Strain theory has a long academic lineage for explaining criminal and deviant behavior from the classical writings of Emile Durkheim to the contemporary writings of Robert Agnew. The purpose of this research is to conduct an empirical test of Agnew's general strain theory utilizing Wave 1 data from the 1994-1996 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data (Add Health) (N = 6,503). Utilizing the Add Health data set represents a new attempt at empirically evaluating Agnew's theory. Scales were constructed by the author operationalizing the propositions of general strain theory utilizing variables from this data set. Regression was used to find out if juvenile delinquency is associated with Agnew's general strain theory. Research findings show that taken together, the propositions of general strain theory, cumulative measures of failure to achieve goals, loss of valued objects and introduction of stressful events are all statistically significant predictors of juvenile delinquency. Regression and scale correlations indicated a low positive relationship between juvenile delinquency and Agnew's general strain theory propositions. This study represents an attempt in utilizing a data set which has not been used before to empirically test general strain theory.

Orientadores: Mauro Augusto Demarzo, Inácio Maria Dal Fabbro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Affonso_EudirAlves_D.pdf: 5364894 bytes, checksum: 5129a906f83a74c648da3835cf634275 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A análise do comportamento das estruturas das obras de engenharia civil passam pela determinação das deformações e tensões atuantes em seus elementos. Neste contexto, a extensometria desempenha um papel fundamental. Nos laboratórios de estruturas civis do Brasil, os extensômetros utilizados, em geral, têm se limitado a determinar a deformação específica em um dado ponto dos corpos-de-prova. Verifica-se, porém, que a extensometria óptica apresenta-se como alternativa vantajosa para esta tarefa, fornecendo resultados para todos os pontos da área de medição (em campo inteiro ou full field). Entre as técnicas da extensometria óptica, a de moiré foi escolhida por ser a mais simples e apresentar os menores índices relativos de ruídos. O objetivo geral desta tese foi a implantação desta técnica. Os resultados mostraram que a sensibilidade da técnica de moiré por interferência mecânica (ou geométrica) alcançou níveis que anteriormente só podiam ser obtidos com o uso de interferômetros (moiré interferométrico). Esta tarefa foi possível por multiplicação de franjas obtida por processo digital (DFM), e mostrou-se capaz de medir deformações micrométricas a partir de retículos de baixa frequência. Este trabalho é apresentado como técnica de moiré geométrico digital (TMGD), pois tudo, desde a captura da imagem do retículo do modelo até a geração de franjas foi feita por meio digital, e não se insere na classificação geral das técnicas de moiré presente na bibliografia. O resultado obtido foi algo ainda inovador: uma técnica de baixo custo, insensível a perturbações do meio-ambiente, e capaz de fazer medições na superfície plana dos diversos materiais estruturais, sem aparatos dispendiosos. As conclusões mostram a aplicabilidade do método proposto para medir deformações e analisar tensões em modelos e estruturas de engenharia civil / Abstract: The study of the behavior of building structures pass through the determination of the strain and stresses to evaluate the level of local and global security against the active actions. In the last years in Brazil, the extensometers have been commonly used to measure the strain at a specific single point. The optical extensometry presents itself as an alternative to this task by providing results for all points of measurement area (full field). The moiré techniques are the simplest of the optical extensometry and have the smaller indeces relating to noise. In this work, the sensitivity of mechanics (or geometric) interference of moiré technique reached levels that previously could only be obtained using interferometers (moiré interferometry). It is worth noting that interferometers are appliances that cost thousands of dollars. This task was made possible through the multiplication of fringes obtained through digital technology with application present in photography and digital image processing and proved able to measure deformations for micrometric from very low frequency cross gratings. This work is presented as digital geometric moiré technique (TMGD) because everything from image capture of specimen gratings until the generation of fringes was made by digital means and therefore does not fall within the classification set out in chapter which deals with the classification of moiré techniques. The result was something still unheard in civil engineering in Brazil, a low-cost technique, insensitive to vibrations and of the environment, moreover able to make measurements in plane surfaces without major apparatus. Findings show the applicability of the proposed method to measure strain and to analyze stresses in models and civil engineering structures / Doutorado / Estruturas / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Ce travail de th`ese est consacré à la conception, la réalisation technologique et la caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un nouveau