No description available.

1. The biosynthesis and extracellular liberation off alpha-amylase by cultures of B. subtills in the presence of a number of carbon sources has been investigated. 2. Small amounts of extracellular amylaso were released before the end of the logarithmic phase of growth. 3. Under continuous culture growth conditions, only very small amounts of extracellular amylase were produced during growth on starch-containing media. 4. B. subtilis amylase can be effectively purified by specific complex formation with glycogen. 5. Some of the properties of B. subtilis amylase and commercial amylases claimed to be preparations from B. subtilis have been investigated and the two shown to differ appreciably with respect to heat stability and pattern of attack on amylase. 6. An insoluble derivative of amylase, CN-Cellulose-alpha-amylase, has been prepared and the combination of the enzyme with the cellulose macromolecule has been shown to alter the characteristics and mode of action of the enzyme. An attempt has been made to interpret these effects.

M.S.

Duality begins in the layers of intentions within this thesis. The thesis is approached from the primary need to address the questions of architecture by means of the intellect. Subjectivity is an inevitable intervention in the design process. Thus, there is the secondary need to address the questions of the self in which the intellect and its subjectivity are integral parts. Much of my identity is sculpted by the Buddhist philosophy. Thus it is the primary source which I draw from in the making of architecture. However, the philosophy and architecture are in diametrical opposition. Architecture is reliant on the tangibility of materiality and structure. Buddhism rejects that life in the tangibility. More acutely, its essence is an amorphism because of its inexplicable nature. Conversely, architecture's caliber resides in the clarity of form. This is an attempt in the construct of an architecture taken from outside of architecture while imbuing the quality of being architectural. In parallel, duality is in the dialectic of a thesis and an antithesis in search of a synthesis. / Master of Architecture

In 1960, Samoilov, Sklyarevskii and Stepanovil reported a series of experiments on the nucles polarization of the nuclei of diamagnetic elements in dilute solution in magnetically saturated iron. These experiments were successful attempts to obtain nuclear polarization of the gamma-ray emitting nuclei of indium, antimony, and gold in dilute solution of iron. The specimens were cooled to about 0.03°K bt adiabatic demagnetization of a pill of a paramagnetic salt in thermal contact with them, and were magnetized to saturation. Nuclear orientation in the specimens was detected by anisotropy in the gamma-ray emission which was measured by two scintillation counters arranged parallel and perpendicular to the direction of magnetization of the specimens. They concluded that nuclear orientation was due to interaction of the nuclei with a strong internal magnetic field within the alloy, and from the anisotropy of the gamma-ray emission they determined the order of magnitudes of the magnetic fields at these nuclei. Effective magnetic fields of the order of 7x105 gauss were estimated to act on the AU198 nuclei in iron where the magnetic 3d shell is close to the surface of the atom. It was our intention to determine whether the deeply imbedded 4f electron shell of gadolinium could produce such large hyperfine field as would polarize the gold nuclei in a dilute alloy of gold in gadolinium. A series of experiments on the nuclear polarization of gold in gadolinium by the method of Samoilov are reported in this thesis. A review of the current state of the theory of internal magnetic fields in ferromagnetic materials is given in Chapter III. Much of the theoretical work reviewed here was published after the commencement of the work described in this thesis, and would certainly have suggested other experiments to be performed in this field, had it been published earlier. We intended also, as part of this series of experiments, to investigate the nuclear polarization of the nuclei of suitable gadolinium isotopes in pure gadolinium metal in order to have complementary estimates of the internal magnetic field in gadolinium. It was essential to use specimens in the form of thin discs for two reasons. It was desirable to decrease the demagnetization factor of the specimens, and it was necessary to have them circular in section so that the angular distribution of gamma radiation from a warm sample should be isotropic. The specimens were therefore punched from foils of the metal. Unfortunately, the bulk metal proved to be too brittle to roll them into thin sheets at room temperature. We did not have facilities for heat treatment of the metal, and delivery dates for samples in laminar form were too long to allow the work to be completed in time. We decided also to carry out an experiment on the nuclear orientation of Co60 in a 50% Co-Ni alloy to test the apparatus and the results are given in chapter IX for interest and are compared with results obtained by other investigators.

Results are presented of an experimental and analytical investigation to determine the feasibility of using active control techniques to (1) attenuate the response of a flexible payload to low frequency sinusoidal vibration disturbances, (2) damp the transient response of a flexible payload to step disturbances, and (3) eliminate isolator static deflections under conditions of gradually changing steady acceleration levels. An active vibration isolation system was developed and an experimental working model of the system was built and tested. Digital and analog computer studies were conducted to obtain the transmissibility and transient response characteristics of the isolation system. The analytical and experimental results indicate that the active vibration isolation system is very effective in attenuating the response of a one- and two-degree-of-freedom payload to vibratory disturbances. / Master of Science

