A presente dissertação é resultado da pesquisa que teve como objetivo principal investigar as representações de professores do Ensino Fundamental I, tanto da rede privada quanto da pública, sobre Dislexia e como estas representações norteiam suas práticas. Buscamos saber, além do que significa a Dislexia para os cinquenta professores que fizeram parte da pesquisa, como percebem a importância do diagnóstico e o que realizam em sua prática para satisfazer as necessidades dos alunos disléxicos; além disso, identificou-se qual o número de alunos com diagnóstico de Dislexia e com dificuldades, mas sem o diagnóstico. Foram consultados documentos legais que se referem de alguma forma ao processo de aprendizagem da criança ou do adolescente e aos direitos e inclusão daqueles que apresentam quaisquer distúrbios ou dificuldades. Além disso, a pesquisa contou com o preenchimento de questionários por parte de cinquenta professores atuantes em salas de aula do Ensino Fundamental I de escolas públicas e privadas, sendo uma pública e três privadas localizadas na capital do Estado de São Paulo e na Grande São Paulo. Não consistiu objetivo do trabalho a comparação das instituições ou redes, mas sim reunir um número significativo de professores que atuam nos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental I. A pesquisa se restringiu a professores atuantes em tal momento da Educação Básica, pois estes são os que lecionam para alunos durante o processo de alfabetização, momento esse em que as dificuldades na aquisição da leitura são notadas de modo mais acentuado. Participaram da pesquisa professores com diferentes tempos de formação e atuação em sala de aula e com formação também diversa, alguns com pós-graduação e outros com graduação. A pesquisa teve cunho qualitativo, sendo os dados sistematizados e analisados com base no seguinte referencial teórico: Perrenoud (2001), com a discussão do conceito indiferença; os estudos de Tardif (2012) sobre os saberes docentes, tema essencial para uma análise das representações dos professores, assim como Chartier (1999, 2002) com o conceito de representação. Para conceituar Dislexia nos valemos das contribuições de autores como Simone Capellini (2009; 2011; 2013) e Jaime Zorzi (1998; 2009) que tratam do conceito no âmbito da fonoaudiologia; Saul Cypel (1993) e Sylvia Ciasca (2006), assim como Sally Shaywitz (2006) e Françiose Estienne (2001) foram referências para conceituar o termo além de Susan e William Stainback (1999). O estudo revelou que os professores investigados possuem representações variadas sobre a Dislexia, estando algumas mais próximas e outras menos das referências teóricas e documentos legais tomados como base. A pesquisa mostrou os percalços ou a preocupação em agir de forma que seja justa e adequada perante a dificuldade apresentada por alunos disléxicos. Muitos professores sinalizaram adaptações a serem realizadas ao possuírem alunos com Dislexia, mas estas foram bastante diversas e demonstraram certa insegurança ou incerteza em ser assertivo na adaptação utilizada. / This dissertation is the result of the research that aimed to investigate the teachers representations of the elementary school in both scenarios the private and the public, about dyslexia and how these representations guide their practices. We seek to understand not only what dyslexia means to fifty teachers who were part of the research but also how they perceive the importance of diagnosing and performing in their practice to meet the needs of dyslexic students. Furthermore, it was identified the number of students diagnosed with dyslexia and how many have difficulties, but without the diagnosis. Legal documents that are, somehow, related to child\'s or adolescents learning process and the rights and inclusion of those who have any disturbances or difficulties were consulted. In addition, the research included the completion of questionnaires by fifty teachers working in classrooms of elementary school of public and private schools (one public and three private schools, located in the capital of São Paulo and São Paulos metropolis).The objective of this dissertation is not to make the comparison of institutions or networks, but to gather a significant number of teachers who work in the early years of elementary school I. The research was restricted to teachers who work with basic education since they are the ones who teach for students in the literacy process, in which the difficulties in reading acquisition can be more sharply noted. The participants were teachers at different times of training and performance in the classroom and different backgrounds, some of them were postgraduates, some graduated. The research has a qualitative nature and was systematized and analyzed based on the following theoretical: Perrenoud (2001), which discuss the indifferences concept; the studies of Tardif (2012) on the teaching knowledge, essential theme for an analysis of the representations of teachers, as well as Chartier (1999, 2002) with the representations concept. To conceptualize Dyslexia we make use of the contributions of authors such as Simone Capellini (2009; 2011; 2013) and Jaime Zorzi (1998, 2009) who deal with this concept in the context of speech therapy. Saul Cypel (1993) and Sylvia Ciasca (2006), as well as Sally Shaywitz (2006) and Franciose Estienne (2001) were references to conceptualize the term, in addition of Susan and William Stainback (1999). The study revealed that teachers present various representations of Dyslexia, some of which more and some less related to the theoretical references and legal documents used as a basis. Research has shown the difficulty or concern of the teachers to act in a manner that is fair and adequate, given the current difficulties presented by dyslexic students. Many teachers signaled adaptations to be made when having students with dyslexia, but they were quite different and demonstrated uncertainty or insecurity about being assertive in adapting used.

