<p>Denna studie är en forskningsöversikt med syfte att undersöka hur barnets bästa i form av identitetsskapande, familjerelationer och etnicitet tillgodoses vid familjehemsplacering i släktinghem. Frågeställningar för att besvara syftet var; vad visar forskningen beträffande barns behov av stabilitet i relationer och identitetsutveckling vid släktingplacering? Utifrån detta tittar vi även på de etniska aspekterna, eftersom lagen är tydlig med att barn med annat etniskt ursprung, helst ska placeras inom släkten. Till tidigare forskning har vi använt oss av fem forskningsöversikter skrivna inom området släktingplaceringar. Teoretiska utgångspunkter i studien är familjerelationer och identitet. Materialet till studien har samlats in främst via sökmotorer på Internet. Urvalskriterier var relationer till biologiska föräldrar, närhet till ursprungsmiljön, beskrivning av barnens situation i placeringen och etnicitet. Kravet på de studier vi undersökte, var att de skulle ha varit publicerade i någon vetenskaplig tidskrift. Urvalet, som bestod av tio studier, sammanställdes i en tabell i resultatredovisningen. Därefter delades resultatet upp i teman utifrån frågeställningar från syftet. Resultatet analyserades utifrån den tidigare forskningen och teoretiska utgångspunkter. En begränsning i studien var det knapphändiga underlaget av tidigare studier och framför allt svensk forskning om släktingplaceringar utifrån barnets behov. Denna studie visar att det är stor etnisk skillnad mellan vilka barn som placeras i släktinghem och att barn ofta mår bättre av att placeras i släktinghem, både identitetsmässigt och relationsmässigt. Det finns dock en del motsägande fakta, som menar att det ibland är sämre med släktingplaceringar, utifrån barnets behov.</p> / <p>CAN IT BE IN THE INTEREST OF CHILDREN TO BE PLACED IN KINSHIP CARE? A LITERATURE REVIEW</p><p>This study has a purpose to see how the interest in children can be provided for in terms of identity, family relations and ethnicity in kin ship care. The questions we had, to be able to answer the purpose were: What does the research show about children’s need of stability in relations and identity development in kin ship care? On the basis of this we also include the ethnic aspects because the Swedish law are very clear that children with another ethnic origin should be in kin ship care. We have used five literature reviews about the kin ship subject area in our previous research chapter. Theories used in this study were family relations and identity. The material for the study has been collected by search engines on Internet. The selection criterions were relations to biological parents, the nearness to origin environment, and description of the children’s situation in kin ship and ethnicity. The requirements of the selected studies were that they should have been published in some scientific periodical. The selections of the ten studies were compiled in a table in our result account. After that the results were divided in themes on the basis of the questions from the purpose. The results were analysed on the basis of the previous research and the theories. The limitations in this study were the briefly basis in earlier studies and in the first place the Swedish research of children’s well being in kin ship care. This study shows that it is a large ethnic difference between children in kin ship care. It also shows that children often feels better when they are placed in kin ship care, both identically and in relations. There is a contradictory fact that shows that kin ship care not are in the interest for the children and their needs.</p>