type de capteur de champ magnétique MEMS 3D. Différent de l'approche classique utilisée pour des magnétomètres MEMS 3D, le capteur conçu dans le cadre de cette thèse n'a pas comme base le principe de la force de Lorentz, mais se sert des avantages qu'offrent les matériaux magnétiques intégrés dans des systèmes MEMS. Le matériau magnétique subit un moment lorsqu'il est soumis à un champ magnétique environnant. Le principe de détection du signal est basé sur la piézorésistivité et utilise des jauges en silicium mono-crystallin avec une section nanométrique. Le concept technologique convient également pour la fabrication de capteurs inertiels et est donc une approche prometteuse pour la fabrication des centrales de mesure inertielle (IMUs). La conception est principalement basée sur un modèle de bruit. En dehors de la considération des limitations technologiques, des aspects mécaniques, magnétiques et thermiques sont également pris en compte. Deux pistes ont été étudiées pour l'intégration du matériau magnétique. Une première option consiste dans l'intégration d'aimants terres-rares comme SmCo et NdFeB. Une deuxième option a pour objet l'intégration des multi-couches antiferromagnétiques et ferromagnétiques, couplées par le couplage d'échange. La réalisation technologique bien exigeante des ces deux approches sera présentée avec une concentration particulière sur les propriétés magnétiques des matériaux utilisés. Une autre partie sera consacrée à la caractérisation des contraintes mécaniques dans des couches minces qui peuvent devenir problématiques pour les micro-systèmes conçus dans le cadre de ce travail. Au final, la fabrication du capteur ainsi que des caractérisations fondamentales seront présentées afin d'établir une preuve expérimentale pour le concept du capteur. / This PhD thesis deals with the design, the technological implementation, and functional characterizations of a new type of monolothic 3D MEMS magnetometer. Other than for the classical approach used for 3D MEMS magnetometers, the sensor developed in this work is not based on the principle of Lorentz force, but takes advantage of magnetic material which is integrated into the MEMS device and experiences a torque when surrounded by a magnetic field. Signal detection is based on piezoresistive detection using gauges of monocrystalline silicon with nanometric section. The technological concept is also suitable for the fabrication of inertial sensors and thus a very promising approach for fabrication of inertial measurement units (IMUs). Sensor design mainly relies on a noise model. Besides technological limitations, mechanical, magnetic and thermal aspects are also taken into account. Two different methods for integration of magnetic material were explored. A first option consists in the integration of rare-earth magnets like SmCo and NdFeB, a second option is about the integration of exchange-bias coupled antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic multilayers. The technologically challenging implentation of both approaches will be discussed with a special focus on magnetic properties of the used materials. A further part will be dedicated to the characterization of mechanical stress in thin layers, which may become problematic for the microsystems conceived in this work. Finally, sensor fabrication and fundamental characterizations will be presented as experimental proof of concept for the sensor.

As traffic loads increase and bridges age the need for structural health monitoring is growing. With the digitalization of our society, new non-contact full-field measurement techniques have been developed. These techniques have the potential to be used in monitoring of existing bridges. Today visual inspections are carried out every sixth year. These only give a rough estimate of the structure's health and only provide information about the surface of the structure. In addition to these inspections, traditional sensors like linear variable differential transformers and strain gauges are used to measure parameters such as displacement and strain. For existing bridges in reinforced concrete it is especially important to monitor reinforcement strains, as high strains could be indicative of overloading of the structure or even that a failure is about to occur. The methods available to measure reinforcement strain in existing bridges today are not very effective and have some limitations. The aim of this thesis is thus to evaluate the possibility to predict reinforcement strain based on surface strain measurements obtained by a non-contact full-field optical measurement system. In this study the software ARAMIS was used to measure surface strains, and traditional strain gauges were used to measure reinforcement strain. Strain distribution were evaluated at the initiation of cracks, during sections of cyclic loading and at a load close to the yielding point of the reinforcement. A correlation factor between the strain registered in the software and the strain obtained from the strain gauges was introduced. Based on the results in this study it is not possible to predict exact reinforcement strain based on surface measurements. Digital image correlation does however show potential to be used as a non-contact full-field measurement technique for in-situ measurements. Before this is reality there is still a need for further research in this area.