A presente dissertação é resultado da pesquisa que teve como objetivo principal investigar as representações de professores do Ensino Fundamental I, tanto da rede privada quanto da pública, sobre Dislexia e como estas representações norteiam suas práticas. Buscamos saber, além do que significa a Dislexia para os cinquenta professores que fizeram parte da pesquisa, como percebem a importância do diagnóstico e o que realizam em sua prática para satisfazer as necessidades dos alunos disléxicos; além disso, identificou-se qual o número de alunos com diagnóstico de Dislexia e com dificuldades, mas sem o diagnóstico. Foram consultados documentos legais que se referem de alguma forma ao processo de aprendizagem da criança ou do adolescente e aos direitos e inclusão daqueles que apresentam quaisquer distúrbios ou dificuldades. Além disso, a pesquisa contou com o preenchimento de questionários por parte de cinquenta professores atuantes em salas de aula do Ensino Fundamental I de escolas públicas e privadas, sendo uma pública e três privadas localizadas na capital do Estado de São Paulo e na Grande São Paulo. Não consistiu objetivo do trabalho a comparação das instituições ou redes, mas sim reunir um número significativo de professores que atuam nos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental I. A pesquisa se restringiu a professores atuantes em tal momento da Educação Básica, pois estes são os que lecionam para alunos durante o processo de alfabetização, momento esse em que as dificuldades na aquisição da leitura são notadas de modo mais acentuado. Participaram da pesquisa professores com diferentes tempos de formação e atuação em sala de aula e com formação também diversa, alguns com pós-graduação e outros com graduação. A pesquisa teve cunho qualitativo, sendo os dados sistematizados e analisados com base no seguinte referencial teórico: Perrenoud (2001), com a discussão do conceito indiferença; os estudos de Tardif (2012) sobre os saberes docentes, tema essencial para uma análise das representações dos professores, assim como Chartier (1999, 2002) com o conceito de representação. Para conceituar Dislexia nos valemos das contribuições de autores como Simone Capellini (2009; 2011; 2013) e Jaime Zorzi (1998; 2009) que tratam do conceito no âmbito da fonoaudiologia; Saul Cypel (1993) e Sylvia Ciasca (2006), assim como Sally Shaywitz (2006) e Françiose Estienne (2001) foram referências para conceituar o termo além de Susan e William Stainback (1999). O estudo revelou que os professores investigados possuem representações variadas sobre a Dislexia, estando algumas mais próximas e outras menos das referências teóricas e documentos legais tomados como base. A pesquisa mostrou os percalços ou a preocupação em agir de forma que seja justa e adequada perante a dificuldade apresentada por alunos disléxicos. Muitos professores sinalizaram adaptações a serem realizadas ao possuírem alunos com Dislexia, mas estas foram bastante diversas e demonstraram certa insegurança ou incerteza em ser assertivo na adaptação utilizada. / This dissertation is the result of the research that aimed to investigate the teachers representations of the elementary school in both scenarios the private and the public, about dyslexia and how these representations guide their practices. We seek to understand not only what dyslexia means to fifty teachers who were part of the research but also how they perceive the importance of diagnosing and performing in their practice to meet the needs of dyslexic students. Furthermore, it was identified the number of students diagnosed with dyslexia and how many have difficulties, but without the diagnosis. Legal documents that are, somehow, related to child\'s or adolescents learning process and the rights and inclusion of those who have any disturbances or difficulties were consulted. In addition, the research included the completion of questionnaires by fifty teachers working in classrooms of elementary school of public and private schools (one public and three private schools, located in the capital of São Paulo and São Paulos metropolis).The objective of this dissertation is not to make the comparison of institutions or networks, but to gather a significant number of teachers who work in the early years of elementary school I. The research was restricted to teachers who work with basic education since they are the ones who teach for students in the literacy process, in which the difficulties in reading acquisition can be more sharply noted. The participants were teachers at different times of training and performance in the classroom and different backgrounds, some of them were postgraduates, some graduated. The research has a qualitative nature and was systematized and analyzed based on the following theoretical: Perrenoud (2001), which discuss the indifferences concept; the studies of Tardif (2012) on the teaching knowledge, essential theme for an analysis of the representations of teachers, as well as Chartier (1999, 2002) with the representations concept. To conceptualize Dyslexia we make use of the contributions of authors such as Simone Capellini (2009; 2011; 2013) and