Denna studie är en forskningsöversikt med syfte att undersöka hur barnets bästa i form av identitetsskapande, familjerelationer och etnicitet tillgodoses vid familjehemsplacering i släktinghem. Frågeställningar för att besvara syftet var; vad visar forskningen beträffande barns behov av stabilitet i relationer och identitetsutveckling vid släktingplacering? Utifrån detta tittar vi även på de etniska aspekterna, eftersom lagen är tydlig med att barn med annat etniskt ursprung, helst ska placeras inom släkten. Till tidigare forskning har vi använt oss av fem forskningsöversikter skrivna inom området släktingplaceringar. Teoretiska utgångspunkter i studien är familjerelationer och identitet. Materialet till studien har samlats in främst via sökmotorer på Internet. Urvalskriterier var relationer till biologiska föräldrar, närhet till ursprungsmiljön, beskrivning av barnens situation i placeringen och etnicitet. Kravet på de studier vi undersökte, var att de skulle ha varit publicerade i någon vetenskaplig tidskrift. Urvalet, som bestod av tio studier, sammanställdes i en tabell i resultatredovisningen. Därefter delades resultatet upp i teman utifrån frågeställningar från syftet. Resultatet analyserades utifrån den tidigare forskningen och teoretiska utgångspunkter. En begränsning i studien var det knapphändiga underlaget av tidigare studier och framför allt svensk forskning om släktingplaceringar utifrån barnets behov. Denna studie visar att det är stor etnisk skillnad mellan vilka barn som placeras i släktinghem och att barn ofta mår bättre av att placeras i släktinghem, både identitetsmässigt och relationsmässigt. Det finns dock en del motsägande fakta, som menar att det ibland är sämre med släktingplaceringar, utifrån barnets behov. / CAN IT BE IN THE INTEREST OF CHILDREN TO BE PLACED IN KINSHIP CARE? A LITERATURE REVIEW This study has a purpose to see how the interest in children can be provided for in terms of identity, family relations and ethnicity in kin ship care. The questions we had, to be able to answer the purpose were: What does the research show about children’s need of stability in relations and identity development in kin ship care? On the basis of this we also include the ethnic aspects because the Swedish law are very clear that children with another ethnic origin should be in kin ship care. We have used five literature reviews about the kin ship subject area in our previous research chapter. Theories used in this study were family relations and identity. The material for the study has been collected by search engines on Internet. The selection criterions were relations to biological parents, the nearness to origin environment, and description of the children’s situation in kin ship and ethnicity. The requirements of the selected studies were that they should have been published in some scientific periodical. The selections of the ten studies were compiled in a table in our result account. After that the results were divided in themes on the basis of the questions from the purpose. The results were analysed on the basis of the previous research and the theories. The limitations in this study were the briefly basis in earlier studies and in the first place the Swedish research of children’s well being in kin ship care. This study shows that it is a large ethnic difference between children in kin ship care. It also shows that children often feels better when they are placed in kin ship care, both identically and in relations. There is a contradictory fact that shows that kin ship care not are in the interest for the children and their needs.

Previous research on grandparents as kinship care providers demonstrated that grandparents are confronted with both challenges and rewards. Using qualitative research methods, I examined the lives of 35 black aunts who served as kinship care providers for nieces and nephews. I found that grandparents and aunts experienced increased time demands, financial burdens, and family stress. However, this study demonstrated that aunts’ experiences differ from grandparents’, due to the younger age of aunts and the fact that aunts are of the same generation as the biological parents. Moreover, I found that aunting, or the care and nurture of children by aunts and great-aunts, is gendered and invisible work that, at the most basic level, salvages children’s lives. Salvaging children’s lives involved three non-linear stages: making the decision to become a kinship care provider, transitioning from aunting to parenting, and parenting nieces and nephews. I utilized a synthesis of symbolic interactionism and black feminist thought as a theoretical framework that examines how the meanings that black women attach to family influence their definitions of self and affect their decisions to act on behalf of family members. These findings extend the research on black women’s lives and on kinship care within black families. I used a narrative style that allows the respondents’ voices to be heard, as these are their stories. I offer suggestions for future research, as well as outline a number of policy and theoretical implications. This research is important because black children are disproportionately represented within the child welfare system. If interventions and policies are to influence other black women or black men to accept responsibility for many of the most at-risk children in their families and neighborhoods, research must explore and report the challenges, sacrifices, costs, and rewards of becoming kinship care providers within black families.

