APLF (Aprataxin and Polynucleotide kinase-Like Factor), a novel protein with a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and two poly(ADP-ribose)-binding zinc fingers (PBZ), interacts with core non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair factors, Ku and XRCC4-DNA ligase IV, and facilitates NHEJ. However, how APLF functions in NHEJ is undefined. This thesis demonstrates that the Ku-binding domain on APLF is mapped to amino acid residues 180-200, where conserved amino acid residue W189 strongly contributes to the APLF-Ku interaction. Remarkably, the APLF-Ku interaction is involved in the nuclear localization of APLF. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the N-terminal region (amino acids 1-200), containing the XRCC4-Ligase IV and Ku binding domains, is required for APLF- dependent NHEJ. Collectively, these findings suggest that Ku contributes to APLF nuclear localization, and that once APLF is retained in the nucleus, the N-terminal portion of APLF, which facilitates interactions with the core NHEJ proteins Ku and XRCC4-DNA ligase IV, is required for efficient NHEJ.

APLF (Aprataxin and Polynucleotide kinase-Like Factor), a novel protein with a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and two poly(ADP-ribose)-binding zinc fingers (PBZ), interacts with core non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair factors, Ku and XRCC4-DNA ligase IV, and facilitates NHEJ. However, how APLF functions in NHEJ is undefined. This thesis demonstrates that the Ku-binding domain on APLF is mapped to amino acid residues 180-200, where conserved amino acid residue W189 strongly contributes to the APLF-Ku interaction. Remarkably, the APLF-Ku interaction is involved in the nuclear localization of APLF. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the N-terminal region (amino acids 1-200), containing the XRCC4-Ligase IV and Ku binding domains, is required for APLF- dependent NHEJ. Collectively, these findings suggest that Ku contributes to APLF nuclear localization, and that once APLF is retained in the nucleus, the N-terminal portion of APLF, which facilitates interactions with the core NHEJ proteins Ku and XRCC4-DNA ligase IV, is required for efficient NHEJ.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 319-327). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis--University of Pittsburgh. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-224).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 319-327). Also available on the Internet.

The design and study of multiple RF direct digital manufactured (DDM) devices are presented in this work. A 2.45 GHz, 180°; hybrid coupler is designed to provide the space required for other system components. The coupler is designed and manufactured on a 32 mil Rogers 4003C substrate and adapted to a 100% in-fill acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) substrate. A size reduction of 66% is accomplished with a bandwidth of 16%. A DDM Ku band connector is modeled and fabricated using varying relative dielectric constants of 50% and 100% in-fill ABS. The connector maintains less than 0.45 dB of insertion loss up to 14 GHz and greater than 10dB of return loss up to 15 GHz. A lumped component model is also developed to model the damaged transition of the connector with agreement to numerical electromagnetic simulation software. Lastly, a thermal and RF study of a Ku band power amplifier (PA) is performed. Two 5 mil 100% in-fill ABS PA test fixtures are fabricated with a varying number of vias. The designs are biased at various operating points to collect thermal and RF data. The PA operates at 151°C before melting the ABS substrate. A thermal model is developed from the measurement data to predict the temperatures at given power levels with good agreement between simulation and model data.