Les aciers inoxydables lean duplex sont des alliages de fer, de chrome et de nickel dans lesquels coexistent deux phases cristallographiques (austénite - γ et ferrite - α). Ces aciers présentent de très bonnes propriétés mécaniques et de résistance à la corrosion, et trouvent leurs principales applications dans les domaines de l’exploration pétrolière offshore et du dessalement de l’eau de mer. Malgré ces excellentes propriétés, l’influence de la déformation plastique induite par les procédés de mise en forme sur la résistance à la corrosion de ces matériaux est encore peu comprise, et peut constituer un levier d’amélioration de ces alliages. Ainsi, cette étude a eu pour but de déterminer les paramètres de microstructure liés à la déformation plastique et pouvant impacter les réactions d’oxydation du métal et d’évolution de l’hydrogène, souvent liées aux phénomènes de corrosion des métaux en milieux acides. Le rôle de l’émergence des marches de glissement, conséquence en surface du glissement des dislocations dans le métal lors de la déformation plastique, a également été étudié. Des éprouvettes d’acier inoxydable lean duplex UNS S32304 ont été déformées en traction uniaxiale à des niveaux allant de 0% à environ 20%. Un groupe d’échantillons avec et un deuxième groupe sans présence de marches de glissement ont été préparés. Une étude des mécanismes de plasticité de l’acier inoxydable lean duplex distinguant chacune des phases et faisant intervenir notamment des caractérisations des structures de dislocations, des contraintes internes et des marches de glissement a été réalisée. Les vitesses de corrosion (oxydation) du métal et la réaction d’évolution de l’hydrogène (REH) ayant lieu à sa surface ont été étudiés par voie électrochimique en milieu acide chloruré. Il a été démontré que, en absence de marches de glissement, la déformation plastique de l’acier inoxydable lean duplex n’a pas d’effet détectable sur sa résistance à la corrosion dans les conditions de l’étude. Néanmoins, les marches de glissement générées à la surface du matériau pendant la déformation plastique impactent fortement les vitesses de corrosion. Cela est lié à une modification de la cinétique de la REH. Pour les faibles niveaux de déformation (jusqu’à environ 3%), les vitesses de corrosion ainsi que la cinétique d’évolution de l’hydrogène augmentent fortement (facteur d’environ 4), puis diminuent pour atteindre des valeurs proches de celles de l’état de référence vers 10% de déformation. Des essais sur des aciers monophasés à composition chimique proche de chacune des phases de l’acier inoxydable lean duplex ainsi qu’une technique électrochimique locale basée sur l’utilisation de microcapillaires ont confirmé le rôle joué par les marches. Après recoupement avec une simulation à partir de données tirées de la littérature, l’analyse pointe fortement vers une explication faisant intervenir la variation du travail de sortie des électrons de la surface en présence de marches et le rôle de l’émergence des plans denses (111). / Lean duplex stainless steels are alloys basically composed of iron, chromium and nickel in which two cristallographic phases coexist (austenite - γ and ferrite - α). These steels present high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, and find their main applications in the offshore oil exploration and water desalinization sectors. Despite the excellent properties, the effect of plastic strain induced by forming on the corrosion resistance of these materials is yet to be understood, and may represent an improvement lever for these alloys. This study had thereby the aim of determining the microstructure parameters related to plastic strain and that might have an impact on the oxidation reaction of the metal and on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which are often connected to corrosion phenomena of metals in acidic environments. The role of the emergence of slip steps, which are the result at the surface of the sliding of dislocations inside the metal while it deforms plastically, were also studied. Specimens for tensile testing made from UNS S32304 lean duplex stainless steel were strained by interrupted uniaxial tensile testing at different levels ranging from 0% to approximately 20%. A group of specimens with and another group without presence of slip steps on the surface were produced. A study of the plasticity mechanisms of the lean duplex stainless steel was carried out. It mainly involved characterizations of structures of dislocations, internal stresses and slip steps. It distinguished the ferritic