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No description available.

Die Präkonditionierung ist ein endogener Schutzmechanismus, bei dem die Toleranz einer Zelle gegen die Auswirkungen eines späteren ischämischen Schadens erhöht wird. Volatile Anästhetika sind in der Lage den durch die Ischämie verursachten Gewebsschaden zu vermindern, indem sie diesen Schutzmechanismus aktivieren. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Untersuchung der CaMK II in der Anästhetika-induzierten Präkonditionierung und in der durch Metoprolol vermittelten Kardioprotektion, sowie der dosisabhängige Effekt von Metoprolol auf die Kardioprotektion und die Desfluran-induzierte Präkonditionierung. Dazu wurde der spezifische Inhibitor der CaMK II, KN-93, sowie der kardioselektive Betablocker Metoprolol in verschiedenen Dosierungen, jeweils vor der Koronarokklusion alleine oder zusammen mit Desfluran, verabreicht. Die Versuche wurden in einem in vivo Herzinfarktmodell an weißen Neuseelandkaninchen durchgeführt. Die Resultate dieser Untersuchungen ergaben, dass KN-93 die Infarktgröße nicht reduzierte und die Desfluran-induzierte Präkonditionierung aufgehoben wurde. Die effektive Hemmung der CaMK II wurde durch Western blot Analysen bestätigt. Die weiteren Ergebnisse ergaben, dass erst eine Metoprolol-Dosis von 1,75 mg/kg und 2,5 mg/kg die Myokardinfarktgröße signifikant verminderte. Die Western blot Analyse zeigte eine effektive Blockade beider Phosphorylierungsstellen des PLB. Außerdem wurde die Desfluran-induzierte Präkonditionierung durch 0,2 mg/kg Metoprolol abgeschwächt, durch 1,0 mg/kg, 1,75 mg/kg oder 2,5 mg/kg Metoprolol wurde sie vollständig aufgehoben. Aus diesen Ergebnissen resultiert, dass die Desfluran-induzierte Präkonditionierung über die Calcium/Calmodulin Kinase II abhängige Phosphorylierung des Phospholamban vermittelt wird. Dagegen wird die Metoprolol-induzierte Kardioprotektion während der Reperfusion durch die Blockade der PKA- und CaMK II-abhängigen Phosphorylierung des PLB vermittelt. Außerdem deuten die Ergebnisse auf eine negative Interaktion zwischen der Desfluran-induzierten Präkonditionierung und der beta-adrenergen Blockade hin. / Precononditioning is an endogenous protective mechanism which increases the cellular tolerance against subsequent ischemic damage. Volatile anesthetics are able to reduce the ischemic tissue damage by activating this protective mechanism. In the current study, the role of CaMK II in anesthetic preconditioning and in cardioprotection by Metoprolol was investigated. Furthermore the effect of Metoprolol on cardioprotection and on desflurane-induced preconditioning was explored dose-dependently. For this purpose we used an in vivo model of acute myocardial infarction in rabbits. To examine the role of CaMK II in anesthetic preconditioning, KN-93 a specific inhibitor of CaMK II was administered, to investigate the role of β-adrenergic signaling metoprolol a cardioselective beta blocker was administered. This was given in absence or presence of desflurane respectively before coronary artery occlusion. The results showed that KN-93 did not affect infarct size but blocked Desfluran-induced infarct size. The effective blocking of CaMK II was verified by western blots. Further results showed that metoprolol did not affect infarct size at lower dose whereas 1.75 and 2.5 mg/kg of metoprolol reduced infarct size significantly. Western blot analysis confirmed the effective blockade of both phosphorylation sites of Phospholamban. Moreover Desfluran-induced preconditioning was attenuated by metoprolol at 0.2 mg/kg and was completely abolished by metoprolol at 1.0, 1.75 and 2.5 mg/kg. Theses results show, that desflurane-induced preconditioning is mediated by CaMK II-dependent Phospholamban phosphorylation, whereas Metoprolol-induced cardioprotection during reperfusion is mediated by the blockade of PKA- and CaMK II-dependent phosphorylation of Phospholamban. Furthermore these results suggest negative interactions between Desfluran-induced preconditioning and β-adrenergic receptor blockade. The underlying mechanisms need more investigations.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2007. / Title from title page. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

