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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

The Role of a direct knock-out mechanism in the inclusive (p, α) reaction

Van Zyl, Johannes Jacobus 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Experimental double differential cross sections and analyzing powers for the inclusive 93 Nb(p,α) r and 93 Nb(p, 3He) r reactions have been measured at an incident energy of 160 MeV. The results of this experiment, for emission angles ranging from 15º to 60º as well as previously measured data for 93 Nb(p,α) r at 100 MeV and 59Co(p,α) r at 100 and 160 MeV, have been compared with theoretical calculations based on a direct quasi-free α- cluster knockout mechanism. A computer code has been employed which calculates triple differential cross section and analysing power values using the distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA). Inclusive double differential cross sections and analysing powers were calculated by integrating over the solid angle of the unobserved proton. It was found that the DWIA is limited in its ability to reproduce the experimental data. Some slight agreements have been observed in the region of large emission energies and small angles. This is consistent with the findings of previous studies based on a direct multi-step analysis which indicated that the first step knock-out reaction dominates in this region.
22

B-cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Is an Essential Regulator of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Ceizar, Maheen 19 September 2012 (has links)
Of the thousands of dividing progenitor cells (PCs) generated daily in the adult brain only a very small proportion survive to become mature neurons through the process of neurogenesis. Identification of the mechanisms that regulate cell death associated with neurogenesis would aid in harnessing the potential therapeutic value of PCs. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is suggested to regulate death of PCs in the adult brain as overexpression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), an anti-apoptotic protein, enhances the survival of new neurons. To directly assess if Bcl-2 is a regulator of apoptosis in PCs, this study examined the outcome of removal of Bcl-2 from the developing PCs in the adult mouse brain. Retroviral mediated gene transfer of Cre into adult floxed Bcl-2 mice eliminated Bcl-2 from developing PCs and resulted in the complete absence of new neurons at 30 days post viral injection. Similarly, Bcl-2 removal through the use of nestin-induced conditional knockout mice resulted in reduced number of mature neurons. The function of Bcl-2 in the PCs was also dependent on Bcl-2-associated X (BAX) protein, as demonstrated by an increase in new neurons formed following viral-mediated removal of Bcl-2 in BAX knockout mice. Together these findings demonstrate that Bcl-2 is an essential regulator of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.
23

Metabolic and vascular effects of thiosulfate sulfurtransferase deletion

Gibbins, Matthew Thomas George January 2018 (has links)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is a gasotransmitter with several key roles in metabolism and vascular function. The effects of H2S are dependent on concentration and target organ. For example, increased H2S concentrations impair liver metabolic function but protect against vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST), a nuclear encoded mitochondrial matrix enzyme, is proposed to be a component of the sulfide oxidising unit (SOU) which metabolises H2S. Preliminary data has shown that Tst deletion in mice (Tst-/-) increases circulating H2S levels measured in whole blood. Therefore, it was hypothesised that Tst-/- mice would exhibit worsened metabolic function in the liver but also protection of vascular function under conditions of vascular stress e.g. atherosclerosis. Liver metabolism was assessed by extensive metabolic phenotyping of Tst-/-mice fed control diet and in conditions of metabolic dysfunction induced by a high fat diet (HFD). Tst deletion altered glucose metabolism in mice; gluconeogenesis was increased in liver from Tst-/-mice fed control diet. Glucose intolerance in HFD-fed Tst-/-mice was also more severe than HFDfed C57BL/6 controls. In vitro metabolic investigations in primary hepatocytes isolated from Tst-/-mice demonstrated that mitochondrial ATP-linked and leak respiration were increased compared to controls. The effect of Tst deletion on vascular function was investigated in Tst- /-mice fed control or HFD using myography. Tst deletion did not alter vessel function when mice were maintained on a normal diet. HFD feeding (20 weeks) reduced maximal vessel constriction in the presence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors in C57BL/6 aorta. However, in Tst-/-mice fed HFD there was no reduction in maximal constriction suggesting a protective action of Tst deletion. The effects of Tst deletion on atherosclerotic lesions was investigated by generating double knock-out (DKO) mice by deletion of the Tst gene in ApoE-/- mice and (ApoE-/-Tst-/-). Atherosclerotic lesion formation was accelerated by feeding mice a western diet. Within the brachiocephalic branch lesion volume and total vessel volume were reduced in DKO mice fed western diet for 12 weeks, indicating that Tst deletion reduced lesion formation. Plasma cholesterol was reduced in DKO mice compared to ApoE-/- controls and a trend towards reduced systolic blood pressure was also noted. Overall this work supported the hypothesis that Tst deletion engenders metabolic dysfunction but vascular protection. The findings are consistent with the reported effects of increased H2S signalling. Overall inhibition of TST represents a novel target for treatment of atherosclerosis, with the caveat that glycaemia may be worsened due to hepatic metabolic dysfunction.
24

