Corruption is a global phenomenon were countries get involved socially, politically and economically.1 Corrupted actions in one country don’t need to be seen as corruption in another country, the law on what is considered corruption differs. The empirical analysis which I used is a qualitative theory-consuming research design with Kosovo as case in center. The essay’s research question is Which corruption syndromes does Kosovo get affected by? The essay explains in which way corruption affects Kosovo by Johnston corruption syndrome. Johnston uses influence markets, elite cartels, oligarchs and clans and official moguls as different corruption syndromes, to explain diverse corruption. Influence markets handle uses of wealth to search influence within political and administrative institutions. Elite cartels consist of politicians, bureaucrats, military and ethnic leaders who distribute the benefits of corruption among themselves. Oligarchs and clans handle organized crime, officials and corrupted politicians who use political power and violence to get their will through. Political figures within official moguls “set the frame” for which direction societies shall strive. Kosovo, I find is undergoing official moguls-syndrome corruption because of its occurrences which show that those who are involved in corruption cases have connections to senior politicians.

Corruption is a phenomenon that is widespread across the globe. As a phenomenom, it can occur at a post office,when a policeman stops you for speeding, or between big companies and politicians. Tunisia is the birthplace ofthe so-called Arab spring, and one big reason why the tunisian people rioted against the former president Ben Ali was because of the corruption that had plagued the society. The research question of this thesis is “What kind of corruption problems is Tunisia suffering from?”. This research paper tries to investigate Tunisia as a case, by using Michael Johnston’s four corruption syndromes influence markets, elite cartels, oligarchs and clans and official moguls as a theoretical framework. The empirical material used in this study was obtained by using the following qualitative methods. Firstly, gathering information from reports written by various internationally recognised organizations, secondly from different newspapers who have reported about corruption-related incidents in Tunisia, and thirdly by conducting an interview with a former governmental advisor in Tunisia. The results of this study showed that Tunisia still is plagued by corruption, after more than a decade since the toppling of the Ben Ali regime. Today, elite cartels is the best fitting corruption syndrome to describe the corruption goingon in Tunisia today, due to different corrupt networks cooperating and benefitting eachother by using corruptpractises, mainly along the Libyan border.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka den politiska utveckling som har präglat Ungern det senaste årtiondet, förankrat i Michael Johnstons teori om korruptionssyndrom. Studien tar avstamp i två frågeställningar som avsåg att besvara Ungern positionering inom det korruptionssyndrom som landet placerades inom år 2005, samt i vilken riktning landet tenderade att förflytta sig mot. Den metodologiska ansatsen för uppsatsen var en kvalitativ idealtypsanalys som genomfördes på det specifika fallet Ungern. Den främsta anledningen atttillämpa Ungern som ett empiriskt fall spelade in på den politiska ovisshet som råder i landet med premiärminister Viktor Orbán i regi. Ungerns statistiska klassificering har de dryga 10 åren kommit att reduceras drastisk i Transparency Internationals årliga korruptionsmätningar, samtidigt som den exekutiva makten medvetet har motarbetat en demokratisk utveckling. Utifrån de teoretiska faktorerna som spelar en stor väsentlig roll i uppsatsen, politiska möjligheter, ekonomiska möjligheter, statskapacitet samt ekonomiska institutioner har material samlats in för att besvara de ovannämnda forskningsfrågorna. Ett allomfattande resultat som går att urskilja, är att de politiska möjligheterna i Ungern ogynnsamt har kommit att förändras och sålunda kommit att påverka Ungerns positionering och riktning inom korruptionssyndromet elitkartell.