curbing conflict diamonds brought into legal trade by legitimate governments. The study concludes that there is need for reform in the KPCS to successfully separate conflict diamonds from clean diamonds in the face of changing forms of conflict. In meeting its objective, the KPCS applies an exclusion mechanism where participants of the scheme do not trade with non-participants. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules prohibit discrimination amongst participants and the KPCS clearly violated this rule. Scholars have debated human rights exceptions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). There is strong legal support for the idea that the KPCS is justified under GATT article XX and XI. The KPCS is presently operating under a waiver granted from by the WTO under article IX (3) and (4). Another challenge the scheme faces is the legal nature of the scheme. Scholars do not agree on whether to classify the scheme as hard law or soft law. There is a need for clarity on the legal nature of the scheme. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-11-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:43:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 filemon_ke_dr_rcla.pdf: 3595270 bytes, checksum: fe777c131792428b6cb28f195196ddad (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O Sistema de Processo de Certificação de Kimberley foi instituído pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) no ano 2000. O Brasil que ocupa a nona posição no ranking dos paises produtores de diamantes, aderiu a esse acordo internacional que tem servido como um mecanismo de certificação de origem geográfica de diamantes brutos destinados à exportação e importação. Considerando-se a extrema importância na determinação da procedência dos diamantes brutos. Foi desenvolvida a presente pesquisa visando caracterizar lotes representativos de diamantes da província kimberlítica de Juína (MT), e dos distritos de Cacoal (RO), Espigão Dþoeste (RO) e Diamantina (MG), utilizando técnicas de fluorescência, espectroscopia infravermelha, fotoluminescência (PL), ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) e Raman, além de estudos de morfologia, texturas de superfícies e granulometria. Os dados obtidos, através da análise estatística de populações das quatro áreas diamantíferas estudadas mostraram predomínio de diamantes de cor marrom em Juína, e de pedras incolores nos distritos do Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste e Diamantina. A província de Juína destaca-se pela presença de fragmentos irregulares e raríssimos cristais dodecaedros e octaedros, enquanto nos distritos de Diamantina e de Espigão Dþoeste predominam diamantes com hábito dodecaedro. O comportamento ao infravermelho mostrou, na província kimberlítica de Juína uma proporção elevada de diamantes tipo IIa (15%), diamantes tipo IaB (20%) e diamantes tipo IaAB (65%) apresentando este último, alto estado de agregação do nitrogênio. Os diamantes dos distritos de Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste e Diamantina enquadram-se na classificação do tipo IaAB, variando seu estado de agregação de nitrogênio. Observados sob luz ultravioleta, os diamantes estudados mostraram diferenças nas cores de fluorescência,... / In 2000 the United Nations established the Kimberley Process Certification System in order to avoid illegal diamond trading, especially those from the African continent Brazil, which holds the ninth position in the diamonds trading ranking has joined such international agreement that helps as a geographic origin certification mechanism for exporting and importing. Considering the importance in determining the unpolished diamonds origin, the present study have been developed with the aim objective to describe representative diamond amounts or lots from the Kimberlitic Province of Juína (MT), Cacoal (RO) and Espigao Df oeste (RO) and Diamantina (MG) districts. Using spectroscopy techniques, infrared, photoluminescence, electronic paramagnetic resonance and Raman have been used. In addition, other techniques and procedures such as morphology 1 surface roughness and granulometry were applied. Statistical population analysis of four studied diamond bearing areas indicated several particular characteristics. Where some colors highly predominate in a determined region. Brownish colored diamonds are predominant in Juína provence and colorless crystals are present in Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste and Diamantina districts. The irregular habit is predominant in Juina Provence but rarely dodecahedral and octahedral crystals were found. In Diamantina and Espigao Dþoeste. Diamonds with dodecahedral habits are predominant. In the Juina kimberlitic province the infrared analysis have shown a high amount of type IIa (15%), type Iab (20%) and type IaAB (65%) diamonds, the last type bearing high nitrogen aggregation. Cacoal, Espigão Dfoeste and Diamantina diamonds were classified as IaAB type showing variations in the nitrogen aggregate state. Ultraviolet analysis showed different fluorescence colors for each province caused by variable rare-earth elements concentrations... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

The goal of this master thesis is a complex description of blood diamonds issues and assessment of existing efforts, specific steps and presented ideas, conceptions and strategies on the ground of Kimberley Process, as well as suggestions of possible solutions and future steps of organizations like Global Witness, Partnership Africa Canada, Human Rights Watch and other interested groups fighting against occurence of illicit diamonds. The thesis is divided into 4 chapters. The first chapter describes characteristics and significance of diamonds. The second chapter focuses on organizations agitating against blood diamonds in the world. The third chapter is subsequently designated for definition and features of the term of failed state, which is often highly connected with the blood diamonds issue. The fourth chapter analyses concrete conflicts or illegal activities in Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe.