Einfluss der NO-sensitiven Guanylyl-Cyclase auf den cGMP/cAMP-Crosstalk und die Steifigkeit der murinen Aorta / Influence of NO-sensitive guanylyl-cyclase on cGMP/cAMP crosstalk and the stiffness of the murine aorta

Dünnes, Sarah January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Die NO/cGMP-vermittelte Signalkaskade ist im vaskulären System entscheidend an der Regulation des Blutdrucks beteiligt. Innerhalb der Kaskade nimmt die NO-sensitive Guanylyl-Cyclase (NO-GC) eine Schlüsselfunktion als wichtigster Rezeptor für das Signalmolekül Stickstoffmonoxids (NO) ein. NO wird endogen von verschiedenen Isoformen der NO Synthase produziert. Die Bindung von NO an die NO GC führt zur Produktion des sekundären Botenstoffs cyclisches Guanosinmonophosphat (cGMP). Dieser Botenstoff aktiviert verschiedene Effektor-Moleküle und bewirkt letztlich eine Relaxation der glatten Muskulatur. Ein weiterer sekundärer Botenstoff, das Signalmolekül cyclisches Adenosinmonophosphat (cAMP), ist ebenfalls an der Regulation des Tonus der glatten Muskulatur und dadurch an der Blutdruckregulation beteiligt. Unterschiedliche Phosphodiesterasen (PDE) bauen die sekundären Botenstoffe ab und beenden dadurch die Signalkaskaden. Die PDE3 spielt hierbei eine besondere Rolle, da sie eine gemischte Substratspezifität besitzt. Um den Einfluss der NO-GC auf das kardiovaskuläre System zu untersuchen, wurden NO-GC Knockout(KO)-Mäuse mit globaler (GCKO) oder Glattmuskel-spezifischer (SMC-GCKO) Deletion der NO-GC generiert. Um das Zusammenspiel von cAMP und cGMP näher zu beleuchten, wurde im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit die PDE3 genauer untersucht. Im Gefäßsystem wird lediglich die PDE3A und nicht die PDE3B exprimiert. Die Aorten von GCKO- und SMC-GCKO-Tieren reagieren sensitiver auf PDE3A-Blockade als die Kontroll-Tiere. Auch die akute Blockade der NO-GC führt zu diesem Sensitivitätseffekt. Die PDE3A ist in Folge der NO-GC-Deletion sowohl in ihrer Expression, als auch ihrer Aktivität um die Hälfte reduziert. Dies dient vermutlich kompensatorisch dazu, das cAMP-Signal weitgehend zu erhalten und so eine cAMP-induzierte Relaxation der Gefäße zu gewährleisten. Ohne Rückkopplung zwischen den beiden Signalwegen käme es vermutlich zu weiteren negativen Konsequenzen für das Herz-Kreislaufsystem. Diese Daten weisen auf eine direkte Regulation der PDE3 in glatten Muskelzellen durch die NO/cGMP-Signalkaskade und einen PDE3-vermittelten cAMP/cGMP-Crosstalk hin. Der genaue Mechanismus dieser Expressionsregulation ist noch unklar. Denkbar wäre eine cGMP-vermittelte Transkriptionsregulation oder eine Modulation der Translation der PDE3A. Der Verlust der NO-GC führt in GCKO- und SMC-GCKO-Mäusen zu einem erhöhten systolischen Blutdruck von ~30 mmHg. Bei der Entwicklung der arteriellen Hypertonie könnte eine erhöhte Aortensteifigkeit beteiligt sein, die im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit näher untersucht wurde. In GCKO-Mäusen ist die aortale Steifigkeit und daraus resultierend die Pulswellengeschwindigkeit (PWV) deutlich erhöht. Die Steigerung der PWV wird in den GCKO-Tieren zusätzlich durch den verminderten Aorten-Durchmesser bedingt. Außerdem weisen die Aorten dieser Tiere eine veränderte Wandstruktur auf, die zu einer Verminderung der aortalen Windkesselfunktion führt. Diese Veränderungen könnten die Blutdruckerhöhung in GCKO-Mäusen erklären. In SMC-GCKO-Tieren