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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Assembly and secretion of recombinant human collagens and gelatins in the yeast <em>Pichia pastoris</em>, and generation and analysis of knock-out mice for collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase type I

Pakkanen, O. (Outi) 23 May 2006 (has links)
Abstract Collagen molecules consist of three polypeptide chains that are coiled around each other to form a triple-helical structure. The formation of stable collagen triple helices requires the hydroxylation of proline residues catalyzed by collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases (C-P4H). Vertebrate C-P4H is an ER-resident enzyme that consists of two catalytically active α subunits and two β subunits. Production of recombinant human collagen and gelatin could have numerous medical and industrial applications, but most recombinant systems lack the C-P4H activity. The yeast Pichia pastoris has been successfully engineered to produce stable human collagens and gelatins by co-expression of the collagen polypeptide chains with the two C-P4H subunits. This study examined the effect of deletion of the C-propeptide, or its replacement by a trimerizing foldon domain, on the assembly of type I and III collagen triple helices in P. pastoris. It was observed that the absence of the C-propeptide leads to inefficient collagen chain assembly whereas the replacement of C-propeptide with a foldon domain increased the assembly up to 3-fold. Moreover, the co-expression of α1(I) and α2(I) chains fused with foldon yielded heterotrimeric type I collagen molecules with a typical chain ratio of 2:1. As the foldon domain contains no information for collagen chain recognition, the present data indicate that the chain assembly is defined not only by the C-propeptides but also by other determinants present in the α chains. Another aspect studied here was the expression and secretion of gelatin fragments of varying size and conformation in P. pastoris. It was discovered that gelatin fragment size affects its secretion as the 90 kDa fragment was less efficiently secreted than the 45 kDa fragment. Secretion was also dependent on the fragment conformation as induction of the triple helix formation by either C-propeptide or foldon led to the accumulation of the fragments inside the yeast cells despite the presence of an efficient secretory signal. C-P4H was long assumed to exist as one type only but the cloning of several C-P4H α subunits raised questions concerning the specific roles of the C-P4H isoenzymes. The generation of mice lacking the type I C-P4H, which is regarded as the major C-P4H isoenzyme, indicated that this isoenzyme is essential for the embryonic development of the mouse. The embryos lacking type I C-P4H died at an early stage of their development due to the disruption of basement membranes. It was found that the basement membranes of the homozygous null embryos lacked type IV collagen whereas the fibrillar collagens were synthesized, although with altered morphology. The data reported here also demonstrate that the other C-P4H isoenzymes cannot compensate for the lack of type I isoenzyme.
32

Enoyl thioester reductases—enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and degradation in mitochondria

Miinalainen, I. (Ilkka) 07 November 2006 (has links)
Abstract Fatty acids are one of the most essential categories of biological lipids and their synthesis and degradation are vital for all organisms. Severely compromised phenotypes of yeast mutants and human patients, which have defective components in their degradative or synthetic processes for fatty acid metabolism, have highlighted the importance of these processes for overall metabolism. Most fatty acids are degraded by β-oxidation, which occurs in mitochondria and peroxisomes in mammals, whereas synthesis is catalyzed by cytosolic multifunctional peptides, although a synthesis system involving individual enzymes in mitochondria has been also proposed. In this study a novel mitochondrial 2-enoyl thioester reductase Etr1p from the yeast Candida tropicalis, its homolog Mrf1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their mammalian ortholog were identified and characterized. Observations indicating that mitochondrial localization as well as enzymatic activity is needed to complement the respiratory-deficient phenotype of the mrf1Δ strain from S. cerevisiae suggests that Etr1p and Mrf1p might act as a part of the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis machinery, the proper function of which is essential for respiration and the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology in yeast. The mammalian enzyme, denoted Nrbf-1p, showed similar localization, enzymatic activity, and ability to rescue the growth of the mrf1Δ strain suggesting that mammals are also likely to possess the ability and required machinery for mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis. This study further included the characterization of another mitochondrial thioester reductase, 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, which acts as an auxiliary enzyme in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The function of this gene was analyzed by creating a knock-out mouse model. While unstressed mice deficient in 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase were asymptomatic, metabolically challenged mice showed symptoms including hypoglycemia, hepatic steatosis, accumulation of acylcarnitines, and severe intolerance to acute cold exposure. Although the oxidation of saturated fatty acids proceeds normally, the phenotype was in many ways similar to mouse models of the disrupted classical β-oxidation pathway, except that an altered ketogenic response was not observed. This mouse model shows that a proper oxidative metabolism for unsaturated fatty acids is important for balanced fatty acid and energy metabolism.
33