The objective of this diploma thesis is to bring different views on the issue of resource dependence and the origins of conflicts connected to the diamonds from Sub-Saharan Africa; and to point out on the existence of conflict diamonds and the disinterest of international forum to solve this problem in the present and in the past. The diploma thesis consists of three chapters. First chapter analyses the resource dependence, conflict and the connection between them. Second chapter is focused on the definition of conflict diamonds, international initiatives and Kimberley Process. Third chapter represents the practical part of this diploma thesis, it analyses two conflicts connected to diamonds, the conflict in Angola and in Sierra Leone.

The United States jewelry industry recognized that the illegal import and trade of conflict diamonds is a matter of serious international and national concern, leading to human rights abuse. As such, human rights and conflicts became the primary impetus for establishing the Kimberly Process (KP) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies. The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the effectiveness of the KP and CSR policies in deterring the use of conflict diamonds in the U.S. jewelry industry. This study was an investigation as to whether conflict diamonds are entering the U.S. jewelry supply chain and a review of the ethics of the U.S. jewelry industry in light of the conflict diamond issue. Conflict theory provided the theoretical framework used to gather data on conflict diamond protocols and on corporate social responsibilities within the U.S. jewelry industry. The sample was composed of 59 randomly selected participants from the U.S. jewelry industry whose opinions were indicative of that industry. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Multiple statistical tests were used for the data analysis that included regression and the Mann-Whitney U test. The overall results indicated that the KP and the CSR policies were insignificant in deterring the use of conflict diamonds in the U.S. jewelry industry; therefore, the null hypothesis was retained. This study contributed to a better understanding of the ethical dimensions of conflict diamonds and the committed management practices of the U.S. jewelry industry. Positive social change can be realized when respect for fundamental human rights is achieved by the global diamond industry and becomes a requisite foundation for every society to bring an end to the flow of conflict diamonds.

Established in 2003, the Kimberley Process (KP) is a binding agreement; backed by the United Nations, that unites civil societies, state actors and the diamond industry to safeguard ‘conflict' diamonds from entering legitimate rough diamond trade around the world. The unique international tripartite organization is voluntary but mandates state participants to abide by the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) minimum requirements in order to stem the financing or wars against legitimate governments. This study represents the first to explore the communications within the KP. The linguistic turn relies on Classical rhetoric theory with an emphasis on Aristotle's three appeals of persuasion (“pisteis”): ethos, logos and pathos of elite actors in the KP. As for the precise nature of the contribution to rhetorical analysis, this project is best characterised as an application of Classical principals of rhetorical analysis, rather than as a development of theory. A comprehensive literature review of the KP and KPCS is another distinctive contribution. Furthermore, this academic endeavour offers a unique method as shown in the observation of a KP Intersessional meeting. Supplementing the qualitative inquiry, semi-structured interviews were conducted with all of the KP groups and included a wide sample of civil society international and national non-government organizations, state actors and industry members otherwise not represented in previous empirical efforts on the subject. The data chapters achieve the primary aim to add to the understanding of the KP. Firstly, the civil societies engage in boycott rhetoric using ethos and negative pathos. As for state actors, the KP Chair exhibits charismatic leadership rhetoric, while ‘recognized' established states use logical reasoning, the ‘outlier' states evoke positive pathos. Lastly, the diamond industry experts appeal to negative emotions, the World Diamond Council to logos, and De Beers to positive emotional appeals. Combined, the rhetoric shows (a) how KP rhētors use different rhetorical strategies; (b) which in turn shape distinct discourses; (c) and contain dissimilar claims; (d) points to different motivations; (e) highlight different identities; (f) reveal key characteristics, and; (g) the nature of relationships within the KP. The organization rhetorical analysis also entails how the multiple KP leaders view the KP and KPCS and change. While the rhetoric helps demonstrate the constraints surrounding the KP and KPCS it also underlines the primary human rights and human security in which they all share. This thesis provides an extended critical view of the rhetoric by connecting Aristotelian pisteis with different conceptions of power outlined by French and Raven (1959) and Lukes (2005/1974). Combined, the rhetoric helps to explain the ways the KP attempts to achieve their specific political and economic goals while also building relationships with their stakeholders. Rhetoric is a worthwhile theory and methodological approach in order to explore organizations. The KP, and other international organizations provide an opportune arena for further rhetorical attention.