tritt keine dieser Gefäß-Modifikationen auf. Eine Aortensteifigkeit als mögliche Ursache für den erhöhten systolischen Blutdruck in den SMC-GCKO-Tieren kann somit ausgeschlossen werden. Zur Aufklärung müssen weitere Versuche zum Aufbau der Gefäßwände und zur Bestimmung des peripheren Widerstands gemacht werden. Auch der Einfluss anderer Zelltypen, wie z.B. Perizyten oder Fibroblasten, auf die Blutdruckregulation sollte untersucht werden. / The NO/cGMP-mediated signaling cascade is crucially involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Within the cascade, NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) plays a key role as the most important receptor for the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO). NO is endogenously produced by three different isoforms of NO synthase. Binding of NO to NO-GC stimulates the production of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). cGMP, in turn, activates various effector molecules, finally leading to smooth muscle relaxation. Another second messenger, the signalling molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), also participates in the regulation of smooth muscle tone and is thus also involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) degrade cyclic nucleotides thereby ending their signalling. In order to investigate the effect of NO-GC on the cardiovascular system, mice with global (GCKO) or smooth muscle-specific (SMC-GCKO) deletion of NO-GC have been generated. To shed light into the interplay of cAMP and cGMP, PDE3 was studied in the first part of this thesis. PDE3 plays a special role in cGMP/cAMP crosstalk based on its mixed substrate specificity. From the two PDE3 isoenzymes (PDE3A and PDE3B), only PDE3A is expressed in the aorta. The aortas of GCKO- and SMC-GCKO animals are more sensitive to PDE3A inhibition than those from control animals. The acute blockade of NO-GC using ODQ also leads to this sensitivity effect. As a result of NO-GC deletion, PDE3A expression and activity are reduced by approx. 50%. This is probably a compensatory response in order to maintain functional cAMP signalling and to guarantee cAMP-induced relaxation of blood vessels. These results indicate a direct regulation of PDE3A in smooth muscle cells by the NO/cGMP-signalling cascade and a PDE3-mediated cAMP/cGMP crosstalk. The exact mechanism how NO-GC/cGMP regulates PDE3A expression remains unclear; conceivable options are a cGMP-mediated regulation of transcription or a modulation of PDE3A translation. Loss of NO-GC in GCKO and SMC-GCKO mice leads to an elevated systolic blood pressure by around 30 mmHg. In the second part of this thesis, stiffness of aortae from these KO animals was examined. In GCKO mice, the pulse wave velocity (PWV) was significantly faster than in control animals indicating an increased aortic stiffness. The increase in PWV in GCKO animals is likely to be explained by a reduced aortic diameter. Even though elastin and collagen content were unchanged, the aortas of these animals have an altered wall structure. SMC-GCKO animals show neither an increase in PWV nor morphological changes of the aorta. Thus, an increased aortic stiffness can be excluded as cause for the elevated systolic blood pressure in GCKO animals.
25

Etude de l'effet des modulations de l'expression des métalloprotéases et de leurs inhibiteurs dans la réaction bronchique aux aéroallergènes.