The Department of Social Development has made good progress in finalizing children's court enquiries and placing children officially in formal foster care with relatives. This has major implications for accessing social support in the form of foster care grants and is aimed at reducing the burden of poverty. However, there are challenges in terms of follow-up and professional foster care supervision to meet the goals or vision of the Department. Supervision of placements is not done and it is not known how placements are progressing after Children's Court enquiries. Foster parents are referred to South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) for foster grant processing and no further contact is made with the clients unless there is a problem with the foster care grant. The foster family is seen after two years when it is time for review of care placement of the child. We do not provide support to kinship carers or close supervision to children in kinship care. The overall aim of the research was: • To investigate the physical and material circumstances of the families. • To explore the psycho-social needs of the children. • To explore the physical and emotional problems of the kinship carers • To identify support systems available to kinship carers. This research provides a comprehensive description of the living circumstances of the children and the families. This will enable social workers at the Department of Social Development to develop tailor made community and group work programmes to address specific areas of concern and so improve social service delivery to children and their caregivers. It has also provided a baseline for further studies which may be pursued to establish whether the type of care has improved. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

This study described kinship care placement in the Nseleni area. The study aims to describe the type of care in kinship foster care placements in the Nseleni area, Richards Bay. The objectives of the study were to investigate the physical and material circumstances of the families, to explore the psycho-social needs of the children, to explore whether or not the kinship carer is experiencing physical and emotional problems and to identify support systems available to kinship carers. The study was guided by the ecosystems perspective. This perspective attempts to appreciate and understand people in their environment. The ecosystems perspective was pertinent in this study as it provided a framework for understanding the individual, family, community and society context in which kinship carers operate. A quantitative descriptive (survey) approach guided this study. This design is useful for describing the characteristics of a large population and therefore it was an appropriate design for this study which aimed at describing how children in kinship care are being cared for. The sample comprised of 30 kinship carers who were respondents. Probability sampling was used to ensure representativeness and that all the members of the identified population had an equal chance of being selected. Structured interview questionnaires were personally administered to the respondents. Data was analyzed manually. Each of the questions was recorded in the manual table for data entry. All variables were added and checked. The totals were converted into percentages for easy calculation and analysis. Using Microsoft excel, tables and figures were formulated. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Aim: This thesis reports the outcomes of a study designed to explore whether and how ethical and responsive interviewing of children in care with varying levels of sensitivity to topics that may threaten their felt security can be achieved. Background: Children come into care with a complex array of developmental challenges. They have often experienced maltreatment, loss and disrupted attachment relationships. Little is known about the effects of interviewing children in care with varying sensitivity to questioning strategies designed to measure felt security and their perceptions of being in care. Methods: The present study was iteratively designed using an exploratory mixed qualitative design. Children’s reports (N= 12) were collected using a series of iteratively designed interview methodologies supplemented by information provided by their kinship carers. Results: The following factors influence the comfort experiences of children in care: interviewer skill, interviewer and child role, child competence (perceived and real), child characteristics, external factors, ethical factors and the interview methods. The potential influence of mental health status and age were less clear. Factors related to felt insecurity were: relational, self-perceived competence and confidentiality related factors. The maintenance of the comfort experience of children in care when interviewing, cuts across many dimensions of the research context including relational, performance and methodological aspects. Children engaged in strategies to mediate their comfort, this was somewhat reliant on the methodologies and interviewer competency. Overall acceptable levels of comfort were reported to be maintained over the span of the research process. Conclusions: Children in care have vulnerabilities that need to be addressed when including them in research. Careful consideration to the design of studies and interview methodologies will ensure children in care can participate in protective research environments. The benefits to this are reflected in the gathering of quality data which can contribute to the timely provision of the appropriate services for children in care. The present study findings provide guidance for future research involving children in various types of alternate care.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Canterbury, 2007. / Typescript (photocopy). "February 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-89). Also available via the World Wide Web.