and austenitic phases. Corrosion rates (oxidation) of the metal and HER taking place at its surface were studied by electrochemical technique in acidic chloride medium. It was demonstrated that, in the absence of slip steps, plastic strain has no detectable effect on its corrosion resistance in the conditions of the study. Nevertheless, slip steps have shown a strong impact on corrosion rates. That was related to a modification of HER kinetics. For low stain levels (up to approximately 3%), corrosion rates as well as HER kinetics strongly increased (up to 4 times), and then decreased and reached values similar to the ones of the unstrained state at approximately 10% of strain. Tests on monophasic steels having chemical compositions similar to those of each phase of the lean duplex stainless steel have confirmed this important role played by steps. The same has been observed by a local electrochemical technique based on microcapillaries. After confrontation with a simulation based on literature, the analysis points to an explanation involving the electron work function of the surface presenting slip steps and to the role played by the emergence of (111) plans.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-10T19:03:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação. Maria Carolina. PPGEMinas.pdf: 3730779 bytes, checksum: 8594f4287f485aa5df1cc1b54795320a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:03:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação. Maria Carolina. PPGEMinas.pdf: 3730779 bytes, checksum: 8594f4287f485aa5df1cc1b54795320a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-14 / CAPES / A análise estrutural de um maciço rochoso tem por finalidade fornecer elementos para uma melhor compreensão dos parâmetros de descontinuidades. Salienta-se que o controle destes parâmetros constitui o norte científico para orientar a lavra de rochas ornamentais, pois, as dimensões e qualidade dos blocos obtidos dependem principalmente da natureza e equidistância dos fraturamentos associados à distribuição das tensões atuantes em um maciço rochoso. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se a análise estrutural do Sienito Marrom Imperial, localizado em Umari, zona rural do Município de João Alfredo – PE. Ao fornecer tais informações o responsável técnico poderá definir a melhor sistemática tecnológica no plano de aproveitamento econômico a ser adotado, sem provocar o aparecimento de fraturas de alívio na rocha. Os dados coletados durante a visita técnica constituíram um banco de dados utilizado na determinação das projeções estereográficas (rede de Schmidt) e diagramas de rosetas. A análise do fraturamento mostrou que as fraturas de cisalhamento situam-se nas direções 30º Az e 340º Az. A bissetriz do ângulo formado pelo cruzamento destes cisalhamentos corresponde à direção de compressão máxima atuante representada por 1 e disposta na direção 5°Az. Perpendicularmente a essa, encontra-se a direção de distenção, 3. Com base no exposto pode-se concluir que a melhor orientação de corte, para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos de abertura da pedreira, de modo a provocar o alivio das tensões e evitar o aparecimento de fraturas durante os serviços de lavra, é a direção SE-NW. Quanto à caracterização tecnológica, os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos estabelecidos pelas normas ABNT NBR 15844:2010, NBR 12042: 1992 e ASTM C 615:1992. Os índices físicos - massa específica aparente seca e saturada, porosidade e absorção aparentes - atenderam satisfatoriamente aos requisitos da ABNT NBR 15844:2010 e americana ASTM C615: 1992. Os resultados dos ensaios de resistência à compressão simples e resistência à flexão quando comparados com os valores requisitados para granitos, mostram que a rocha suporta uma compressão mediana, levemente inferior ao estabelecido por estas normas. Já o ensaio de desgaste Amsler ficou abaixo de 1mm/m, como especificado pela norma brasileira NBR 15844:2010. A avaliação dos ensaios do Marrom Imperial, juntamente com a análise petrográfica, possibilitou um melhor conhecimento da inter-relação dos resultados, e podendo assim relacionar diretamente a uma melhor aplicação do material objeto de estudo. A rocha pode ser aplicada sem restrições, salvo locais úmidos que requerem impermeabilização e de intenso tráfego. / Structural analysis of a rock mass is intended to provide elements for a better understanding of discontinuities parameters. It is noted that the control of these parameters is the scientific north to guide the mining of