Parmi les dommages de l'ADN, la cassure double-brin (CDB) constitue la lésion la plus toxique, puisqu'une seule CDB non réparée ou réparée de façon incorrecte peut conduire à la mort cellulaire. Cette toxicité est justement exploitée en clinique pour éradiquer les cellules tumorales. Parmi l'arsenal des molécules utilisées en chimiothérapie, les poisons de topoisomérase I (TOPO1), tel que la camptothécine (CPT), sont capables d'induire un type particulier de CDBs à une seule extrémité, générées lors de la collision entre la fourche de réplication et la TOPO1 bloquée sur l'ADN. Ces cassures sont réparées par recombinaison homologue (RH) puisqu'en absence de seconde extrémité, elles ne peuvent être substrats de la jonction d'extrémités non homologues (JENH) qui, pour ligaturer en nécessite deux. L'hétérodimère Ku, initiateur de la JENH est à la fois un détecteur majeur des CDBs de par son abondance nucléaire et sa forte affinité, et un puissant inhibiteur de la RH. Ainsi, pour la compréhension des mécanismes déterminants le choix de la voie de réparation adaptée à chaque type de CBD, la régulation de la liaison de Ku aux CDBs à une extrémité est donc une question cruciale. Dans ce contexte, mon premier projet de thèse a concerné la compréhension moléculaire du choix de la voie de réparation des CDBs à une extrémité. Par une technique de microscopie à haute résolution, j'ai d'abord montré que l'hétérodimère Ku et son partenaire la DNA-PKcs sont rapidement recrutés au niveau de ces dommages dans l'ADN de cellules humaines. J'ai ensuite démontré que grâce à la phosphorylation de CtIP par ATM et à l'action coordonnée des activités nucléases de MRE11 et CtIP, Ku est relargué des CDBs à une extrémité. La dissociation de la DNA-PKcs des CDBs à une extrémité dépend de sa phosphorylation par ATM au niveau du cluster ABCDE. A l'aide d'un mutant non phosphorylable de ce cluster, j'ai montré que le défaut de dissociation de la DNA-PKcs prévient le relargage de l'hétérodimère Ku dépendant de MRE11. Mes travaux suggèrent toutefois l'existence d'une voie additionnelle pouvant éliminer Ku de plus 50% des CDBs à une extrémité. Enfin, j'ai démontré que la persistance de Ku et de la DNA-PKcs aux extrémités de la cassure ne perturbe ni la résection longue distance ni la formation de filament de RAD51 mais compromet la survie cellulaire. Mon second projet de thèse a consisté à perturber les mécanismes contrôlant le choix de la voie de réparation des CDBs dans le but de potentialiser l'effet de la CPT. Comme l'inhibition d'ATM induit une sensibilisation dramatique des cellules en réplication à la CPT, il devrait être possible d'identifier d'autres sensibilisateurs à la CPT qui désorganiseraient la réparation des CDBs à une extrémité. Sur la base d'un test de cytotoxicité, j'ai réalisé un criblage phénotypique de la chimiothèque du NIH et identifié un antibiotique, la nitrofurantoïne (NTF) et l'hydrocortisone acétate (HCA) capables de potentialiser l'effet de la CPT. Si la sensibilisation par la NTF semble plutôt associée à la génération d'espèces oxygénées réactives (ROS) par nitroréduction de la molécule, celle induite par l'HCA n'a pas été reproduit et est toujours en cours d'investigation. Mes travaux de thèse contribuent à la compréhension des mécanismes du choix de la voie de réparation impliqués dans la tolérance des cellules à la CPT et ouvrent des perspectives de ciblage pour potentialiser son pouvoir anti-cancéreux. / DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most toxic DNA damage, because a single mis- or un-repaired DSB can lead to cell death. This toxicity is exploited in clinics to eradicate tumoral cells. So, among molecules currently used in chemotherapy, topoisomerase 1 (TOPO1) poisons such as camptothecin (CPT), are able to generate a particular type of DSB bearing one single end (seDSBs); these lesions are created when a replication fork collides with the TOPO1 blocked on the DNA. They are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) because, devoid of a second end, they cannot be ligated by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). The Ku heterodimer, the initiator of the NHEJ is both a major detector of the DSBs due to its nuclear abundance and strong affinity, and a powerful HR inhibitor. Therefore, the regulation of Ku binding to one-ended DSB is a crucial question for the understanding of mechanisms determining the choice of the suitable DSB repair pathway. In this context, my first thesis project aimed at deciphering the molecular mechanisms responsible for the DNA repair pathway choice at seDSBs. Firstly, using High Resolution Microscopy, I demonstrated that Ku and DNA-PKcs are rapidly recruited on seDSBs. Then, I showed that ATM-dependent phosphorylation of CtIP and the epistatic and coordinated actions of MRE11 and CtIP nuclease activities are required to limit the stable loading of Ku on seDSBs. I established that DNA-PKcs removal from seDSBs relies on ATM-dependent phosphorylation of the ABCDE cluster. Using a non-phosphorylable mutant of this cluster, I demonstrated that impaired DNA-PKcs removal prevents MRE11 from releasing Ku. However, my work also suggested the existence of an additional mechanism that contributes to prevent Ku accumulation at 50% of seDSBs. Finally, I demonstrated that Ku and DNA-PKcs persistence on seDSBs does not impair long range resection and RAD51 recruitment but compromises cell survival. My second thesis project was dedicated to target the DSB repair pathway choice mechanisms in order to potentiate the effect of CPT. Indeed, since ATM inhibition increases drastically the death of replicative cells treated with CPT, we may identify others sensitizers able to disrupt the repair pathway choice. On the basis of a cytotoxicity assay on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), I performed a phenotypic screening of the NIH Clinical Collection and identified the antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NTF) and hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) as a sensitizer of MEFs to CPT. However, sensitization induced by NTF does not depend on Ku but rather seems to rely on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation by nitroreduction of the molecule and sensitization induced by HCA is not reproducible and is still under investigation. My work contributes to extend the knowledge of the repair pathway choice mechanisms involved in cell tolerance to CPT and opens new opportunities to potentiate its anticancerous property.

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Yes / An offset quad-element, two-port, high-gain, and multiband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) planar antenna based on a log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) for Ku/K-band wireless communications is proposed, in this paper. A single element antenna has been designed starting from Carrel's theory and then optimized with a 50-Ω microstrip feed-line with two orthogonal branches that results mainly in a broadside radiation pattern and improves diversity parameters. For experimental confirmation, the designed structure is printed on an RT-5880 substrate with a thickness of 1.57 mm. The total substrate dimensions of the MIMO antenna are 55 × 45 mm2. According to the measured results, the designed structure is capable of working at 1.3% (12.82-12.98 GHz), 3.1% (13.54-13.96 GHz), 2.3% (14.81-15.15 GHz), 4.5% (17.7-18.52 GHz), and 4.6% (21.1-22.1 GHz) frequency bands. Additionally, the proposed MIMO antenna attains a peak gain of 4.2-10.7 dBi with maximum element isolation of 23.5 dB, without the use of any decoupling structure. Furthermore, the analysis of MIMO performance metrics such as the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and mean effective gain (MEG) validates good characteristics, and field correlation performance over the operating band. The proposed design is an appropriate option for multiband MIMO applications for various wireless systems in Ku/K-bands.