The adenovirus major late transcription unit (MLTU) encodes for most of the mRNAs that are translated into the structural proteins of the virus capsid. Transcription from the MLTU is directed by the major late promoter (MLP), which is highly activated during the late phase of infection. This thesis discusses how the adenovirus-encoded L4-22K protein regulates the MLP at both the level of transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. The study shed new light on the complex regulation of the early to late shift of adenoviral gene expression. Here we show that the L4-22K protein has opposing effects on MLP transcription, functioning both as an activator and a repressor protein. The stimulatory effect mainly depends on the direct interaction of the L4-22K protein with the downstream element (DE element) located approximately 100 nucleotides downstream of the transcription initiation site. In addition to the DE element we also show that the promoter-proximal upstream element (UPE) acts as an L4-22K responsive enhancer element in the MLP. Preliminary data suggests that the activation of MLP transcription via DE and UPE differs mechanistically. The transactivation domain of the L4-22K protein is localized to the conserved carboxy-terminus of the protein. Our results also defined a novel low affinity L4-22K binding site, the R1 region, which functions as a repressor element in MLP transcription. At high concentrations L4-22K binds to R1 and recruits the cellular transcription factor Sp1 to a DNA segment covering the major late first leader 5´ splice site that is embedded in the R1 region. Sp1 binding to R1 results in a suppression of L4-22K-mediated activation of MLP transcription. This self-limiting effect on MLP transcription might have a function to fine-tune the MLTU gene expression. Interestingly, the L4-22K protein binds with the same sequence specificity to both the R1 double-stranded DNA and R1 single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). L4-22K binds to the R1 ssRNA with the same polarity as the MLTU nascent RNA. This binding results in the recruitment of U1 snRNA to the major late first leader 5´ splice site. This enhanced U1 snRNA recruitment leads to a suppression of MLP transcription and simultaneously an increase of major late first intron splicing.

Dieser Beitrag gibt einen selektiven Überblick zu theoretischen Konzeptionen von Wettbewerbs- und Strukturpolitik. Anschließend wird die Wettbewerbs- und Strukturpolitik Österreichs vor und seit dem EU-Beitritt anhand eines "Ziele-Mittel-Träger" Konzeptes dargestellt. Eine Fallstudie zum Mediensektor sowie die Einbettung in den internationalen Kontext ergänzen die Ausführungen. / Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

Les translocations chromosomiques qui consistent en l’échange de morceaux de chromosomes sont une des caractéristiques génétiques de nombreux cancers. Les séquences des jonctions des chromosomes transloqués chez les patients correspondent à une réparation par NHEJ. Nous avons étudié le rôle du complexe de ligation XRCC4/LigaseIV du C-NHEJ dans la formation de ces réarrangements chromosomiques dans les cellules humaines. Nous avons utilisé différentes nucléases artificielles (ZFN, TALEN, et CRISPR/Cas9) afin d'introduire deux CDB sur deux chromosomes et nous avons ainsi réussi à générer différentes translocations. Des lignées sauvages et mutantes pour ce complexe de ligation ont été utilisées et la fréquence formation de translocations a été quantifiée par PCR. Nous avons pu observer que celle-ci est souvent diminuée dans les différentes lignées mutantes. Les jonctions des translocations obtenues par séquençage sont modifiées dans des cellules déficientes pour ce complexe. En effet, elles présentent de longues délétions et un biais d’utilisation de microhomologies, indiquant l’utilisation d’un mécanisme alt-NHEJ. Une altération de cette voie dans les cellules humaines n’affecte d’ailleurs pas la formation de ces réarrangements chromosomiques. Ainsi, contrairement aux cellules de souris, les translocations dans les cellules humaines sont générées par le C-NHEJ. / Chromosomal translocations involve the exchange of chromosome pieces and are often associated with oncogenesis. It has been shown that breakpoint junctions of translocated chromosomes found in patients are typical of a repair by NHEJ. Here we investigated the specific role of XRCC4/LigaseIV, the ligation complex of C-NHEJ, on chromosomal translocation formation in human cells. Using different nucleases (ZFN, TALEN, et CRISPR/Cas9) targeting two chromosomes, we studied the induction of translocation in wt and KO human cells, expressing or not the XRCC4/LigaseIV complex. We found that translocation frequency was mostly reduced in XRCC4/LigaseIV deficient cells when we quantified the induction of translocation by PCR. In addition, we analyzed the breakpoint junctions by sequencing. Strikingly, we found that junctions of translocations show large deletions, and a bias towards the use of longer microhomologies only in XRCC4/LigaseIV KO cells, signature of the alt-NHEJ activity. In contrast, translocation formation was not affected in alt-NHEJ deficient cells. Thus conflicting with results obtained in rodent cells where alt-NHEJ promotes translocation formation, translocations in human cells are generated by the C-NHEJ.

Runtime analysis of applications can help to gain insight into control flow of applications as well as detect performance issues. This work presents efficient means for integrating runtime monitoring facilities into the DROPS operating system and uses these to analyse performance and behavior of L4-based applications such as L4Linux.