No description available.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

<p>Malignant primary brain tumors, gliomas, often overexpress both platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands and receptors providing an autocrine and/or paracrine boost to tumor growth. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent glioma. Its aggressive and infiltrative growth renders it extremely difficult to treat. Median survival after diagnosis is currently only 14 months. </p><p>The present thesis describes the use of retroviral tagging to identify candidate cancer-causing genes that cooperate with PDGF in brain tumor formation. Newborn mice were injected intracerebrally with a Moloney murine leukemia retrovirus carrying the <i>sis</i>/PDGF-B oncogene and a replication competent helper virus. Brain tumors with many characteristics of human glioblastomas developed after 13-42 weeks. </p><p>Analysis of proviral integrations in the brain tumors identified almost 70 common insertion sites (CISs). These CISs were named brain tumor loci and harbored known but also putative novel cancer-causing genes.</p><p>An array with over 15000 unique cDNAs was used to screen for differentially expressed genes in the mouse brain tumors compared to normal brain. Known tumor genes and markers of immature cells were upregulated in the tumors. Short latency tumors were further distinguished as fast growing and GBM-like. Long latency tumors resembled slow-growing oligodendrogliomas and contained significantly less integrations as compared to short latency tumors.</p><p>The gene <i>Prkg2</i>, encoding the cGMP-dependent protein kinase II, was targeted by insertions in two brain tumors. Overexpression of <i>Prkg2</i> in human glioma cell lines led to a reduction in colony formation, cell proliferation and migration. A glioma cell line expressing markers of immature stem cells showed loss of cell adhesion, G1 cell cycle arrest and decreased activation of the survival signaling protein Akt upon stimulation with a cGMP analog that activates the <i>Prkg2</i> protein. The present thesis shows that proviral tagging may be a useful tool in the search for candidate glioma genes.</p>

Malignant primary brain tumors, gliomas, often overexpress both platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands and receptors providing an autocrine and/or paracrine boost to tumor growth. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent glioma. Its aggressive and infiltrative growth renders it extremely difficult to treat. Median survival after diagnosis is currently only 14 months. The present thesis describes the use of retroviral tagging to identify candidate cancer-causing genes that cooperate with PDGF in brain tumor formation. Newborn mice were injected intracerebrally with a Moloney murine leukemia retrovirus carrying the sis/PDGF-B oncogene and a replication competent helper virus. Brain tumors with many characteristics of human glioblastomas developed after 13-42 weeks. Analysis of proviral integrations in the brain tumors identified almost 70 common insertion sites (CISs). These CISs were named brain tumor loci and harbored known but also putative novel cancer-causing genes. An array with over 15000 unique cDNAs was used to screen for differentially expressed genes in the mouse brain tumors compared to normal brain. Known tumor genes and markers of immature cells were upregulated in the tumors. Short latency tumors were further distinguished as fast growing and GBM-like. Long latency tumors resembled slow-growing oligodendrogliomas and contained significantly less integrations as compared to short latency tumors. The gene Prkg2, encoding the cGMP-dependent protein kinase II, was targeted by insertions in two brain tumors. Overexpression of Prkg2 in human glioma cell lines led to a reduction in colony formation, cell proliferation and migration. A glioma cell line expressing markers of immature stem cells showed loss of cell adhesion, G1 cell cycle arrest and decreased activation of the survival signaling protein Akt upon stimulation with a cGMP analog that activates the Prkg2 protein. The present thesis shows that proviral tagging may be a useful tool in the search for candidate glioma genes.