dimension stones, therefore, the size and quality of the blocks obtained depend mainly on the nature and equidistance of fracturing associated with the distribution of stresses acting on a rock mass. In this paper is presented a structural analysis of the Syenite Brown Imperial, located in Umari, rural municipality of Joao Alfredo - PE. By providing such information the responsible technician can determine the best technology in the systematic economic exploitation plan to be adopted, without causing the onset of relief of fractures in the rock. The data collected during the technical visit constituted a database used in determining the stereographic projections (Schmidt network) and rosettes diagrams. The analysis of fracturing showed that shear fractures are located in directions 30º and Az 340º Az. The bisecting the angle formed by the intersection of these shear is the maximum active compression direction represented by 1 and arranged in 5 ° Az direction. Perpendicular to this, it is the direction of distention, 3. Based on the above it can be concluded that the best cutting guidance for the development of the opening work of the quarry, so as to cause the relief of the stresses and prevent the occurrence of fracture during the mining services is the direction SE- NW. As for technological characterization, the results were compared to the standards established by the NBR 15844: 2010, NBR 12042: 1992 and ASTM C 615: 1992. Physical indices - apparent dry and saturated especific mass, porosity and apparent absorption - satisfactorily met the requirements of NBR 15844: 2010 and American ASTM C615: 1992. The results of tests on the compressive strength and flexural strength when compared to the values required to granites, showed rock that supports a median compression, slightly lower than that established by these standards. However Amsler wear test was less than 1 mm / m, as specified by the Brazilian standard NBR 15844: 2010. The evaluation of the tests of the Imperial Brown, along with petrographic analysis enabled a better understanding of the interrelationship of the results, and thus being able to relate directly to a better implementation of the object of study material. The rock can be applied without restriction, except wet locations that require waterproofing and high traffic.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do alumínio sobre a fermentação alcoólica utilizando diferentes linhagens industriais de leveduras (CAT-1, BG-1, PE-2, Fleischmann e colônias de leveduras selvagens isoladas do processo de produção de álcool combustível denominadas C1, C5, C6, C8, C10 e C11) em diferentes concentrações de alumínio e também analisar o acúmulo do metal nessas leveduras durante o processo fermentativo com reciclos de células, semelhante ao processo industrial, para tal, foram avaliados parâmetros como: produção de etanol, rendimento fermentativo, formação de biomassa, produção de glicerol, utilização da trealose, eficiência fermentativa e acúmulo de Al pelas leveduras. Os experimentos foram divididos em três partes: 1a avaliar a ação tóxica do alumínio frente às leveduras industriais BG-1, CAT-1, Fleischmann e PE-2 na fermentação de mosto de caldo de cana (19% ART) com 130 ppm Al; 2a avaliar a ação tóxica do alumínio frente à levedura industrial CAT-1 e as colônias de leveduras C1, C5, e C6 isoladas de uma destilaria produtora de álcool combustível fermentando mosto de caldo de cana (19% ART) com 54 ppm Al com 5 reciclos de células e a 3a foi avaliar a ação tóxica do alumínio frente à levedura industrial CAT-1 e as colônias de leveduras C8, C10, e C11 isoladas de uma destilaria produtora de álcool combustível fermentando mosto de caldo de cana (19% ART) com 54 ppm Al com 5 reciclos de células. Os resultados mostram que no primeiro experimento, a ação tóxica do alumínio em mosto de caldo acarreta efeitos estressantes diferenciados dependendo da linhagem de levedura avaliada. As linhagens CAT-1 e BG-1 são as mais tolerantes ao alumínio, quando comparadas com a PE-2 e Fleischmann, sendo esta última a mais vulnerável em relação a todos os parâmetros estudados. No segundo experimento os resultados obtidos nos permitem concluir que nível tóxico de alumínio em mosto de caldo exerce uma ação diferenciada em relação às leveduras industriais. Inferindo que a CAT-1 foi a mais tolerante ao metal mesmo acumulando mais alumínio, o rendimento foi o maior e os teores de trealose também foram menores. No entanto, de uma forma geral se pode inferir que as leveduras C6 e CAT-1 são mais tolerantes ao alumínio do que a levedura