L'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle du diamant se pratique dans tous les pays de l'Union du Fleuve Mano (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria et Sierra Leone) de façon rudimentaire et parfois de façon informelle. L'exploitation minière artisanale du diamant offre cependant une importante stratégie de subsistance aux communautés locales car elle constitue l'activité principale de la plupart des travailleurs mineurs dans l'Union du Fleuve Mano (UFM). Il ressort de nos études de terrain et des enquêtes auprès des artisans mineurs que ce type d'exploitation minière a des impacts directs sur les galeries forestières, le sol et les cours d'eau. De plus, nous montrons que la réduction des impacts environnementaux engendrés par l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle de diamants n'est pas ressentie comme une nécessité ni comme une préoccupation majeure au sein de la communauté des artisans mineurs. Il y a souvent de la part des artisans mineurs un manque de compréhension des problèmes environnementaux et une insuffisante capacité à y faire face, comme le révèle notre étude menée sur trois sites Bobi, Toubabouko et Tortiya en Côte d'Ivoire. Les aires protégées au titre de leurs biodiversités, qui revêtent une importance écologique et socioéconomique majeure pour les populations des pays de la région de l'UFM, subissent malheureusement des pressions importantes du fait de cette exploitation minière artisanale du diamant. D'autant que bien souvent la population des artisans mineurs des sites enquêtés se révèle être en situation socio-économique très précaire et être souvent préoccupée par sa survie dans des conditions très difficiles. Ces dernières années, le Processus de Kimberley a pris l'initiative de concentrer sa réflexion et son action sur les questions environnementales. En 2012, la Déclaration de Washington, relative à l'intégration du développement de l'extraction artisanale et à petite échelle de diamants dans la mise en application du Processus de Kimberley, a souligné l'importance de prendre en considération les ramifications et conséquences environnementales de l'extraction minière artisanale. Dans cette optique, une enquête auprès des artisans mineurs en Côte d'Ivoire et une auto-évaluation de cette déclaration effectuée en 2014 en Côte d'Ivoire ont permis de comprendre que le cadre juridique, social, institutionnel et politique, constaté dans l'État Ivoirien, n'était pas toujours adapté au règlement des problèmes sociaux des artisans mineurs ni au règlement des questions environnementales soulevées par leurs activités minières. Ce travail de diagnostic de la déclaration devrait servir de modèle aux autres États de l'UFM. Les impacts des activités minières artisanales sur l'environnement existent donc mais il semble aussi que la remédiation des sites miniers artisanaux soit possible. En effet, le secteur de l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle de diamants a besoin de procédures de remédiation environnementale simples et de protocoles adaptés au niveau d'éducation des artisans mineurs et de leurs réalités financières. A ce sujet, la Sierra Leone a été un terrain privilégié d'expérimentation de la remédiation des sites miniers abandonnés à travers des projets gouvernementaux et des projets pilotes comme "Life after diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative ". Ces projets ont contribué à protéger l'environnement et à améliorer les conditions socio-économiques des exploitants miniers. Cependant ces projets de remédiation quoique salutaires, ont eu aussi des limites qui méritent d'être prises en compte dans les futures initiatives des autres pays de l'UFM. / Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore possible in spite of the environmental impacts of artisanal mining. In fact there is a need for reclamation procedures and protocols adapted to the educational and financial realities of artisanal miners. In this regard, Sierra Leone has been a model in reclamation of abandoned mining sites through pilot projects such as "Land after Diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative". These projects have helped to protect the environment and improve the socio-economic conditions of artisanal miners. However, these reclamation projects, although salutary, also have limitations which deserve to be taken into account in future initiatives of the other countries of the Mano River Union.

Diamonds have played a dual role in society since their discovery. On the one hand, they have brought smiles to the faces of many exhibiting love, beauty, wealth and brilliance. On the other hand, they have been at the heart of many conflicts. This juxtaposition has different impacts in usage. For those whom diamonds were a positively and morally accepted benefit, it did not present problems. Where diamonds spurned conflicts, it caused harm to lives and territories. Human rights abuses became the cause of international conflicts. Humanitarian interventions appeared on the United Nations Security Council agenda. The United Nations had to address the human rights abuses and had to confront the escalation of human rights abuses. Human rights abuses reached significant proportions forcing the application of humanitarian intervention mechanisms. Control of the diamond trade industry was fast becoming an item on many international peace keeping agendas. International organisations such as the World Trade Organisation, the International Criminal Court, the African Union, the European Union, the World Diamond Council and the United Nations have all tried to influence the diamond trade and its consequential impact upon human rights. These organisations are regulated by law, making them a preferred mechanism for establishing accountability for human rights abuse, arising from the illegal trade in rough diamonds and the maintenance of peace and security.Pressed by the United Nations and, De Beers; NGOs; the Partnership Africa Canada and Global Witness; the World Diamond Council; and many States initiated a formalised voluntary international certification scheme for the export and import of diamonds. Thisinternational certification scheme for the trade of rough diamonds became known as the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme has been hailed as a milestone in the diamond trade industry. Simultaneously, the Certification Scheme has been criticised for its inefficacy in regulating the legitimate trade of rough diamonds. Whether the Certification Scheme in its present form is suitable to address the crisis in the trade of rough diamonds is central to this study. Thus, the characterisation, monitoring, implementation and evolution of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme will be examined. / Jurisprudence / LLD