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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Kisspeptins - Expression, Purification, and Biological Assays

Kurian, Mathew Puthayathu 01 May 2013 (has links)
Kisspeptins are an arginine-phenylalanine-amide family of neuroactive peptide hormones encoded by the KISS1 gene, which, along with its receptor GPR54, are essential for the initiation of puberty in adolescents and maintenance of reproductive function in adults. Kisspeptins are also involved in the sexual dimorphism of the brain. Kisspeptin signaling defects are implicated in reproductive disorders like idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, precocious puberty and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Kisspeptins were originally discovered as metastasis suppressors in melanoma cell lines and have also been found to down regulate metastasis in breast and ovarian cancers. They have been found to inhibit the colonization of secondary tissues by the metastatic cancer cells. Kisspeptins also relay nutritional status to the reproductive system. However, little is known about the mechanism of action of kisspeptins in a cellular and biochemical context. Therefore, an important goal is the synthesis of kisspeptins in sufficient quantities for use as experimental and therapeutic reagents. In this study, we developed a simple and cost-effective method to express and purify kisspeptins in large quantities. We designed the kisspeptin constructs in-silico and expressed them in an Escherichia coli bacterial system. The purification was then optimized using standard chromatographic techniques. In anticipation of future demands, we successfully scaled the expression and purification of the kisspeptins using larger bioreactors and chromatography systems. We tested the biological activity of the kisspeptin we produced on mammalian cell lines expressing the kisspeptin receptor and compared its actions to the kisspeptins synthesized by chemical means. We found that kisspeptins activated two proteins involved in the cell proliferation underlying metastasis. Thus, we were able to show that the much lower cost kisspeptins synthesized by Escherichia coli act similarly to proteins manufactured by chemical synthesis.
2

Envolvimento dos neurônios Kiss1 na via neural através da qual o sistema circadiano regula o ciclo ovulatório. / Involvement of Kiss1 neurons in the neural pathway through which the circadian system regulates ovulatory cycle.

Paradela, Regina Silva 19 May 2015 (has links)
Os neurônios Kiss1 do núcleo anteroventral periventricular (AVPV/PeN) e núcleo arqueado (Arc) possuem o receptor de estrógeno alfa (ERα) e são essenciais no controle do ciclo ovulatório. Os neurônios Kiss1 do AVPV/PeN apresentam conexões com o núcleo supraquiasmático, através do qual a informação fótica poderia regular a ovulação. A vasopressina (VP) e o peptídeo intestinal vasoativo (VIP) são os principais peptídeos produzidos pelo NSQ, e estudos sugerem a participação deles na secreção de LH. Com isso, investigamos se fibras vasopressinérgicas estão em aposição com neurônios Kiss1 do AVPV/PeN e Arc; se os receptores de VP e VIP são expressos nestes núcleos; e se variações nos níveis circulantes de estradiol (E2) poderiam afetar a expressão destes receptores. Para isso, utilizamos camundongos divididos em: fêmeas em diestro; fêmeas que tiveram os ovários removidos (OVX); e fêmeas OVX que receberam reposição de E2 (OVX+E2). Observamos que neurônios Kiss1 do AVPV/PeN colocalizam com fibras vasopressinérgicas; e os níveis circulantes de estrógeno não afetou este contato e sim o número de neurônios Kiss1. No AVPV/PeN, as OVX tiveram aumento da expressão dos receptores VPAC1 e VPAC2; no Arc, a reposição com E2 induziu um aumento da expressão do Avpr1a. / The Kiss1 neurons in the periventricular anteroventral nucleus (AVPV/PeN) and arcuate nucleus (Arc) have the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and are essential in controlling the ovulatory cycle. The Kiss1 neurons of the AVPV/PeN have connections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, through which the photic information could regulate ovulation. Vasopressin (VP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are the main peptides produced by the SCN, and studies suggest their participation in LH secretion. Thus, we investigated whether vasopressinergics fibers are in apposition with Kiss1 neurons in the AVPV/PeN and Arc; whether VP and VIP receptors are expressed in these nuclei; and if changes in circulating levels of estradiol (E2) could affect the expression of these receptors. We used mice divided into: females in estrus; females who had their ovaries removed (OVX); and OVX that receiving E2 replacement (OVX + E2). We observed that Kiss1 neurons of the AVPV/PeN in colocalization with vasopressinergics fibers; and circulating levels of estrogen did not affect this contact but the number of neurons Kiss1. In AVPV/PeN, the OVX had increased expression of VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors; in the Arc, replacement with E2 induced an increased expression of Avpr1a.
3

Développement d’une approche toxicocinétique/toxicodynamique basée sur des mécanismes physiologiques pour évaluer les effets oestrogéniques du Bisphénol A / Development of a physiologically-based toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic approach to assess the estrogenic effects of Bisphenol A