B-cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Is an Essential Regulator of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Ceizar, Maheen January 2012 (has links)
Of the thousands of dividing progenitor cells (PCs) generated daily in the adult brain only a very small proportion survive to become mature neurons through the process of neurogenesis. Identification of the mechanisms that regulate cell death associated with neurogenesis would aid in harnessing the potential therapeutic value of PCs. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is suggested to regulate death of PCs in the adult brain as overexpression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), an anti-apoptotic protein, enhances the survival of new neurons. To directly assess if Bcl-2 is a regulator of apoptosis in PCs, this study examined the outcome of removal of Bcl-2 from the developing PCs in the adult mouse brain. Retroviral mediated gene transfer of Cre into adult floxed Bcl-2 mice eliminated Bcl-2 from developing PCs and resulted in the complete absence of new neurons at 30 days post viral injection. Similarly, Bcl-2 removal through the use of nestin-induced conditional knockout mice resulted in reduced number of mature neurons. The function of Bcl-2 in the PCs was also dependent on Bcl-2-associated X (BAX) protein, as demonstrated by an increase in new neurons formed following viral-mediated removal of Bcl-2 in BAX knockout mice. Together these findings demonstrate that Bcl-2 is an essential regulator of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.
34

Developmental and Genetic Origins of the Sinoatrial Node

Viswanathan, Shiv Kumar January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
35

Funktionsanalyse der Entwicklungskontrollgene Irx2 und Mash1 in der Maus. / Functional analysis of Irx2 and Mash1, two murine transcription control genes.

Becker, May-Britt 25 April 2002 (has links)
No description available.
36

Étude du rôle biologique et oncosuppressif du gène de prédisposition aux Néoplasies Endocriniennes Multiples de type 1 (MEN1) dans les cellules endocrines pancréatiques / Study of biological and oncosuppressive role of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type I gene (MEN1) in pancreatic endocrine cells

Lu, Jieli 22 September 2009 (has links)
Le syndrome des Néoplasies Endocriniennes Multiples de type 1 (NEM1) est une maladie à transmission autosomique dominante liée à l’inactivation du gène MEN1. Le but de mon travail de thèse était d’étudier le rôle biologique et oncosuppressif du gène Men1 dans le pancréas endocrine. La caractérisation d’un nouveau modèle m’a permis de démontrer que l’invalidation du gène Men1 spécifiquement dans les cellules alpha conduit à la fois au développement de glucagonomes et d’insulinomes par un mécanisme de transdifférenciation de cellules exprimant le glucagon en cellules exprimant l’insuline. Parallèlement, en explorant les modèles murins où le gène Men1 est invalidé respectivement dans les cellules alpha et beta Pancréatiques, j’ai pu identifier l’expression altérée de certains facteurs de transcription ayant des fonctions vitales dans ces cellules, notamment Foxa2 et MafB, dans les lésions précoces des cellules endocrines pancréatiques correspondantes. En conclusion, mon travail de thèse a permis de mieux clarifier la fonction biologique du gène Men1 dans les cellules pancréatiques endocrines et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans la survenue du syndrome MEN1 / Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by mutations of the MEN1 gene. The aim of my work is to investigate the biological and oncosuppressive roles of the Men1 gene in the pancreatic endocrine cells. The analyses carried out in a new mouse model showed that Men1 ablation in alpha cells trigged the development of both glucagonoma and insulinoma by the transdifferentiation from glucagon-producing cells to insulin-expressing cells. Furthermore, the data obtained from the characterization of both alpha- and beta-cell-specific Men1 mutant mice allowed to identify the altered expression of several important endocrine specific transcriptional factors, including Foxa2 and MafB, found in the early lesions of the corresponding pancreatic endocrine cells. Overall, my thesis work provides interesting clues for better understanding the mechanisms involved in the tumorigenesis of MEN1 syndrome
37