Jaime Zorzi (1998, 2009) who deal with this concept in the context of speech therapy. Saul Cypel (1993) and Sylvia Ciasca (2006), as well as Sally Shaywitz (2006) and Franciose Estienne (2001) were references to conceptualize the term, in addition of Susan and William Stainback (1999). The study revealed that teachers present various representations of Dyslexia, some of which more and some less related to the theoretical references and legal documents used as a basis. Research has shown the difficulty or concern of the teachers to act in a manner that is fair and adequate, given the current difficulties presented by dyslexic students. Many teachers signaled adaptations to be made when having students with dyslexia, but they were quite different and demonstrated uncertainty or insecurity about being assertive in adapting used.

<p>The inverse base-rate effect is the observation that on certain occasions people classify new objects as belonging to rare base-rate categories rather than common ones (e.g., D. L. Medin & S. M. Edelson, 1988). This finding is inconsistent with normative prescriptions of rationality, and provides an anomaly for current theories of human knowledge representation, such as the exemplar-based models of categorization, which predict a consistent use of base-rates (e.g., D. L. Medin & M. M. Schaffer, 1978). This thesis presents a novel explanation of the inverse base-rate effect. The proposal is that participants sometimes eliminate category options that are inconsistent with well-supported inference rules. These assumptions contrast with those by attentional theory (J. K. Kruschke, in press), according to which the inverse base-rate effect is the outcome of rapid attention shifts operating on cue-category associations. Study I, II, and III verified seven qualitative predictions derived from the eliminative inference idea. None of these phenomena can be explained by attentional theory. The most important of these findings were that elimination of well-known, common categories mediate the inverse base-rate effect rather than the strongest cue-category associations (Study I), that only participants with a rule-based mode of generalization exhibit the inverse base-rate effect (Study II), and that rapid attentional shifts per se do not accelerate learning, but rather decelerate it (Study III). In addition, Study I provided a quantitative implementation of the eliminative inference idea, ELMO, that demonstrated that this high-level reasoning process can produce the basic pattern of base-rate effects in the inverse base-rate design. Taken together, as an account of the inverse base-rate effect the empirical evidence of this thesis suggest that rule-based elimination is a powerful component of the inverse base-rate effect. But previous studies have indicated that attentional shifts affect the inverse base-rate effect, too. Therefore, a complete account of the inverse base-rate effect needs to integrate inductive and eliminative inferences operating on rule-based representations with attentional shifts. The Discussion of this thesis propose a number of suggestions for such integrative work. </p>

The inverse base-rate effect is the observation that on certain occasions people classify new objects as belonging to rare base-rate categories rather than common ones (e.g., D. L. Medin &amp; S. M. Edelson, 1988). This finding is inconsistent with normative prescriptions of rationality, and provides an anomaly for current theories of human knowledge representation, such as the exemplar-based models of categorization, which predict a consistent use of base-rates (e.g., D. L. Medin &amp; M. M. Schaffer, 1978). This thesis presents a novel explanation of the inverse base-rate effect. The proposal is that participants sometimes eliminate category options that are inconsistent with well-supported inference rules. These assumptions contrast with those by attentional theory (J. K. Kruschke, in press), according to which the inverse base-rate effect is the outcome of rapid attention shifts operating on cue-category associations. Study I, II, and III verified seven qualitative predictions derived from the eliminative inference idea. None of these phenomena can be explained by attentional theory. The most important of these findings were that elimination of well-known, common categories mediate the inverse base-rate effect rather than the strongest cue-category associations (Study I), that only participants with a rule-based mode of generalization exhibit the inverse base-rate effect (Study II), and that rapid attentional shifts per se do not accelerate learning, but rather decelerate it (Study III). In addition, Study I provided a quantitative implementation of the eliminative inference idea, ELMO, that demonstrated that this high-level reasoning process can produce the basic pattern of base-rate effects in the inverse base-rate design. Taken together, as an account of the inverse base-rate effect the empirical evidence of this thesis suggest that rule-based elimination is a powerful component of the inverse base-rate effect. But previous studies have indicated that attentional shifts affect the inverse base-rate effect, too. Therefore, a complete account of the inverse base-rate effect needs to integrate inductive and eliminative inferences operating on rule-based representations with attentional shifts. The Discussion of this thesis propose a number of suggestions for such integrative work.