Liquid Crystal Displays are commonly used in automotive dashboards. The back lighting necessary for a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) can be achieved by the use of a light source and a light box, light pipe, or a diffusing screen. The space constraints of an automobile dashboard often mean that the light pipe is the most suitable method of illumination. At present an optimum design for the light pipe is obtained by a "Cut and Try" approach in which several light pipes are usually moulded and tested before a satisfactory candidate is found. This thesis reports on experimental and theoretical work to improve the legibility and readability of 'on' and 'off' segments of liquid crystal displays and to automate the design of the light pipes using Computer-Aided Design.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Saraiva.pdf: 22991420 bytes, checksum: e836f2abfe79e26c39e991417f888d60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-04 / Não informada / Data of institutions linked to the government, indicate that Brazil loses about R$ 8 billion per year to fail to recycle their solid waste, in this context, this work goes on to add with the willing objectives, by creating a business model for managing an industry of Contract Manufacturer for TFT-LCD Displays and exploring Services Remanufacturing and repair of LCD-TFT displays. All these products are intended for intermediate goods industry and services with the prospect of Adding Value to Sustainable productive chain, supply chain, providing Income and Employment generation to groups and associations on separate collection of consumer electronics, revitalizing , in a strategic way the trade balance of semiconductors components, today unfavorable, in the Brazilian and Latin American market. The methodology used aims to provide a holistic approach of the product chain, with the aim of having a better understanding of all gains, risks, advantages and disadvantages, with the purpose of showing the viability and sustainability of the proposed business model. Was examined initially, legal, environmental, social and economic aspects of electronic waste; then is presented a business plan for a company Spin-off, which proposes to build a remanufacture and repair industry, from products collected at the end of the life cycle. Glass with the deposition of the active matrix - TFT (ITO), is an essential raw material for business, will be availed from LCD Displays collected. Operations and strategies of the Spin-off Company are discussed starting from a sustainable value model, where the sustainable value generation is the efficiency of business processes, automation, acquisition of machinery and equipment, the production process design, in good management practices, knowledge management and technological innovation through the construction and improvement of new machines inherent Remanufacturing and Repair process, thus ensuring a high level of reuse of this raw material/waste, providing reintegration as intermediate good in the product life cycle, bringing financial benefits for cooperatives, professionalization of the cooperative members, maximizing the number of product collected with low loss of raw materials / process waste salvageable besides development actions related to the social aspects of sustainable development in the context of the Triple Bottom Line. / Dados de instituições ligadas ao governo, indicam que o Brasil perde cerca de R$ 8 bilhões por ano ao deixar de reciclar seus resíduos sólidos(IPEA), neste contexto, este trabalho passa a ganhar força de acordo com os objetivos dispostos, que são respectivamente, o de criar um modelo de negócios que opere uma empresa no formato Contract Manufacturer em Dispositivos de telas de LCD de matriz ativa e a exploração de Serviços de Remanufatura e Reparo de Displays de LCD-TFT. Todos esses produtos, destinam-se a indústria de bens intermediários e assistências técnicas, com a perspectiva de Agregar Valor Sustentável a cadeia produtiva, cadeia de suprimentos, proporcionando a Geração de Emprego e Renda aos grupos e associações de coleta seletiva de produtos eletroeletrônicos, revitalizando, de forma estratégica, a balança comercial de componentes semicondutores, hoje desfavorável, no mercado brasileiro e latino americano. A metodologia empregada, busca proporcionar uma visão holística da cadeia do produto, com o propósito de haver um melhor entendimento de todos os ganhos, riscos, vantagens e desvantagens, mostrando a viabilidade e a sustentabilidade do modelo de negócios proposto. Examinam-se inicialmente, os aspectos legais, ambientais, econômicos e sociais dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos; depois, apresenta-se um plano de negócios de uma empresa Spin-off, que se propõe a construir uma indústria de remanufatura e reparo, a partir de produtos coletados em final do ciclo de vida. O estado da arte, toma como base o Vidro com deposição da matriz ativa – TFT, que é o insumo essencial para o negócio, aproveitado a partir das telas de LCD coletadas. As operações e estratégias da empresa Spin-off, são discutidas à luz de um modelo de valor sustentável, trazendo ganhos financeiros para as cooperativas, profissionalização dos cooperados, maximização da quantidade de produtos coletados, proporcionando baixa perda de insumos/resíduos aproveitáveis ao processo, além de desenvolver ações ligadas aos aspectos sociais do desenvolvimento sustentável, no contexto do Triple Bottom Line.