Therapie der experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis mit Mitoxantron - Vergleichende Analyse von C57BL/6J- mit Abcg2-knock-out-Mäusen / Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - Comparative analysis of the effect on C57BL/6J- and abcg2-knock-out-mice

Huber, Bastian 12 March 2012 (has links)
No description available.
38

Etude in vivo du rôle de la région régulatrice en 3' du locus des chaînes lourdes d'immunoglobulines dans les réactions inflammatoires et la lymphomagenèse B / in vivo Study of the role of the regulatory region in 3’ of immunoglobuline heavy chaines locus in the inflammatory reaction and lymphomagenesis B in mice

Saad, Faten 09 July 2015 (has links)
La maturation lymphocytaire B est sous le contrôle des éléments cis-régulateurs des gènes d’Ig. Les quatre activateurs transcriptionnels (hs3a, hs1,2, hs3b et hs4) de la région régulatrice en 3’ du locus IgH (3’RR) murin sont les éléments clés pour les hypermutations somatiques (SHM) et les recombinaisons isotypiques (CSR). La 3’RR stimule aussi la transcription d’Ig au stade mature du développement B. La 3’RR, en association avec un oncogène, est un dérégulateur puissant conduisant au développement de lymphomes B. Actuellement rien n’est connu sur le rôle de la 3’RR lors de réactions immunes et/ou inflammatoires normales. Durant ma thèse, nous avons étudié l’impact de la délétion de la 3’RR sur le développement d’une réaction inflammatoire en réponse au pristane chez les souris BALB/c. Ces études nous ont permis de montrer que l’absence de la 3’RR ne perturbe pas l’apparition d’une réaction inflammatoire (cinétique de l’ascite, volume, cellularité, recrutement en cellules inflammatoires et leur capacité à produire des cytokines inflammatoires et anti-inflammatoires). Ceci suggère la présence de lymphocytes B physiologiquement aptes à induire/propager/maintenir une réaction inflammatoire et immune robuste et efficiente en absence d’une 3’RR fonctionnelle. Après avoir étudié le rôle de la délétion de la 3’RR dans un contexte inflammatoire, nous avons analysé son rôle dans un contexte de lymphomagenèse. Pour cela nous avons mis l’absence de la 3’RR dans un fond génétique murin apte à développer des lymphomes B matures (souris Igλ-Myc). On observe un changement important dans le phénotype des lymphomes B en absence de la 3’RR avec un plus grand nombre de lymphomes B immatures, une baisse du nombre de lymphomes B matures CD43+ et une augmentation de lymphomes B CD5+. Le rôle de la 3’RR dans la survenue de mutations aux stades B matures durant la SHM et la CSR est suggéré pour expliquer ces résultats. En conclusion, le ciblage pharmacologique de la 3’RR pour bloquer son effet pro-oncogènique transcriptionnel sur un oncogène transloqué au locus IgH pourrait se révéler une approche prometteuse pour le traitement de certains lymphomes B matures humains. / B-cell maturation is under the control of the cis-regulatory elements of Ig genes. The four transcripional enhancers (hs3a, hs1,2, hs3b and hs4) of the mouse IgH 3’ regulatory region (3’RR) are the key elements for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR). The 3'RR also stimulates Ig transcription during the mature B-cell stage. When associated with an oncogene, the 3’RR is a potent deregulator leading to B-cell lymphomas. Currently nothing is known about its role in the development of immune and inflammatory reactions. During my thesis, we have studied the impact of the 3’RR deletion on the development of inflammatory reactions in response to pristane in BALB/c mice. These studies have allowed us to show that the lack of the 3'RR does not disturb the development of an efficient inflammatory reaction in response to pristane (kinetics of appearance of ascites, volume, cellularity, recruitment of inflammatory cells and their capacity to produce inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines). This suggests the presence of B-cells physiologically capable to induce/spread/maintain a robust and efficient inflammatory immune response. After studying the role of the deletion of the 3'RR in an inflammatory context we have investigated the role of the 3’RR in a lymphomagenesis. For this we brought the 3’RR deficiency in a genetic background able to develop mature B-cell lymphomas (Igλ-Myc mice). While wt mice develop mature and immature B-cell lymphomas, 3’RR-deficient mice exhibit a strong preference for immature lymphomas. Furthermore 3’RR-deficiency leads to a lowered frequency of CD43+ activated B-cell lymphomas and to an increased frequency of CD5+ B-cell lymphomas. CSR and SHM are abrogated in 3’RR-deficient mice lowering the probability of oncogenic mutations during these stages. Pharmacological targeting of 3'RR to block its transcriptional pro-oncogenic effect on translocated oncogene into IgH locus might be a promising approach for the treatment of some mature human B-cell lymphomas.
39