Guéders, Maud 17 April 2008 (has links)
Lasthme est une pathologie inflammatoire caractérisée par une inflammation, une hyperréactivité et un remodelage bronchique. Des études menées sur des souris déficientes en MMP-8 et en MMP-19 nous ont permis de démontrer que ces deux protéases jouaient un rôle protecteur vis-à-vis du développement de l'inflammation dans la pathologie asthmatique. En effet, suite à la sensibilisation et à l'exposition par inhalation à lallergène (Ovalbumine),les souris déficientes en MMP-8 en MMP-19 développent respectivement une inflammation neutrophilique et éosinophilique significativement plus importante comparativement aux souris wild-type. Dans une seconde partie de ce travail, nous avons évalué les effets de deux inhibiteurs synthétiques des MMPs administrés en inhalation sous une formulation adéquate dans notre modèle murin dasthme. Suite à ladministration de ces deux inhibiteurs, nous avons observé une diminution de linflammation au sein du lavage bronchoalvéolaire. De plus, nous observons une diminution de linfiltration du tissu pulmonaire par les cellules inflammatoires. Lhyperréactivité bronchique observée suite à linhalation de doses croissantes de méthacholine est également significativement diminuée. Ces résultats sont comparables à ceux obtenus après linhalation de Fluticasone, stéroïde inhalé utilisé très largement en clinique humaine et utilisé dans nos expériences comme médicament de référence. Afin dobserver les modifications morphologiques bronchiques, nous avons mis au point un modèle murin dasthme permettant une exposition de longue durée (90 jours) aux allergènes. En plus de développer une inflammation pulmonaire, les souris traitées vont voir la structure de leurs bronches se modifier. L'inhalation de doxycycline diminue significativement l'inflammation, la réactivité bronchique et diverses caractéristiques du remodelage bronchique telles que l'hyperplasie des cellules à mucus, le dépôt de collagène péribronchique, l'épaisseur de la membrane basale sous-épithéliale et l'épaisseur de la couche de cellules musculaires lisses. Au cours de ces travaux, nous avons caractérisé des modèles murins dasthme. Nous avons démontré que linhibition de certaines MMPs est délétère, nous incitant à les considérer comme des « anti targets ». Nous avons, dans une seconde partie, pu apporter la démonstration que linhibition de certaines MMPs précises (MMP-2, -9 et -14) par des inhibiteurs relativement spécifiques administrés en inhalation améliore le phénotype asthmatique. Par ces travaux, nous avons contribué à la compréhension globale des mécanismes impliquant les MMPs dans la pathologie asthmatique et nous suggérons que de nouvelles voies thérapeutiques, basées sur linhibition de certaines MMPs, pourraient faire lobjet de développements futurs.
26

B-cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Is an Essential Regulator of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Ceizar, Maheen 19 September 2012 (has links)
Of the thousands of dividing progenitor cells (PCs) generated daily in the adult brain only a very small proportion survive to become mature neurons through the process of neurogenesis. Identification of the mechanisms that regulate cell death associated with neurogenesis would aid in harnessing the potential therapeutic value of PCs. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is suggested to regulate death of PCs in the adult brain as overexpression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), an anti-apoptotic protein, enhances the survival of new neurons. To directly assess if Bcl-2 is a regulator of apoptosis in PCs, this study examined the outcome of removal of Bcl-2 from the developing PCs in the adult mouse brain. Retroviral mediated gene transfer of Cre into adult floxed Bcl-2 mice eliminated Bcl-2 from developing PCs and resulted in the complete absence of new neurons at 30 days post viral injection. Similarly, Bcl-2 removal through the use of nestin-induced conditional knockout mice resulted in reduced number of mature neurons. The function of Bcl-2 in the PCs was also dependent on Bcl-2-associated X (BAX) protein, as demonstrated by an increase in new neurons formed following viral-mediated removal of Bcl-2 in BAX knockout mice. Together these findings demonstrate that Bcl-2 is an essential regulator of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.
27