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of displays at radiology departments and healthcare centers, viewing conditions, quality control practices and user experiences of viewing radiological images from displays during 2007. The study aimed to provide guidelines to improving the quality of image viewing from displays and viewing conditions in healthcare. The data was gathered from radiology departments at university hospitals in Finland and healthcare centers in the treatment area of responsibility of the Oulu University Hospital. Display technology, quality control practices and users experiences of viewing were determined using questionnaires. Technical measurements were performed in order to acquire information on displays performance and viewing conditions. In addition, observation was used to evaluate viewing conditions. Almost all displays at radiological departments were applicable for diagnostics. At healthcare centers all displays were inapplicable for diagnostics. Both organization groups had displays using obsolete cathode ray tube technology and these displays did not pass current acceptance criteria. Most radiology departments had viewing conditions which were compatible with existing guidelines, whereas at healthcare centers lighting conditions were too bright for viewing radiological images from displays. Acceptance testing was done only for few of the displays and quality control was not performed regularly. Personnel responsible for quality assurance felt they were provided with inadequate resources for performing display quality control. Clinicians at healthcare centers did not identify the poor performance of displays. Radiologists and clinicians at healthcare centers rarely performed quality assurance for displays. The quality of displays, viewing conditions and the assessment of display performance at healthcare organizations was not at the level required by the existing guidelines. Both the cathode ray tube displays and uncalibrated liquid crystal displays should either be replaced with new ones or calibrated. Lighting and positioning of displays ought to be rearranged in order to diminish reflections. Furthermore, doctors ought to be able to rearrange lighting conditions with ease. More resources ought to be directed to display quality control and different quality control practices should be unified. Both the users and the quality control personnel should also be provided with more training in display quality control. Regular display quality control should be extended to all healthcare organizations. Clinicians working at healthcare centers should be provided with adequate training in the use of image viewing software. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää vuoden 2007 aikana radiologisten yksiköiden ja terveyskeskusten radiologisten kuvien katseluun tarkoitettujen näyttöjen laatu, kuvankatseluolosuhteet ja laadunvalvontakäytännöt sekä käyttäjien kokemuksia röntgenkuvien katselusta näytöiltä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli antaa toimenpide-ehdotuksia kuvankatselun ja kuvankatseluolosuhteiden kehittämiseksi terveydenhuollossa. Aineisto muodostui otoksesta viiden yliopistollisen sairaalan radiologisista yksiköistä ja Oulun yliopistollisen sairaalan erityisvastuualueen terveyskeskuksista. Näyttöjen laitekanta, laadunvalvontakäytännöt ja lääkäreiden kokemuksia näyttötyöskentelystä selvitettiin kyselyllä. Mittausten ja havainnoinnin avulla saatiin tietoa näyttöjen suorituskyvystä ja kuvankatselutilojen valaistusolosuhteista. Radiologisten yksiköiden näytöt olivat teknisesti pääosin radiologisista kuvista tehtävään diagnostiikkaan soveltuvia. Terveyskeskuksissa käytettiin näyttöjä, jotka eivät soveltuneet diagnostiikkaan. Molemmissa ryhmissä poistuvaan katodisadeputkitekniikkaan perustuvia näyttöjä oli vielä käytössä, eikä yksikään mitatuista näytöistä saavuttanut hyväksyttävyyskriteereitä kaikkien suorituskyvyn mittaustulosten osalta. Suurimmassa osassa radiologisten yksiköiden työpisteissä huoneen valaistus oli suositusten mukainen, kun taas terveyskeskuksissa huoneiden valaistus oli liian voimakas radiologisten kuvien katseluun käytetyillä näytöillä. Vastaanottotarkastus oli tehty vain pienelle osalle näytöistä ja säännöllistä laadunvalvontaa tehtiin näytöille vähän. Laadunvalvojat kokivat resurssit riittämättömiksi näyttöjen laadunvalvontaan. Terveyskeskuslääkärit eivät itse tunnistaneet näytön huonoa suorituskykyä. Radiologit ja terveyskeskuslääkärit tekivät laadunvalvontaa käyttämilleen näytöille hyvin vähän. Tutkimuksen kohteena olleissa radiologisissa yksiköissä ja terveyskeskuksissa röntgenkuvien katseluun tarkoitettujen näyttöjen laatu, valaistusolosuhteet ja laadunvalvonta eivät vastanneet suosituksia. Katodisädeputkinäytöt ja kalibroimattomat nestekidenäytöt tulisi vaihtaa uusiin tai kalibroida. Valaistusta ja näyttöjen sijoittelua tulisi muuttaa heijastusten vähentämiseksi. Lisäksi lääkärillä tulisi olla mahdollisuus muuttaa valaistusta helposti. Näyttöjen laadunvalvontaan tulisi saada enemmän resursseja, laadunvalvontakäytännöt tulisi yhtenäistää ja käyttäjille sekä laadunvalvojille tulisi antaa lisää koulutusta näyttöjen laadunvalvontaan. Säännöllinen näyttöjen laadunvalvonta tulisi ulottaa kaikkiin terveydenhuollon organisaatioihin. Terveyskeskuslääkäreille tulisi antaa koulutusta kuvankatseluohjelmien käyttöön.