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-01-11T14:26:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2354778 bytes, checksum: 5422f68a2ab3c3d66aa58d33acc9dfeb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-11T14:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2354778 bytes, checksum: 5422f68a2ab3c3d66aa58d33acc9dfeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / This research aimed to identify the teacher knowledge evidenced in the texts/discourses produced by three English teachers from language courses in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, given the lack of mandatory specific initial training to act in this context. This study finds its theoretical support in the proposals of the Socio-Discursive Interactionism (BRONCKART, 1999; 2006; 2008), whose central thesis considers language as having the key role for the mediation between individual actions and collective activities that promote the human development and functioning, challenging thereby the division of Human/Social Sciences and defining it as a chain of the Human Science. Therefore, an interaction of man, language and worlds is proposed, based on the notions of represented worlds by Habermas (2010), the constitutive elements of work (AMIGUES, 2004) and teacher knowledge presented by Tardif (2013). The collection and provision of data of this qualitative and interpretative research were carried out through two methodological tools – a questionnaire and a set of pre-task and post-task interviews. The data analysis was performed with the used of the textual architecture (MACHADO and BRONCKART, 2009) and three of its categories: the thematic content, modalizations and person rates. The results indicate the (re)configuration of the teachers’ practices and the (re)normatization, especially the methodological requirements, were influenced mainly by personal knowledge, knowledge coming from their working experience and formal training. These evidences were identified by the most reoccurring presence of deontic and pragmatic markers throughout texts/discourses of the participating teachers. In this manner, we find that the collective and individual representations that are presented in the teachers’ texts are mainly related to academic formation and the methodological nature of the language schools. The mismatch between university and labor market is another issue that we identified as a factor that influences the (trans)formation of teacher knowledge into an ongoing process of professional development. / Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar os saberes docentes evidenciados nos textos/discursos produzidos por três professores de Inglês de cursos livres de idiomas, na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba, tendo em vista a não obrigatoriedade da formação inicial específica para atuar nesse contexto. Este estudo encontra sua fundamentação teórica nas propostas do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (BRONCKART, 1999; 2006, 2008), cuja tese central confere à linguagem papel fundamental de mediadora entre as ações individuais e as atividades coletivas que promovem o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento humano, contestando desse modo, a divisão das Ciências Humanas/Sociais e localizando-a como uma corrente da Ciência do Humano. Assim, propomos analisar as representações desses professores, relacionando-as com os mundos representados de Habermas (2010), os elementos constitutivos do trabalho (AMIGUES, 2004) e os saberes docentes citados por Tardif (2013). A partir de uma perspectivaqualitativo-interpretativista, apropriamo-nos de dois instrumentos metodológicos para a geração dos dados: o questionário e as entrevistas pré e pós-tarefa. Para a análise de tais dados tomamos por base a noção de arquitetura textual (MACHADO e BRONCKART, 2009) e três das suas categorias: os conteúdos temáticos, modalizações e índices de pessoa. Os resultados indicam que as (re)configurações do agir desses professores e as (re)normatizações, sobretudo das prescrições metodológicas, foram influenciadas, principalmente, pelos saberes pessoais, saberes provenientes da experiência de trabalho e da formação para o magistério. Essas evidências foram identificadas por meio da presença mais recorrente das modalizações deônticas e pragmáticas ao longo dos textos/discursos dos professores-participantes. Sendo assim, pudemos constatar que representações do coletivo e do individual que se fazem presentes nos textos dos professores estão relacionados, sobretudo, às referências à formação acadêmica e à natureza metodológica do cursos de idiomas. O descompasso existente entre universidade e mercado de trabalho é outro ponto que identificamos como fator de influência na (trans)formação dos saberes docentes, em um processo contínuo de desenvolvimento profissional.