C1 e C5. No terceiro ensaio, concluiu-se que a CAT-1 foi a mais tolerante ao metal Al comparada com as linhagens selvagens C8, C10 e C11, tendo como principal efeito na diminuição da viabilidade e aumento do tempo fermentativo. No geral a linhagem de levedura CAT- 1 apresentou melhor desempenho fermentativo frente a ação tóxica do alumínio. / This study aimed to assess the effect of aluminium on the alcoholic fermentation using different strains of industrial yeasts (CAT-1, BG-1, PE-2, Fleischmann and wild yeast colonies isolated from production of alcohol fuel called C1, C5 , C6, C8, C10 and C11) in different concentrations of aluminium and also examine the accumulation of metal in yeast during fermentation with reused of cells, similar to industrial process, for such parameters have been assessed as: production of ethanol, fermentation rate, formation of biomass, glycerol production, use of trehalose, fermentative efficiency and accumulation of Al by yeasts. The experiments were divided into three parts: 1st available the toxic action of the aluminum front of industrial yeasts BG-1, CAT-1, Fleischmann and PE-2 in the fermentation of grape juice from cane (19% TS) with 130 ppm Al. 2nd available the toxic action of the aluminium front of the yeast industrial CAT-1 and the colonies of yeast C1, C5 and C6 isolated from a distillery producing alcohol fuel molasses fermenting of sugar cane juice (19% TS) with 54 ppm Al with 5 recyclation of cells and the 3rd was to evaluate the toxic action of the aluminium front of the industrial CAT-1 yeast and yeast colonies of C8, C10 and C11 isolated from a distillery producing alcohol fuel molasses fermenting of sugar cane juice (19% TS) with 54 ppm Al with 5 recyclation of cell. The results showed that in the first experiment, the toxic action of aluminium in the broth must involve stressful effects depending on different strain of yeast evaluated. The strain CAT-1 and BG-1 are the most tolerant to aluminium, compared with PE-2 and Fleischmann, the latter being the most vulnerable regarding all parameters studied. In the second the results allow us to conclude that toxic levels of aluminum in the broth must exercise a differentiated action in relation to industrial yeast. Deducing that the CAT-1 was the most tolerant even the metal accumulated more aluminum, the yield was the highest levels and levels of trehalose were also lower. However, in general it can be inferred that the yeast C6 and CAT-1 are more tolerant to aluminum than the yeast C1 and C5. In the third test, it was concluded that the CAT-1 was the most tolerant to the metal Al compared with the wild strains C8, C10 and C11, with the main effect in reducing the viability and growth of fermentation time. Overall the strain of yeast CAT-1 showed better performance fermentation front of toxic action of aluminium.

In the classic Hill model for muscle contraction, the split between the muscle and tendon is arbitrary and the problem lacks a unique solution. Instead of reformulating the problem to a differential-algebraic equation and solving for a set of initial conditions, a constant tendon length is commonly assumed in musculoskeletal simulation tools. This assumption has not been thoroughly tested and introduces errors of unknown magnitude to the simulations. In this thesis, the contractile element of the Hill model is modelled as a friction clutch in parallel to a viscous damper. This provides an evolution law for the muscle length by which the muscle speed is numerically calculated taking into account a non-zero tendon speed. A simple biceps curl is simulated with the friction clutch model and compared to corresponding commercial musculoskeletal simulations. Overall, the results are similar, in particular for the muscle lengths which are almost identical in every simulation (0.00-0.42% difference). The difference in tendon speed is 0.00-3.26%, with upwards tendencies. In general, the error percentage of the tendon speed appears to decrease by the same amount that the contraction speed is reduced. Conclusively, it can be said that the introduced friction clutch model delivers comparative outcomes to a commercial musculoskeletal simulation software, while not assuming a constant tendon length. However, while presenting a relatively simple solution, an increased computation time is to be expected due to the need of a differential equation solver. Further investigation regarding implementation and computing times in more complex simulations may provide an alternative approach to conventional musculoskeletal simulations.