Collet, Séverine 09 January 2012 (has links)
Ce travail a consisté à analyser, par des approches toxicocinétiques (TK) et mécanistiques, les effets oestrogéniques du Bisphenol A (BPA) sur un biomarqueur précoce et sensible : la sécrétion de l'hormone lutéinisante (LH) chez la brebis prépubère ovariectomisée. La plus faible concentration plasmatique en BPA induisant une inhibition de LH s'est avérée proche des concentrations maximales décrites chez l'Homme. Cette inhibition de LH pourrait impliquer une inhibition des systèmes neuronaux à kisspeptine. L'approche TK comparative d'espèces a montré que la clairance du BPA est toujours élevée, proche du débit sanguin hépatique. Pour une exposition à la dose journalière admissible, cette approche permet de prédire chez l'Homme des concentrations en BPA très inférieures à celles associées à une inhibition de LH dans notre modèle. / The goal of this thesis was to analyse through toxicokinetic (TK) and mechanistic approaches the estrogeno-mimetic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on a precocious and sensitive biomarker: LH secretion in ovariectomized female lambs. The lowest plasma BPA concentrations associated to an inhibition of LH secretion appeared to be close to the highest one reported in human. LH suppression could be mediated by an inhibition of hypothalamic kisspeptin systems. The multispecies TK approach showed that BPA clearance is always high and equivalent to the liver blood flow. For an exposure scheme corresponding to the tolerable daily intake, this approach allows to predict human BPA concentration much lower than the one associated to LH inhibition in our highly sensitive lamb model.
4

Análise da expressão do KISS1/KISS1  do polimorfismo rs5780218 KISS1 em somatotropinomas e adenomas hipofisários clinicamente não funcionantes / Investigation of KISS1/KISS1R gene expression and KISS1 rs5780218 polymorphism in somatotropinomas nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas

Amorim, Paulo Vinícius Gonçalves Holanda 20 April 2018 (has links)
Apesar de amplamente estudados, os mecanismos envolvidos no processo de transformação neoplásica das células hipofisárias e na progressão desses tumores permanecem, ainda, pouco esclarecidos. Os genes da kisspeptina (KISS1), originalmente identificado como um supressor tumoral, e de seu receptor (KISS1R) desempenham um papel crucial no eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal e sua perda de expressão foi, recentemente, relacionada ao surgimento dos adenomas hipofisários. Com o objetivo de estudar a importância do KISS1/KISSR nesses tumores, foram avaliadas a expressão desses genes e a frequência do polimorfismo rs5780218 na região promotora do KISS1, em somatotropinomas e adenomas hipofisários clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF). Foram avaliados 97pacientes, 49 somatotropinomas e 48 ACNF. DNA tumoral foi obtido de todos os tumores e RNA de 68 caso. Desses tumores, 52 foram classificados como invasivos (44 apresentavam invasão apenas para o seio cavernoso) e 45 não invasivos. A quantificação da expressão do mRNA de KISS1 e KISS1R foi realizada pela qPCR em tempo real com sondas TaqMan utilizando o método de quantificação relativa 2-deltaCt. A determinação do genótipo do rs5780218 foi feita por PCR seguida pela técnica de polimorfismo no comprimento do fragmento de restrição (RFLP). O gene KISS1 apresentou-se hipo-expresso na vasta maioria dos pacientes avaliados (97.2% dos somatotropinomas e 92.6% do ACNF). Em relação ao KISS1R, este também estava hipo-expresso na maior parte dos pacientes (100% dos somatotropinomas e 84.4% dos ACNF). Hiperexpressão do KISS1 e KISS1R foi rara em ambos os subtipos tumorais. Em relação as características clínicas dos pacientes e ao fenótipo tumoral, como tamanho e invasividade, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes na expressão desses genes. A avaliação do polimorfismo rs5780218 no KISS1 mostrou que o genótipo homozigoto para o alelo variante foi bem mais frequente nos somatotropinomas (32.6%) versus ACNF (10.4%; P=0.03). A presença do rs5780218 foi relacionada a invasividade tumoral, quando considerado apenas a invasão para o seio cavernoso (P=0.03). Esse é um dado interessante, já que a KISS1 pode formar um complexo com as metaloproteinases e estas têm sido relacionadas a invasão dos adenomas hipofisários para o seio cavernoso e não para o seio esfenoidal. Entre os pacientes com ACNF, o alelo variante foi mais frequente nos indivíduos do sexo masculino (P=0.02) e foi relacionado com uma menor idade de diagnóstico (mediana 33.0 anos, min 26 - max 42) quanto presente em homozigose (P < 0.01); os pacientes homozigotos para o alelo ancestral e heterozigotos apresentaram idade diagnóstica com mediana de 50.0 (min 19 - max 73) e 54.8 (min 17- max 84), respectivamente. Curiosamente, a expressão do KISS1 foi menor nos tumores com homozigose para o alelo mutante tantos nos somatotropinomas quanto nos ACNF. Em conclusão, foi observada hipo-expressão do KISS1 e KISS1R nos somatotropinomas e ACNF, podendo essa perda expressão estar relacionada a gênese desses adenomas. O alelo variante rs5780218 KISS1 foi relacionado a invasão para o seio cavernoso e encontrado em maior frequência nos somatotropinomas, sugerindo que a importância dos KISS1/KISS1R pode diferir entre os subtipos de tumores hipofisários / Although broadly studied, the mechanisms involved in the neoplastic process of pituitary cells remains still unclear. Kisspeptin1 (KISS1), originally identified as a tumor suppressor, and its receptor (KISS1R) play a crucial role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the loss of their expression was, recently, associated with pituitary adenomas onset. Aiming to investigated the importance of KISS1/KISS1R in these tumors, expression of KISS1 and KISS1R was determined in somatotropinomas and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA). The frequency of the rs5780218 polymorphism, located in the KISS1 promoter region, was also evaluated. A total of 97 patients were assessed, 49 somatotropinomas and 48 NFPA. Among these, 52 were categorized as invasive (44 of which only showed invasion to the cavernous sinus). KISS1 and KISS1R mRNA expression was performed through RT-qPCR using TaqMan probes and the 2-deltaCt relative quantification method. KISS1 rs5780218 genotyping was done by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. The KISS1 gene was underexpressed in the vast majority of the cases (97.2% of the somatotropinomas and 92.6% of NFPA). KISS1Runderexpression have also been observed in most cases (100% of the somatotropinomas and 84.4% of the NFPA). KISS1 and KISS1R overexpression was rarely detected. No significant differences were found between KISS1 and KISS1R gene expression and patient\'s clinical characteristics and tumor phenotype, such as size and invasiveness. The characterization of rs5780218 showed that the variant genotype in homozygosis was much more frequent in somatotropinomas (32.6%) versus NFPA (10.4%; P=0.03). The presence of variant allele was associated with tumor invasiveness when considered invasion to the cavernous sinus only (P=0.03). This data is particularly interesting, since KISS1 has the ability for form a complex with metalloproteinases and these, for instance, are related to invasiveness of pituitary adenomas to the cavernous, but not to the sphenoidal, sinus. When considered only NFPA, the variant allele was more frequent in males (P=0.02) and was associated with earlier age at presentation (median 33 years old, min 26 - max 42) when in homozygosis (P < 0.01); the wilt-type homozygotes and heterozygotes had medians of 50.0 (min 19 - max 73) and 54.8 (min 17 - max 84), respectively. Curiously, KISS1 expression was lower in rs5780218 homozygotes both in somatotropinomas and NFPA. In conclusion, we have identified the KISS1 and KISS1R underexpression in both somatotropinomas and NFPA, which lead to notion that the loss of expression might be related to the genesis of these adenomas. The rs5780218 KISS1 variant allele was associated with invasion to the cavernous sinus and was found to be more frequent in somatotropinomas, suggesting that role of KISS1/KISS1R in tumor behavior might differ between pituitary adenomas subtypes
5

Análise da expressão do KISS1/KISS1  do polimorfismo rs5780218 KISS1 em somatotropinomas e adenomas hipofisários clinicamente não funcionantes / Investigation of KISS1/KISS1R gene expression and KISS1 rs5780218 polymorphism in somatotropinomas nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas

Paulo Vinícius Gonçalves Holanda Amorim 20 April 2018 (has links)
Apesar de amplamente estudados, os mecanismos envolvidos no processo de transformação neoplásica das células hipofisárias e na progressão desses tumores permanecem, ainda, pouco esclarecidos. Os genes da kisspeptina (KISS1), originalmente identificado como um supressor tumoral, e de seu receptor (KISS1R) desempenham um papel crucial no eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal e sua perda de expressão foi, recentemente, relacionada ao surgimento dos adenomas hipofisários. Com o objetivo de estudar a importância do KISS1/KISSR nesses tumores, foram avaliadas a expressão desses genes e a frequência do polimorfismo rs5780218 na região promotora do KISS1, em somatotropinomas e adenomas hipofisários clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF). Foram avaliados 97pacientes, 49 somatotropinomas e 48 ACNF. DNA tumoral foi obtido de todos os tumores e RNA de 68 caso. Desses tumores, 52 foram classificados como invasivos (44 apresentavam invasão apenas para o seio cavernoso) e 45 não invasivos. A quantificação da expressão do mRNA de KISS1 e KISS1R foi realizada pela qPCR em tempo real com sondas TaqMan utilizando o método de quantificação relativa 2-deltaCt. A determinação do genótipo do rs5780218 foi feita por PCR seguida pela técnica de polimorfismo no comprimento do fragmento de restrição (RFLP). O gene KISS1 apresentou-se hipo-expresso na vasta maioria dos pacientes avaliados (97.2% dos somatotropinomas e 92.6% do ACNF). Em relação ao KISS1R, este também estava hipo-expresso na maior parte dos pacientes (100% dos somatotropinomas e 84.4% dos ACNF). Hiperexpressão do KISS1 e KISS1R foi rara em ambos os subtipos tumorais. Em relação as características clínicas dos pacientes e ao fenótipo tumoral, como tamanho e invasividade, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes na expressão desses genes. A avaliação do polimorfismo rs5780218 no KISS1 mostrou que o genótipo homozigoto para o alelo variante foi bem mais frequente nos somatotropinomas (32.6%) versus ACNF (10.4%; P=0.03). A presença do rs5780218 foi relacionada a invasividade tumoral, quando considerado apenas a invasão para o seio cavernoso (P=0.03). Esse é um dado interessante, já que a KISS1 pode formar um complexo com as metaloproteinases e estas têm sido relacionadas a invasão dos adenomas hipofisários para o seio cavernoso e não para o seio esfenoidal. Entre os pacientes com ACNF, o alelo variante foi mais frequente nos indivíduos do sexo masculino (P=0.02) e foi relacionado com uma menor idade de diagnóstico (mediana 33.0 anos, min 26 - max 42) quanto presente em homozigose (P < 0.01); os pacientes homozigotos para o alelo ancestral e heterozigotos apresentaram idade diagnóstica com mediana de 50.0 (min 19 - max 73) e 54.8 (min 17- max 84), respectivamente. Curiosamente, a expressão do KISS1 foi menor nos tumores com homozigose para o alelo mutante tantos nos somatotropinomas quanto nos ACNF. Em conclusão, foi observada hipo-expressão do KISS1 e KISS1R nos somatotropinomas e ACNF, podendo essa perda expressão estar relacionada a gênese desses adenomas. O alelo variante rs5780218 KISS1 foi relacionado a invasão para o seio cavernoso e encontrado em maior frequência nos somatotropinomas, sugerindo que a importância dos KISS1/KISS1R pode diferir entre os subtipos de tumores hipofisários / Although broadly studied, the mechanisms involved in the neoplastic process of pituitary cells remains still unclear. Kisspeptin1 (KISS1), originally identified as a tumor suppressor, and its receptor (KISS1R) play a crucial role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the loss of their expression was, recently, associated with pituitary adenomas onset. Aiming to investigated the importance of KISS1/KISS1R in these tumors, expression of KISS1 and KISS1R was determined in somatotropinomas and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA). The frequency of the rs5780218 polymorphism, located in the KISS1 promoter region, was also evaluated. A total of 97 patients were assessed, 49 somatotropinomas and 48 NFPA. Among these, 52 were categorized as invasive (44 of which only showed invasion to the cavernous sinus). KISS1 and KISS1R mRNA expression was performed through RT-qPCR using TaqMan probes and the 2-deltaCt relative quantification method. KISS1 rs5780218 genotyping was done by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. The KISS1 gene was underexpressed in the vast majority of the cases (97.2% of the somatotropinomas and 92.6% of NFPA). KISS1Runderexpression have also been observed in most cases (100% of the somatotropinomas and 84.4% of the NFPA). KISS1 and KISS1R overexpression was rarely detected. No significant differences were found between KISS1 and KISS1R gene expression and patient\'s clinical characteristics and tumor phenotype, such as size and invasiveness. The characterization of rs5780218 showed that the variant genotype in homozygosis was much more frequent in somatotropinomas (32.6%) versus NFPA (10.4%; P=0.03). The presence of variant allele was associated with tumor invasiveness when considered invasion to the cavernous sinus only (P=0.03). This data is particularly interesting, since KISS1 has the ability for form a complex with metalloproteinases and these, for instance, are related to invasiveness of pituitary adenomas to the cavernous, but not to the sphenoidal, sinus. When considered only NFPA, the variant allele was more frequent in males (P=0.02) and was associated with earlier age at presentation (median 33 years old, min 26 - max 42) when in homozygosis (P < 0.01); the wilt-type homozygotes and heterozygotes had medians of 50.0 (min 19 - max 73) and 54.8 (min 17 - max 84), respectively. Curiously, KISS1 expression was lower in rs5780218 homozygotes both in somatotropinomas and NFPA. In conclusion, we have identified the KISS1 and KISS1R underexpression in both somatotropinomas and NFPA, which lead to notion that the loss of expression might be related to the genesis of these adenomas. The rs5780218 KISS1 variant allele was associated with invasion to the cavernous sinus and was found to be more frequent in somatotropinomas, suggesting that role of KISS1/KISS1R in tumor behavior might differ between pituitary adenomas subtypes

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