Ein Gen für ein neues Ubiquitin-konjugierendes Enzym: Genomische Organisation, Expression und Funktion

Altmann, Maria Elisabeth 22 June 2000 (has links)
No description available.
28

SLEEP REGULATION IN THE STOP-NULL MOUSE MODEL OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Profitt, Maxine 13 February 2014 (has links)
Sleep disturbances are common in patients with schizophrenia. Mice lacking the cytoskeletal-associated protein Stable Tubule Only Polypeptide (STOP) display cognitive, behavioural and neurobiological deficits that mimic those seen in schizophrenia, but there is little evidence of sleep changes in these mice. To investigate their sleep patterns, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram were recorded under a 12:12 light:dark cycle in adult male STOP-null (KO; n=7) and wild-type (WT; n=8) mice, during a 24 h baseline period, followed by 6 h of sleep deprivation, and a 24 h recovery period. In the baseline period, KO mice spent more time awake and less time in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep compared to WT mice. Particularly in the dark phase, KO mice had more wake and NREM sleep episodes, and shorter NREM and REM sleep episodes relative to WT mice. Following sleep deprivation, during the first 12 h of recovery (i.e. dark phase), both groups showed similar increases in NREM and REM sleep amounts and NREM EEG delta power relative to corresponding baseline periods. These findings indicate that the STOP-null mice sleep less and their sleep is more fragmented compared to WT mice. These features are consistent with the sleep abnormalities found in individuals with schizophrenia.
29

Rôle de l'inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase de type II (Inpp4b) dans la différenciation et l'activité des ostéoclastes

Ferron, Mathieu January 2005 (has links)
No description available.
30

Des souris knock-out pour le récepteur métabotrope au glutamate mGluR7 révèlent son rôle dans la cognition et les émotions / Knockout mice for the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR7 reveal its role in cognition and emotions