Elucidation of the biological roles of Wnt5a signaling in follicle development

Abedini Najafabadi, Atefeh 08 1900 (has links)
No description available.
40

Etude structurale et fonctionnelle du gène Sp6/Structural and functional study of the Sp6 gene.

Hertveldt, Valérie 26 January 2007 (has links)
Au cours d'une étude sur le contrôle transcriptionnel du gène de l'alpha-foetoprotéine, le laboratoire s'était intéressé aux facteurs de transcription de la famille SP/KLF et S. Scohy avait découvert une séquence définissant un nouveau membre: SP6. Afin de déterminer la structure du gène chez la souris, nous avons isolé un fragment génomique contenant la totalité du gène et nous l'avons séquencé. Une analyse informatique de cette séquence, l'isolement d'ESTs ainsi qu'une expérience d'extension d'amorce, nous ont permis d'affirmer que le gène Sp6 murin possède deux exons, générant une protéine de 376 acides aminés à partir d'un ATG repéré au début de l'exon 2. En même temps, des travaux réalisés sur un gène nommé epiprofin ont été publiés (Nakamura et al. 2004). Ce gène s'est avéré correspondre au gène Sp6 car il code pour la même protéine. Les exons 2 sont en effet identiques, seuls les exons 1 diffèrent. Nos études sur l'expression du gène Sp6 ont indiqué qu'elle est ubiquiste mais que c'est durant le développement embryonnaire, et surtout pendant les stades les plus tardifs de celui-ci, qu'il est le plus exprimé. Cette expression se localise surtout au niveau des dents, de l'épithélium olfactif, du cerveau, des bourgeons de membres et des follicules pileux de l'embryon. A l'état adulte, l'expression de Sp6 se réduit fortement dans tous les tissus; seuls les poumons présentent un taux d'expression relativement important. Ce travail a également permis de mettre en évidence l'existence d'un transcrit non-codant issu d'une transcription antisens du locus Sp6 et dont le premier exon inclu la totalité de l'exon 2 du gène Sp6. Nous l'avons appelé Sp6os et avons montré que son expression est absente dans de nombreux tissus et est très faible dans les tissus où on détecte le transcrit. Une comparaison de l'expression des transcrits Sp6 et Sp6os nous a permis d'imaginer un rôle pour Sp6 dans le développement et une possible modulation de son activité, par Sp6os, dans certains tissus. Afin de préciser la fonction du locus Sp6, nous l'avons invalidé chez la souris. Les mutants Sp6-/- se sont avérés viables mais présentent des anomalies dans tous les tissus où Sp6 est le plus fortement exprimé. En effet, ils n'ont ni pelage, ni vibrisse et montrent des anomalies des dents, des membres et des poumons. Nous avons également noté une dérégulation importante de l'apoptose (et parfois aussi de la prolifération cellulaire) chez ces souris Sp6-/-.

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