Les intrusions magmatiques au sein d’une lithosphère soumise aux contraintes tectoniques sont souvent considérées comme des instabilités thermomécaniques à même de stimuler transitoirement et localement la localisation de la déformation. Dans le but de tester ce modèle et de déterminer les possibles mécanismes gouvernant l’initiation d’une déformation localisée au contact et au sein de corps magmatiques en cours de consolidation, ce travail de thèse se propose de coupler une étude de terrain à une approche expérimentale. Les Cyclades (Mer Égée, Grèce) constituent un domaine de croûte continentale en extension dans lequel se sont mises en place au cœur de cinq dômes métamorphiques extensifs (MCCs) des intrusions magmatiques, elles-mêmes coiffées par des systèmes de détachements. Les diverses campagnes de terrain, combinées aux données de la bibliographie, ont permis de proposer un modèle d’interaction régional dans lequel ces corps magmatiques impactent l’évolution tardive de MCCs cycladiques. Au vu des âges de mise en place des intrusions (15-9 Ma), soit plusieurs millions d’années après le début de l’extension et les premiers stades d’exhumation de roches métamorphiques, le magmatisme dans les Cyclades ne peut être considéré comme un candidat réel pour la genèse de MCCs. Néanmoins, les continuums de la déformation enregistrés en bordure des intrusions (depuis l’état magmatique jusqu’aux conditions ductile/cassant) et les relations géométriques avec les détachements laissent supposer un rôle majeur des complexes magmatiques dans les processus de redistribution et de localisation de la déformation, notamment sur le développement séquentiel de détachements. Les vecteurs de localisation de la déformation au sein de magmas partiellement cristallisés ont été en parallèle recherchés par la voie expérimentale. L’étude du comportement structural de magmas, chimiquement et texturalement proches de systèmes naturels, a permis d’une part de confirmer que la déformation se localise préférentiellement le long d’interfaces à rhéologie contrastée tels aux abords de filons syn-plutoniques. Il est d’autre part montré que la présence initiale d’inhomogénéités texturales (e.g. concentration de cristaux en amas) au sein de magmas moyennement cristallisés peut de manière drastique influencer le degré de localisation de la déformation au cours des stades de refroidissement ultérieurs. / Magma intrusions within the lithosphere are often considered as thermomechanical instabilities capable to locally and transiently stimulate strain localization. With the aim of testing this model and determining possible mechanisms that govern the initiation of localized deformation at the contact and within magmatic bodies, this thesis combine a fieldwork with an experimental approach. The Cyclades (Aegean Sea, Greece) form a highly extended continental domain in which five metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) were intruded by magmatic complexes, themselves capped by detachment systems. All collected structural and kinematic data, combined with previous investigations, converge toward a regional scheme in which magmatic bodies dynamically impacted the late evolution of the Cycladic MCCs. Granitoids were emplaced in relatively short time period (15-9 Ma) while metamorphic domes were largely exhumed after more than 10 Myrs of extension. None of those intrusions thereby proves to be a real candidate for the genesis of MCCs. However, continuums of deformation recorded within granitoids (magmatic to ductile/brittle states) as well as geometrical relationships with detachments suggest a pivotal role of magmatic complexes in redistribution and localization processes of the deformation, with in particular the sequential development of detachments. Precursors of strain localization within partially cristallized magmas have been concurrently deciphered by an experimental study. The investigation of the structural behavior of magmas, chemically and texturally similar to natural systems, corroborates that strain localization is efficiently activated along interfaces with contrasting rheology such as in the vicinity of synplutonic dikes. It has been also shown that the initial presence of textural inhomogeneities (e.g. like clusters) in medium-crystallized magmas can drastically influence the degree of strain localization during subsequent cooling stages.