Sansig, Gilles 31 May 2016 (has links)
L’un des domaines clés de la recherche en neurosciences modernes consiste à comprendre les interactions complexes entre le stress et la génétique qui conduisent à la manifestation de troubles tels que la dépression, l’anxiété et le dysfonctionnement cognitif. Des preuves de plus en plus nombreuses suggèrent que le système glutamatergique peut être une cible thérapeutique pertinente pour de tels troubles. Le glutamate est le neurotransmetteur utilisé par la grande majorité des synapses excitatrices dans le cerveau. Et les sous-types des récepteurs métabotropique au glutamate (mGluR1 – mGluR8) agissent avant tout comme d’importants régulateurs postsynaptiques de la neurotransmission dans le système nerveux central (SNC), en fournissant un mécanisme par lequel les réponses synaptiques rapides à travers des canaux cationiques dépendants du glutamate peuvent être affinées. Ainsi, les récepteurs mGluR participent à une grande variété de fonctions du système nerveux central. Au sein dela famille des récepteurs métabotropiques au glutamate, le récepteur présynaptique mGluR7 montre la conservation évolutive la plus élevée et on pense qu'il agit comme un régulateur de la libération de neurotransmetteurs. Le récepteur mGluR7 est également le plus largement distribué des récepteurs présynaptiques mGluR, présent sur une large gamme de synapses démontrées comme critiques à la fois dans le fonctionnement normal du système nerveux central, mais également dans une large gamme de troubles psychiatriques et neurologiques. De plus, un nombre croissant de preuves expérimentales suggèrent que le récepteur mGluR7 est non seulement un acteur clé dans l’élaboration de réponses synaptiques au niveau des synapses glutamatergiques, mais qu’il est également un régulateur clé de la transmission GABAergique inhibitrice. Le développement d’outils pharmacologiques et génétiques sélectifs a permis le démantèlement de la fonction du récepteur mGluR7 dans une multitude de processus physiologiques et comportementaux. Ainsi les souris knock-out ont mis en évidence un rôle du récepteur mGluR7 dans l’anxiété, le conditionnement de la peur, l’aversion, l’apprentissage et la mémoire spatiale. De plus, ces souris dépourvues du récepteur métabrotrope mGluR7 démontrent une sensibilité accrue aux crises épileptiques suggérant un rôle unique de ce récepteur dans la régulation de l’excitabilité neuronale. De même, une altération de la plasticité synaptique à court terme dans les souris transgéniques dépourvues du récepteur métabotrope au glutamate mGluR7 démontre que l’absence de récepteurs mGluR7 engendre des altérations de la plasticité synaptique à court terme dans l’hippocampe. En outre, la découverte et la caractérisation récente du premier antagoniste allostérique agissant sur le domaine VFTD de l’extrémité N-terminale du récepteur mGluR7 potentialise définitivement les observations effectuées sur les souris mGluR7 knock-out quant à la fonction de ce récepteur dans l’anxiété et la dépression. Ensemble, ces données suggèrent que le récepteur mGluR7 est un important régulateur de la fonction glutamatergique, de la peur, de l’aversion et de la cognition et donc ce récepteur représente une cible thérapeutique innovante pour les troubles liés au stress à l’interface de la cognition et de l’anxiété. / Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) consist of eight different subtypes and exert their effects on second messengers and ion channels via G-proteins. The function of individual mGluR subtypes in the CNS, however, largely remains to be clarified. To study the role of mGluR7 receptors, we used homologous recombination to generate mice lacking this metabotropic receptor subtype (mGluR7). Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron-microscopic analyses showed that mGluR7 is highly expressed in amygdala and preferentially localized at the presynaptic axon terminals of glutamatergic neurons, suggesting strongly that mGluR7 is involved in neural processes subserving amygdala-dependent averse responses. To examine amygdala-dependent behavior, we examined first the fear response of freezing after electric shock in wild-type and mGluR7 (mGluR7-/-) knockout littermates. Wild-type mice displayed freezing immediately after footshock. In comparison, mGluR7 knockout mice showed significantly reduced levels in both immediate postshock and delayed freezing responses. However, the knockout mice exhibited no abnormalities in pain sensitivity and locomotor activity. Secondly, we performed conditioned taste aversion (CTA) experiments. In wild-type mice, the administration of saccharin followed by intraperitoneal injection of the malaise-inducing agent LiCl resulted in an association between saccharin and LiCl. This association caused strong CTA toward saccharin. In contrast, mGluR7 knockout mice failed to associate between the taste and the negative reinforcer in CTA experiments. Again, the knockout mice showed no abnormalities in taste preference and in the sensitivity to LiCl toxicity. These results indicated that mGluR7 deficiency causes an impairment of two distinct amygdala-dependent behavioral paradigms. Because the amygdale function is essential for these two distinct behavioral paradigms, our results suggest that mGluR7 is critical in amygdale function. The amygdale is a brain region that is known to be critical for the manifestation of anxiolysis and antidepressant action and glutamatergic neurotransmission has been strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. To this end we analyzed the behavioral profiles of mGluR7-/- mice in animal models of depression and anxiety. mGluR7-/- mice were compared to wildtype littermates and showed substantially less behavioural immobility in both the forced swim test and the tail suspension test. Both behavioural paradigms are widely used to predict antidepressant-like activity. Further, mGluR7-/- mice displayed anxiolytic activity in four different behavioural tests namely the light-dark box, the elevated plus maze, the staircase test, and the stress-induced hyperthermia test, while their cognitive performance was normal in the passive avoidance paradigm. [...]

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