abstract: ABSTRACT Many foster children experience numerous placements while in out-of-home care; some up to fifteen in an 18 month period (Newton, Litrownik, & Landsverk, 2000). Placement stability is important for children to find permanent families, and for social, emotional and educational development of children. This study used the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW) data set to examine foster child and caregiver characteristics, and the caregiver-child relationship as a predictor of placement stability in the long term foster care general sample. Logistic regression was performed with the Complex Samples add-on to appropriately weight the NSCAW sampling. Children who were placed in foster homes or kinship homes and who had not been returned home at the Wave 3 interview were included in the study. The sample consisting of 562 children was divided into three groups based on age: Early Group 1, childhood ages 1to 5, group 1;Group 2, Middle childhood ages 6 to 10, group 2; Group 3, Adolescence ages 11 to 18, group 3. Results are consistent with previous studies in that children in early childhood and middle childhood who were placed in foster homes were 83% and 87% less likely to achieve placement stability than children in kinship homes, respectively. In early childhood, each additional household member reduced the odds of achieving placement stability by 35%.The caregiver-child relationship did not predict placement stability. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Social Work 2011

Substitute care is a temporary or permanent placement of children under the supervision of an adult person due to the absence of their biological parents. The escalating divorce rate, increase in extramarital births, high incidence of family violence, the growing number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS, and the increasing career-orientatedness of parents have led to the development of diverse family structures. Grandparents and other family members are increasingly becoming the primary caretakers for children. Whilst it is generally assumed by society that children’s well-being is better served when they are raised by their biological parents, the purpose of this study is to: • explore what influence substitute care has on learners’ motivation; • formulate guidelines and recommendations for educators to improve the current levels of motivation of learners in substitute care. The literature related to substitute care and motivation were reviewed, with the aim of providing a firm theoretical basis for the study. Concepts related to motivation discussed, included types of and sources of motivation. Concepts related to the second focus of this study included forms of substitute care. Motivational theories related to this study were briefly discussed, namely: the Attribution Theory, the Drive Theory, Goal Theory, and the Self-worth and Selfefficacy Theories. Factors that have a motivational influence on learners, such as acceptance versus rejection, praise versus criticism, success versus failure and positive self-concept versus negative self-concept, were also discussed. A link was then drawn between motivation and substitute care. ii The research design chosen for this study can be described as qualitative, interpretive and constructive in nature. The research study was conducted in two phases: Phase One provided an investigation of the research problem by means of the following open-ended question: What is the influence or impact of your status as a child in substitute care on your motivation? Data were collected by means of eleven unstructured, in-depth personal interviews. Purposeful sampling was undertaken, which included high school learners all in substitute care. Data were analysed, as proposed by the eight steps of Tesch. Discussions between the observer, moderator and an independent re-coder took place to determine the final results of the research through a consensus principle. Key and related concepts were clustered together to formulate themes, categories and sub-categories. The following three themes emerged, based on the results of the data analysis. I. Problems in the close family circle have profound effects on learner motivation. II. Certain motivating forces help learners in substitute care to cope. III. Substitute care does influence learner motivation. Phase Two offered recommendations, derived from the findings of Phase One, to empower teachers in effectively supporting and motivating learners in substitute care. The conclusion was reached that substitute care does have an influence on the motivation of learners. This motivation can either be positive, which means encouraging learners towards their goal, or negative, which implies that it moves learners away from their goal.

Children who are in foster care or who have been adopted often face uncommon challenges, as do their families and providers. Child and adolescent psychiatrists have a unique role in aiding these children and their adult caretakers. Foster care has long been a source of public policy debate over the role of child welfare agencies in determining when to remove a child, and more recently over the costs of placements and additional services that these children often need. Current controversies concern gay and lesbian foster care, custody relinquishment, multiple placements, and health-care delivery while in foster care. We focus initially on entry into foster care and the implications for the child, particularly the impact on their health and development. Other factors considered include care coordination, or lack of, multiple placements, and grandparent/kinship care. Issues surrounding adoption are explored, including "closed" and "open" adoptions, race, and age. We emphasize recent research on gay and lesbian biological families, and the finding that they are just as capable at raising children as heterosexual parents at adoption. Also highlighted is the choice between custody and care that faces many parents of severely mentally ill children. Finally we look at the special concerns relating to international adoption. Case vignettes are presented to highlight the practical aspects of fostering and adoption.