Les récentes normes environnementales et les demandes de réduction des émissions et de consommation de carburants des moteurs essence exigent de nouvelles stratégies de combustion par lesquels le mélange air/essence devrait être méticuleusement commandé en temps réel par un capteur de pression. Le contrôle de la pression cylindre est une technologie principale qui permet une coordination optimisée du mélange air/carburant, et la recirculation des gaz d'échappement par la rétroaction de contrôle. A ce jour, la mesure de pression cylindre en temps réel n'est pas fournie même sur les voitures récentes. Jusqu'à présent cette mesure a été mise en application sur des moteurs spécifiques pour le développement d'applications particulières telles que le contrôle moteur. Plusieurs obstacles empêchent l'intégration des capteurs de pression sur les nouveaux moteurs; le coût de production élevé de ces dispositifs et leurs implémentations complexe sur les moteurs standards retarde leur développement.Le capteur de pression GCS™ (Gasoline Combustion Sensor) est un capteur non-intrusif de pression cylindre intégré dans une bougie d'allumage qui a un accès direct à la chambre de combustion. Il répond aux contraintes d'intégration automobile, de performance et de fiabilité, et permet la mesure de pression jusqu'à 200bar et du cliquetis. Ce type de capteur permet le suivi de combustion en temps réel exigé pour la combustion par auto-allumage par laquelle la rétroaction rapide des événements de combustion permet la gestion étincelle/carburant dans chaque cylindre. Il agit sur l'allumage aussi bien que sur l'injection pour optimiser la combustion et réduire la consommation de carburant d'environ 1.4% et les émissions de polluants d'environ 10%.La présente thèse concerne le développement d'un capteur de pression fiable et bas-cout qui sera une condition de base pour les prochaines générations de moteurs. Cette étude concerne deux types d'éléments sensibles différents. L'un est basé sur une céramique piézoélectrique, et l'autre comporte un système piézo-résistif de jauges de contraintes sérigraphiées sur l'isolant céramique de la bougie d'allumage. Durant cette analyse, des problèmes mécaniques ont été soulignés et une section a été consacrée pour résoudre le problème de transmission de pression à l'élément sensible réduisant les bruits mécaniques notamment. Différents concepts mécaniques ont été développés et regroupés sous plusieurs familles, dont deux catégories ont été retenues pour la suite du développement.Le premier chapitre décrit le projet d'un vue globalement, les caractéristiques du capteur et le principe de mesure. Le second chapitre se rapporte à l'élément sensible et la description des technologies utilisées. Le développement mécanique du corps d'épreuve du capteur basé sur un élément sensible piézoélectrique sera présenté en détail dans le troisième chapitre. Le quatrième chapitre comprend la caractérisation des deux types de capteurs piézoélectriques et piézo-résistifs. Le cinquième chapitre décrit le traitement du signal issu de l'élément sensible et le packaging du capteur. Le dernier chapitre présente une perspective d'optimisation du dispositif. / Recent environmentally-friendly norms and global demands for lower emissions and lower fuel consumption on gasoline engines require innovative combustion strategies, whereby air/fuel mixture should be meticulously controlled through a real time pressure feed-back sensor. In-cylinder pressure control has shown to be a key technology that enables an optimized coordination of an air/fuel mixture, and exhaust gas recirculation through closed loop control.Nowadays real time in-cylinder pressure measurement is not provided on passenger's cars. Thus far it has been implemented on specific engine for development of particular applications such as engine control. Several obstacles prevent the integration of pressure sensors on new engines such as high production cost of this device and its complex implementation on a standard engine. The Gasoline Combustion Sensor™ (GCS) is a non-intrusive in-cylinder pressure sensor integrated into a spark plug which has direct access to the combustion chamber. It answers the automotive integration constraints performance and reliability and allows in-cylinder pressure measurement up to 200bar, knock and misfiring detection.Such sensors allow for combustion follow-up in a real-time direct mode required for auto ignition combustion whereby fast feedback of combustion events enables fine tuning and individual cylinder spark/fuel management. It operates on the ignition as well as on the injection to optimize the combustion and reduce fuel consumption by an average of 1.4% under steady-state conditions, which will reduce harmful emissions by about 10%. The present thesis relates to the development of a low-cost pressure sensor which will be a basic requirement for future engine generations. It consists on two different sensing element types, one is based on piezoelectric ceramic, and the other comprises piezo-resistive strain gauge system directly embedded on the ceramic insulator. During this analysis, mechanical problems have been emphasized and a section was dedicated to resolve the problem of the pressure transmission to the sensing element reducing structure-borne noise on the sensor. Different mechanical concepts have been developed, where two categories have been selected.Chapter one describes the project in a global overview including sensor specifications and sensing principle, chapter two relates to the sensing element materialization including technology description. Proof body development based on piezoelectric sensor will be presented in detail in chapter three, while chapter four contains device characterization of both sensor types piezoelectric and piezo-resistive. Chapter five describes the signal processing and sensor packaging, and chapter six gives an optimization perspective of the device.